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Cite a Thesis

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Check your paper before your teacher does!

Avoid plagiarism — quickly check for missing citations and check for writing mistakes., is your source credible don’t forget to consider these factors., purpose : reason the source exists.

• Is the point of the information to inform, persuade, teach, or sell?
• Do the authors/publishers make their intentions clear?
• Does the information appear to be fact or opinion?
• Does the point of view seem impartial? Do they identify counter-arguments?

Authority - Author: Source of the information

• Who is the author? What are their credentials or qualifications?
• What makes the author qualified to write on this topic?
• Is there clearly defined contact information for the author?

Authority - Publisher: Source of the information

• Who is the publisher? Is it a non-profit, government agency, or organization? How might this affect their point of view?
• What makes the publisher qualified to generate works on this subject?
• What can the URL tell you about the publisher? For instance, .gov may signify that it is a government agency.

Relevance : Importance of the information to your topic

Currency : timeliness of the information.

• When was the information published? When was it last updated? Does it reflect the most current information available?
• How does your topic fit in with this source’s publication date? Do you need current information to make your point or do older sources work better?

Comprehensiveness

• Does the source present one or multiple viewpoints on your topic?
• Does the source present a large amount of information on the topic? Or is it short and focused?
• Are there any points you feel may have been left out, on purpose or accidentally, that affect its comprehensiveness?
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• APA Citation Generator

Free APA Citation Generator

Generate citations in APA format quickly and automatically, with MyBib!

🤔 What is an APA Citation Generator?

An APA citation generator is a software tool that will automatically format academic citations in the American Psychological Association (APA) style.

It will usually request vital details about a source -- like the authors, title, and publish date -- and will output these details with the correct punctuation and layout required by the official APA style guide.

Formatted citations created by a generator can be copied into the bibliography of an academic paper as a way to give credit to the sources referenced in the main body of the paper.

👩‍🎓 Who uses an APA Citation Generator?

College-level and post-graduate students are most likely to use an APA citation generator, because APA style is the most favored style at these learning levels. Before college, in middle and high school, MLA style is more likely to be used. In other parts of the world styles such as Harvard (UK and Australia) and DIN 1505 (Europe) are used more often.

🙌 Why should I use a Citation Generator?

Like almost every other citation style, APA style can be cryptic and hard to understand when formatting citations. Citations can take an unreasonable amount of time to format manually, and it is easy to accidentally include errors. By using a citation generator to do this work you will:

• Save a considerable amount of time
• Ensure that your citations are consistent and formatted correctly
• Be rewarded with a higher grade

In academia, bibliographies are graded on their accuracy against the official APA rulebook, so it is important for students to ensure their citations are formatted correctly. Special attention should also be given to ensure the entire document (including main body) is structured according to the APA guidelines. Our complete APA format guide has everything you need know to make sure you get it right (including examples and diagrams).

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's APA Citation Generator?

Our APA generator was built with a focus on simplicity and speed. To generate a formatted reference list or bibliography just follow these steps:

• Start by searching for the source you want to cite in the search box at the top of the page.
• MyBib will automatically locate all the required information. If any is missing you can add it yourself.
• Your citation will be generated correctly with the information provided and added to your bibliography.
• Repeat for each citation, then download the formatted list and append it to the end of your paper.

MyBib supports the following for APA style:

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

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Cite a Thesis in MLA

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Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper

Consider your source's credibility. ask these questions:, contributor/author.

• Has the author written several articles on the topic, and do they have the credentials to be an expert in their field?
• Can you contact them? Do they have social media profiles?
• Have other credible individuals referenced this source or author?
• Book: What have reviews said about it?
• What do you know about the publisher/sponsor? Are they well-respected?
• Do they take responsibility for the content? Are they selective about what they publish?
• Take a look at their other content. Do these other articles generally appear credible?
• Does the author or the organization have a bias? Does bias make sense in relation to your argument?
• Is the purpose of the content to inform, entertain, or to spread an agenda? Is there commercial intent?
• Are there ads?
• When was the source published or updated? Is there a date shown?
• Does the publication date make sense in relation to the information presented to your argument?
• Does the source even have a date?
• Was it reproduced? If so, from where?
• If it was reproduced, was it done so with permission? Copyright/disclaimer included?
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APA Citation Generator for a Thesis Paper or Dissertation

Instantly generate correctly formatted apa thesis or dissertation paper citations with this tool designed by expert linguists..

Choose your source:

To autogenerate your APA citation please fill in the form above.

Fields denoted with a * are required fields.

★★★★★ We offer a 5-star service FREE of charge

Over the years our users have rated us 5 stars for accuracy, quality and professionalism. Users from all over the world in academia trust our APA citation generator tool to create well-formatted APA citations for their academic writings.

What is an APA Format / Citation?

APA is an abbreviation of "American Psychological Association" and the APA format of citations is one of a few well-established formats of referencing and citing third party content in academic papers. First, there is the full citation, which usually goes into the appended references section of your paper. Second, there is the in-text citation, which you include in the body of your paper whenever referencing the source material.

What information is needed for an APA thesis or dissertation paper citation?

To cite a thesis or dissertation paper correctly in the APA format you need at least the following information: the paper's title, the author's first and last name, the thesis type, as well as the year the thesis was published. Once you have all of this information you can use the APA citation generator above to create a well-formatted APA citation for your thesis paper reference.

How do I use this APA Citation Generator?

Using our citation generator couldn't be easier. We specifically designed it for ease of use and speed. Simply start by selecting the type of source you are looking to cite. Then proceed to fill in all the required fields denoted by a star * sign. Feel free to also fill in optional fields. Once you have filled in all required fields, the full and in-text citations will be automatically generated below the generator form. You can copy them by pressing the copy button and paste them into your own paper.

Why use this APA Citation Generator?

This citation generator removes the hassle of having to craft your own citations correctly. It's easy to make a mistake when trying to craft many citations, so a generator will ensure that you don't have wrongly formatted APA citations.

Who should use an APA Citation Generator?

College-level and post-grad students are most likely to use this APA citation generator, since APA style is the most favored style at these educational levels. Before college students typically use the MLA style instead.

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APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition)

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In-Text Citations

Resources on using in-text citations in APA style

Reference List

Resources on writing an APA style reference list, including citation formats

Other APA Resources

Referencing Generator

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• Archive material
• Chapter of an edited book
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• DVD, video, or film
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• Religious text

What Is Cite This For Me’s Reference Generator?

Cite This For Me’s open-access generator is an automated citation machine that turns any of your sources into references in just a click. Using a reference generator helps students to integrate referencing into their research and writing routine; turning a time-consuming ordeal into a simple task.

A referencing generator accesses information from across the web, drawing the relevant information into a fully-formatted bibliography that clearly presents all of the sources that have contributed to your work.

If you don’t know how to reference a website correctly, or have a fast-approaching deadline, Cite This For Me’s accurate and intuitive reference generator will lend you the confidence to realise your full academic potential. In order to get a grade that reflects all your hard work, your references must be accurate and complete. Using a citation machine not only saves you time but also ensures that you don’t lose valuable marks on your assignment.

Not sure how to format your citations, what citations are, or just want to find out more about Cite This For Me’s reference generator? This guide outlines everything you need to know to equip yourself with the know-how and confidence to research and cite a wide range of diverse sources in your work.

Why Do I Need To Reference?

Simply put, when another source contributes to your work, you have to give the original owner the appropriate credit. After all, you wouldn’t steal someone else’s possessions so why would you steal their ideas?

Regardless of whether you are referencing a website, an article or a podcast, any factual material or ideas you take from another source must be acknowledged in a citation unless it is common knowledge (e.g. Winston Churchill was English). Failing to credit all of your sources, even when you’ve paraphrased or completely reworded the information, is plagiarism. Plagiarising will result in disciplinary action, which can range from losing precious marks on your assignment to expulsion from your university.

What’s more, attributing your research infuses credibility and authority into your work, both by supporting your own ideas and by demonstrating the breadth of your research. For many students, crediting sources can be a confusing and tedious process, but it’s a surefire way to improve the quality of your work so it’s essential to get it right. Luckily for you, using Cite This For Me’s reference generator makes creating accurate references easier than ever, leaving more time for you to excel in your studies.

In summary, the citing process serves three main functions:

• To validate the statements and conclusions in your work by providing directions to other sound sources that support and verify them.
• To help your readers locate, read and check your sources, as well as establishing their contribution to your work.
• To give credit to the original author and hence avoid committing intellectual property theft (known as ‘plagiarism’ in academia).

How Do I Cite My Sources With The Cite This For Me Referencing Generator?

Cite This For Me’s reference generator is the most accurate citation machine available, so whether you’re not sure how to format in-text references or are looking for a foolproof solution to automate a fully-formatted bibliography, this referencing generator will solve all of your citing needs.

Crediting your source material doesn’t just prevent you from losing valuable marks for plagiarism, it also provides all of the information to help your reader find for themselves the book, article, or other item you are citing. The accessible interface of the reference generator makes it easy for you to identify the source you have used – simply enter its unique identifier into the citation machine search bar. If this information is not available you can search for the title or author instead, and then select from the search results that appear below the reference generator.

Don’t know how to reference a website? The good news is that by using tools such as Cite This For Me’s reference generator, which help you work smarter, you don’t need to limit your research to sources that are traditional to cite. In fact, there are no limits to what you can cite, whether you are referencing a website, a YouTube video or a tweet.

To use the reference generator, simply:

• Select your style from Harvard, APA, OSCOLA and many more*
• Choose the type of source you would like to cite (e.g. website, book, journal, video)
• Enter the URL , DOI , ISBN , title, or other unique source information to find your source
• Click the ‘Cite’ button on the reference generator
• Copy your new citation straight from the referencing generator into your bibliography
• Repeat for each source that has contributed to your work.

*If you require another style for your paper, essay or other academic work, you can select from over 1,000 styles by creating a free Cite This For Me account.

Once you have created your Cite This For Me account you will be able to use the reference generator to create multiple references and save them into a project. Use Cite This For Me’s highly-rated iOS or Android apps to generate references in a flash with your smartphone camera, export your complete bibliography in one go, and much more.

What Will The Reference Generator Create For Me?

Cite This For Me’s reference generator will create your citation in two parts: an in-text citation and a full citation to be copied straight into your work.

The reference generator will auto-generate the correct formatting for your bibliography depending on your chosen style. For instance, if you select a parenthetical style the reference generator will generate an in-text citation in parentheses, along with a full citation to slot into your bibliography. Likewise, if the reference generator is set to a footnote style then it will create a fully-formatted citation for your reference list and bibliography, as well as a corresponding footnote to insert at the bottom of the page containing the relevant source.

Parenthetical style examples:

In-text example: A nation has been defined as an imagined community (Anderson, 2006).* Alternative format: Anderson (2006) defined a nation as an imagined community.

*The reference generator will create your references in the first style, but this should be edited if the author’s name already appears in the text.

Bibliography / Works Cited list example: Anderson, B. (2006). Imagined Communities. London: Verso.

What Are Citation Styles?

A citation style is a set of rules that you, as an academic writer, must follow to ensure the quality and relevance of your work. There are thousands of styles that are used in different academic institutions around the world, but in the UK the most common are Harvard, APA and Oscola.

The style you need to use will depend on the preference of your lecturer, discipline or academic institution – so if you’re unsure which style you should be using, consult your department and follow their guidelines exactly, as this is what you’ll be evaluated on when it comes to marking. You can also find your university’s style by logging into your Cite This For Me account and setting your institution in ‘My Profile’.

Citing isn’t just there to guard against plagiarism – presenting your research in a clear and consistent way eases the reader’s comprehension. Each style has a different set of rules for formatting both the page and your references. Be sure to adhere to formatting rules such as font type, font size and line spacing to ensure that your work is easily legible. Furthermore, if your work is published as part of an anthology or collected works, each entry will need to be presented in the same style to maintain uniformity throughout. It is important to make sure that you don’t jump from one style to another, so follow the rules carefully to ensure your reference list and bibliography are both accurate and complete.

If you need a hand with your citations then why not try Cite This For Me’s reference generator? It’s the quickest and easiest way to cite any source, in any style. The reference generator above will create your citations in the Harvard referencing style as standard, but it can generate fully-formatted references in over 1,000 styles – including university variations of each style. So, whether your lecturer has asked you to adopt APA referencing , or your subject requires you to use OSCOLA referencing , we’re sure to have the style you need. To access all of them, simply go to Cite This For Me’s website to create your free Cite This For Me account and search for your specific style such as MLA or Vancouver .

How Do I Format A Reference List Or Bibliography?

Drawing on a wide range of sources greatly enhances the quality of your work, and reading above and beyond your recommended reading list – and then using these sources to support your own thesis – is an excellent way to impress your reader. A clearly presented reference list or bibliography demonstrates the lengths you have gone to in researching your chosen topic.

Typically, a reference list starts on a new page at the end of the main body of text and includes a complete list of the sources you have actually cited in your paper. This list should contain all the information needed for the reader to locate the original source of the information, quote or statistic that directly contributed to your work. On the other hand, a bibliography is a comprehensive list of all the material you may have consulted throughout your research and writing process. Both provide the necessary information for readers to retrieve and check the sources cited in your work.

Each style’s guidelines will define the terminology of ‘reference list’ and ‘bibliography’, as well as providing formatting guidelines for font, line spacing and page indentations. In addition, it will instruct you on how to order each list – this will usually be either alphabetical or chronological (meaning the order that these sources appear in your work). Before submitting your work, be sure to check that you have formatted your whole paper according to your style’s formatting guidelines.

Sounds complicated? Citing has never been so easy; Cite This For Me’s reference generator will automatically generate fully-formatted citations for your reference list or bibliography in your chosen style. Sign in to your Cite This For Me account to save and export your bibliography.

How Do References Actually Work?

Although the reference generator will create your bibliography for you in record time, it is still useful to understand how this system works behind the scenes. As well as saving you time with its referencing generator, Cite This For Me provides the learning resources to help you fully understand the citing process and the benefits of adopting great citing standards.

The referencing process:

• Find a book, journal, website or other source that will contribute to your work
• Save the quote, image, data or other information that you will use in your work
• Save the source information that enables you to find it again (i.e. URL, ISBN, DOI etc.)
• Format the source information into a citation
• Copy and paste the citation into the body of the text
• Repeat for each source that contributes to your work.
• Export or copy and paste the fully-formatted citation into your bibliography.

Manage all your references in one place

Create projects, add notes, cite directly from the browser and scan books’ barcodes with a mobile app.

Sign up to Cite This For Me – the ultimate reference management tool.

Cite Sources Accurately in 10,000+ Styles with Paperpal’s New Citation Generator

Table of Contents

Accurate citations are crucial for ensuring academic integrity, but it’s not easy to get it right. Students and researchers often struggle with managing their references, formatting citations, and ensuring consistency between in-text citations and reference lists. Missing or incorrect citations raise the risk of plagiarism, resulting in academic penalties, retraction of published papers, loss of reputation, and even potential career setbacks.​ But what if there was a way to accurately cite sources without breaking your writing flow? Paperpal’s new online citation generator simplifies and enhances the citation process by allowing you to search, style, and cite sources as you write.  

Importance of Citations in Academic Writing   

Research progresses with previously published literature as the foundation, which makes it important to accurately cite and acknowledge the original authors and sources. This allows readers to easily locate referenced works for further reading or verification, enhancing transparency and trust in your findings. Authors are also expected to adhere to specific stylistic guidelines for formatting citations (in-line citations and reference lists) depending on the university or journal. Sounds easy enough, but if you consider that a research paper can have anywhere from 20 to 100+ references, cited multiple times in a paper, while review articles can have over 200 references, ensuring correct citations can be a Herculean task.  

Formatting Citations: Challenges for Authors  

Some of the most common problems academics face when adding citations to their writing include :  

• Reference Management: The manual process of creating and formatting citations can be very time-consuming. Keeping your references updated with the latest versions or editions of the sources can also be challenging, diverting time from actual research and writing.  
• Incorrect Source Attribution: Managing and organizing numerous sources can be overwhelming, leading to missing, misplaced, or misattributed citations. Failing to properly cite sources can result in unintentional plagiarism.  
• Formatting Errors: Ensuring citations are complete and consistently adhere to a specific formatting style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago) throughout the document can be tricky; any missing information (like page numbers or publication dates) can cause confusion or attribution errors.  
• Inconsistencies and Errors: Switching between in-text citations and full-text references when adding citations in your academic writing often leads to mistakes, affecting the overall quality of your thesis, dissertation or research paper.  

Introducing Paperpal’s Citation Generator  

With Paperpal’s new citation generator, there is no need to juggle between multiple tools to search, save, or format your citations. The free citation generator is seamlessly integrated into Paperpal’s writing workflow, empowering you to find and cite sources accurately in 10,000+ styles with a click. Available on Paperpal for Word and Web under the “Research & Cite” feature, this powerful citation maker automates this tedious process so you can focus on what truly matters: your research and writing.  

Why You Should Use Paperpal’s Free Citation Generator  

There are a number of citations tools in the market today, so what makes the Paperpal Citation Generator unique? Simply put, its comprehensive feature suite that allows you to research, write, cite, polish, and submit your work with confidence. Here’s a quick look at the benefits for academics:  

• In-Built Reference Management System: Focus on writing without the distraction of manual citation formatting. With an integrated reference finder and citation generator, Paperpal allows you to get factual insights from 250M+ research articles, save relevant papers to the citation library, and style and cite these correctly in 10,000+ styles in your writing with a click.
• Ensure Accuracy: Instantly produce citations that are complete with all the essential information, accurately formatted, and styled consistently across your document, eliminating citation errors that can impact your academic writing quality.
• Consistency in In-Text and Full-Text References: Achieve uniformity between in-text citations and full-text references effortlessly on Paperpal. If you’re writing on MS Word, simply copy and paste the styled citation and reference list into your text. Those using the Web editor can benefit from our one-click in-text citation capabilities, although automatic formatting of your reference list is only available to Prime members.
• Change Citation Styles as Needed: Those who want to cite the same source in different styles can do this easily with the Paperpal free reference generator. Simply choose the paper, pick your citation style, and generate accurately formatted citations on the go.
• Available Free, Without Ads: Not only is the online citation generator free to use, allowing you to style unlimited citations as and when you need it, you will never have to deal with any ad pop-ups or tabs that distract you from your writing . 
• All-in-One Solution: You no longer need to juggle multiple tools. Paperpal’s comprehensive feature suite is tailored to enhance and assist you at every step of the academic writing journey. Whether you need inspiration to overcome writer’s block, strengthen your text with science-backed insights, quickly write and develop your content, polish text for language, check for plagiarism, and ensure submission readiness, Paperpal has it all. 

Paperpal’s Citation Generator Covers Top Citation Styles  

Paperpal’s citation builder supports 10,000+ styles, all up-to-date versions, ensuring your writing is accurate, consistent, and professionally presented. Here’s a quick look at the top styles for citations in research papers it supports:    

• APA (American Psychological Association) – 7 th Edition: The latest APA style edition emphasizes the author-date method of citation, which is known for its straightforward format and clarity. It is widely used across the fields of psychology, education, and other social sciences.
• AMA (American Medical Association) – 11 th Edition: Updated to the most recent version, AMA citation style is primarily used in medical and health-related disciplines. It uses a numbered citation system, where references are listed in the order they appear in the text.
• MLA (Modern Language Association) – 9 th Edition: The MLA handbook follows an author-page number citation style. Known for its flexibility and simplicity, it is widely used when writing papers in the liberal arts and humanities. 
• Chicago (Chicago Manual of Style) – 17 th Edition: The updated Chicago style manual provides detailed formatting and citation guidelines. It offers two main systems: the Notes and Bibliography system (common in humanities field) and the Author-Date system (common in the sciences). 
• IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers): The IEEE citation style is commonly used across technical fields such as engineering, computer science and information technology. It uses a numbered citation system with bracketed references.

How does Paperpal’s Citation Generator Work?  

Spend less time formatting citations and more time on research with Paperpal’s citation generator, which allows you to research, write, and cite 2x faster. Here’s a quick step-by-step process to help you use this AI citation builder effectively.  

1.  Search for References:   Login to Paperpal , open a document, click on the Research & Cite tab. Type your question to get factual answers from 250Mn+ research articles, with links to verified sources. You can also search for specific papers by looking up their title or DOI in the search bar.   

2.  Add Sources to Citation Library:  Manage references better by saving them in Paperpal’s in-built citation library. You can retrieve and add papers you already know you want to cite or use the AI reference finder to look up and include new sources to strengthen your writing.   

3.  Style and Cite References:  Once a paper is added to the library, select it and click on Cite. Pick from the 10,000+ citation styles Paperpal covers and the AI will generate the citation correctly.   

4. Insert Into Your Document: Copy and paste the citations into your MS Word document or use the web-based editor to integrate them directly into your writing.

Paperpal Promotes the Responsible Use of AI  

While Paperpal’s free citation generator streamlines the citation process, it does not allow users to simply select text and generate AI recommended citations for it. To maintain academic integrity, we encourage and enable academics to do the required research, literature reading, and cite sources after understanding them. Using an AI in-text citation generator or simply citing a reference based on the abstract alone could be misleading. Moreover, to ensure accurate citations, Paperpal does not support styling for any free-text citations that users may add within their text.     

At Paperpal, we are dedicated to continuously improving and expanding our support for authors across the globe. The new citation generator is just one of the many tools we offer to make academic writing more accessible and efficient for academics. As we strive to enhance our platform, we remain committed to helping researchers and students achieve their best work. Ready to experience the ease of accurate, hassle-free citations? Explore Paperpal for Free Now!  

Paperpal is a comprehensive AI writing toolkit that helps students and researchers achieve 2x the writing in half the time. It leverages 21+ years of STM experience and insights from millions of research articles to provide in-depth academic writing, language editing, and submission readiness support to help you write better, faster.

Get accurate academic translations, rewriting support, grammar checks, vocabulary suggestions, and generative AI assistance that delivers human precision at machine speed.  Try for free or  upgrade to Paperpal Prime  starting at US$19 a month  to access premium features, including consistency, plagiarism, and 30+ submission readiness checks to help you succeed.

Experience the future of academic writing –  Sign up to Paperpal and start writing for free!

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Published Dissertation or Thesis References

This page contains reference examples for published dissertations or theses.

Kabir, J. M. (2016). Factors influencing customer satisfaction at a fast food hamburger chain: The relationship between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty (Publication No. 10169573) [Doctoral dissertation, Wilmington University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.

Miranda, C. (2019). Exploring the lived experiences of foster youth who obtained graduate level degrees: Self-efficacy, resilience, and the impact on identity development (Publication No. 27542827) [Doctoral dissertation, Pepperdine University]. PQDT Open. https://pqdtopen.proquest.com/doc/2309521814.html?FMT=AI

Zambrano-Vazquez, L. (2016). The interaction of state and trait worry on response monitoring in those with worry and obsessive-compulsive symptoms [Doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona]. UA Campus Repository. https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/620615

• Parenthetical citations : (Kabir, 2016; Miranda, 2019; Zambrano-Vazquez, 2016)
• Narrative citations : Kabir (2016), Miranda (2019), and Zambrano-Vazquez (2016)
• A dissertation or thesis is considered published when it is available from a database such as ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global or PDQT Open, an institutional repository, or an archive.
• If the database assigns publication numbers to dissertations and theses, include the publication number in parentheses after the title of the dissertation or thesis without italics.
• Include the description “Doctoral dissertation” or “Master’s thesis” followed by a comma and the name of the institution that awarded the degree. Place this information in square brackets after the dissertation or thesis title and any publication number.
• In the source element of the reference, provide the name of the database, repository, or archive.
• The same format can be adapted for other published theses, including undergraduate theses, by changing the wording of the bracketed description as appropriate (e.g., “Undergraduate honors thesis”).
• Include a URL for the dissertation or thesis if the URL will resolve for readers (as shown in the Miranda and Zambrano-Vazquez examples).
• If the database or archive requires users to log in before they can view the dissertation or thesis, meaning the URL will not work for readers, end the reference with the database name (as in the Kabir example).

Published dissertation or thesis references are covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Section 10.6 and the Concise Guide Section 10.5

HISTORY 495S/496S: Honors Thesis Seminar 2024/25

• Organize and Cite Your Sources
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Elements of a Citation

Cite archival materials, type of publication and medium of publication, keep track of your sources: citation management, citation style manuals, writing studio, read a call number.

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• Define Archival Materials and Primary Sources
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• Topic: The West and the Soviet Union
• Topic: France Colonialism
• Topic: NAZI Germany Persecution US Perceptions
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ARTICLE: Example of an MLA (Modern Language Association) Style Article Citation

• Article Title
• Source Title (Journal, Magazine, or Newspaper)
• Volume & Issue
• Format: Print or Online (if online, include: database name, access date, and/or DOI)

BOOK: Example MLA Book Citation

• Publisher Location
• Publication Date

Help page for Citing Rubenstein Materials ; and general help page at Purdue Writing Lab.

Example Photograph Chicago Style

Chicago Citation Format ( Chicago Manual of Style , 15th ed., sections 17.270, 8.206)

• Photographer’s last name, first name, middle initial (if given). [Include role after name, i.e. photographer.]
• “Photo Title.” (Title of a song, a poem or a single photograph is in quotes, not italics.) [Include brackets if given in bibliographic record.]
• Format (photograph).
• Publisher city: publishing company, copyright date (include c [circa] if given; if no date, use n.d.).
• Source (From Library of Congress in normal font), Collection name with dates (in italics).
• Medium (software requirement needed to access source ).
• URL (use bibliographic record URL or shorter digital id if available at bottom of bib record).
• Accessed date (in parenthesis).

Last name, First name Middle initial.  Title of Work . Format. City: Publishing Company, copyright date. Source, Collection. Medium, http://...(accessed date).

Example: O’Sullivan, Timothy, photographer. “[Incidents of the war. A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, July 1863.]” Photograph. Washington, D.C.: Philip & Solomons, c1865. From Library of Congress:  Selected Civil War Photographs, 1861-1865 . http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/cwp2003001110/PP (accessed January 9, 2006).

This information is useful for you and your reader in finding materials again.

TYPE OF PUBLICATION (sometimes called Format)

• Book Monograph (popular, scholarly, fiction, textbooks, dissertation, etc.); Reference Books (Encyclopedias, Dictionaries, Chronologies, etc.)
• Atlases and Maps
• Academic and Trade Journals
• Popular journals
• Government Reports, Organization’s report, and Legal Documents
• Press Releases and Advertising
• Flyers, Pamphlets, Leaflets
• Multimedia sources captured on CD, DVD, etc.
• Web sites  
• Weblogs / Blogs
• Message boards, Discussion lists, and Chat rooms
• Multimedia content hosted on the web

MEDIUM OF PUBLICATION

Consider using citation management software to collect, organize, share and format citations. Check out this citation tool  comparison chart . 

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Generate accurate APA citations for free

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APA Formatting and Citation (7th Ed.) | Generator, Template, Examples

Published on November 6, 2020 by Raimo Streefkerk . Revised on January 17, 2024.

The 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual provides guidelines for clear communication , citing sources , and formatting documents. This article focuses on paper formatting.

Generate accurate APA citations with Scribbr

Throughout your paper, you need to apply the following APA format guidelines:

• Set page margins to 1 inch on all sides.
• Double-space all text, including headings.
• Indent the first line of every paragraph 0.5 inches.
• Use an accessible font (e.g., Times New Roman 12pt., Arial 11pt., or Georgia 11pt.).
• Include a page number on every page.

Let an expert format your paper

Our APA formatting experts can help you to format your paper according to APA guidelines. They can help you with:

• Margins, line spacing, and indentation
• Font and headings
• Running head and page numbering

Table of contents

How to set up apa format (with template), apa alphabetization guidelines, apa format template [free download], page header, headings and subheadings, reference page, tables and figures, frequently asked questions about apa format.

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References are ordered alphabetically by the first author’s last name. If the author is unknown, order the reference entry by the first meaningful word of the title (ignoring articles: “the”, “a”, or “an”).

Why set up APA format from scratch if you can download Scribbr’s template for free?

Student papers and professional papers have slightly different guidelines regarding the title page, abstract, and running head. Our template is available in Word and Google Docs format for both versions.

• Student paper: Word | Google Docs
• Professional paper: Word | Google Docs

In an APA Style paper, every page has a page header. For student papers, the page header usually consists of just a page number in the page’s top-right corner. For professional papers intended for publication, it also includes a running head .

A running head is simply the paper’s title in all capital letters. It is left-aligned and can be up to 50 characters in length. Longer titles are abbreviated .

APA headings have five possible levels. Heading level 1 is used for main sections such as “ Methods ” or “ Results ”. Heading levels 2 to 5 are used for subheadings. Each heading level is formatted differently.

Want to know how many heading levels you should use, when to use which heading level, and how to set up heading styles in Word or Google Docs? Then check out our in-depth article on APA headings .

The title page is the first page of an APA Style paper. There are different guidelines for student and professional papers.

Both versions include the paper title and author’s name and affiliation. The student version includes the course number and name, instructor name, and due date of the assignment. The professional version includes an author note and running head .

For more information on writing a striking title, crediting multiple authors (with different affiliations), and writing the author note, check out our in-depth article on the APA title page .

The abstract is a 150–250 word summary of your paper. An abstract is usually required in professional papers, but it’s rare to include one in student papers (except for longer texts like theses and dissertations).

The abstract is placed on a separate page after the title page . At the top of the page, write the section label “Abstract” (bold and centered). The contents of the abstract appear directly under the label. Unlike regular paragraphs, the first line is not indented. Abstracts are usually written as a single paragraph without headings or blank lines.

Directly below the abstract, you may list three to five relevant keywords . On a new line, write the label “Keywords:” (italicized and indented), followed by the keywords in lowercase letters, separated by commas.

APA Style does not provide guidelines for formatting the table of contents . It’s also not a required paper element in either professional or student papers. If your instructor wants you to include a table of contents, it’s best to follow the general guidelines.

Place the table of contents on a separate page between the abstract and introduction. Write the section label “Contents” at the top (bold and centered), press “Enter” once, and list the important headings with corresponding page numbers.

The APA reference page is placed after the main body of your paper but before any appendices . Here you list all sources that you’ve cited in your paper (through APA in-text citations ). APA provides guidelines for formatting the references as well as the page itself.

Creating APA Style references

Play around with the Scribbr Citation Example Generator below to learn about the APA reference format of the most common source types or generate APA citations for free with Scribbr’s APA Citation Generator .

Formatting the reference page

Write the section label “References” at the top of a new page (bold and centered). Place the reference entries directly under the label in alphabetical order.

Finally, apply a hanging indent , meaning the first line of each reference is left-aligned, and all subsequent lines are indented 0.5 inches.

Tables and figures are presented in a similar format. They’re preceded by a number and title and followed by explanatory notes (if necessary).

Use bold styling for the word “Table” or “Figure” and the number, and place the title on a separate line directly below it (in italics and title case). Try to keep tables clean; don’t use any vertical lines, use as few horizontal lines as possible, and keep row and column labels concise.

Keep the design of figures as simple as possible. Include labels and a legend if needed, and only use color when necessary (not to make it look more appealing).

Check out our in-depth article about table and figure notes to learn when to use notes and how to format them.

The easiest way to set up APA format in Word is to download Scribbr’s free APA format template for student papers or professional papers.

Alternatively, you can watch Scribbr’s 5-minute step-by-step tutorial or check out our APA format guide with examples.

APA Style papers should be written in a font that is legible and widely accessible. For example:

• Times New Roman (12pt.)
• Arial (11pt.)
• Calibri (11pt.)
• Georgia (11pt.)

The same font and font size is used throughout the document, including the running head , page numbers, headings , and the reference page . Text in footnotes and figure images may be smaller and use single line spacing.

You need an APA in-text citation and reference entry . Each source type has its own format; for example, a webpage citation is different from a book citation .

Use Scribbr’s free APA Citation Generator to generate flawless citations in seconds or take a look at our APA citation examples .

Yes, page numbers are included on all pages, including the title page , table of contents , and reference page . Page numbers should be right-aligned in the page header.

To insert page numbers in Microsoft Word or Google Docs, click ‘Insert’ and then ‘Page number’.

APA format is widely used by professionals, researchers, and students in the social and behavioral sciences, including fields like education, psychology, and business.

Be sure to check the guidelines of your university or the journal you want to be published in to double-check which style you should be using.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Streefkerk, R. (2024, January 17). APA Formatting and Citation (7th Ed.) | Generator, Template, Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved August 8, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/format/

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Catalysis Science & Technology

New mononuclear cu( i ) compounds: synthesis, characterization, and application to the electroreduction of co 2 †.

* Corresponding authors

a Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Interior, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico E-mail: [email protected]

This report includes the preparation of a new set of well-defined Cu( I ) catalytic precursors of the type [Cu(diphosphine)(PPh 3 )NO 3 ] and [Cu(diphosphine)NO 3 ], fully characterized by regular analytical methods, including single-crystal XRD (X-ray diffraction). The new compounds were assessed to activate CO 2 in an electrocatalytic process to yield oxalate selectively and with a relatively low overpotential. Some mechanistic insights into this process are also provided; oxalate is a valuable product for further chemical applications.

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• Crystal structure data CIF (2491K)

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New mononuclear Cu( I ) compounds: synthesis, characterization, and application to the electroreduction of CO 2

A. Arévalo, E. Juárez-Francisco, D. A. Roa, M. Flores-Alamo and J. J. García, Catal. Sci. Technol. , 2024, Advance Article , DOI: 10.1039/D4CY00759J

This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence . You can use material from this article in other publications, without requesting further permission from the RSC, provided that the correct acknowledgement is given and it is not used for commercial purposes.

To request permission to reproduce material from this article in a commercial publication , please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page .

If you are an author contributing to an RSC publication, you do not need to request permission provided correct acknowledgement is given.

If you are the author of this article, you do not need to request permission to reproduce figures and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. If you want to reproduce the whole article in a third-party commercial publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which permission is not required) please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page .

Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content .

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Computer Science > Machine Learning

Title: understanding deep learning via notions of rank.

Abstract: Despite the extreme popularity of deep learning in science and industry, its formal understanding is limited. This thesis puts forth notions of rank as key for developing a theory of deep learning, focusing on the fundamental aspects of generalization and expressiveness. In particular, we establish that gradient-based training can induce an implicit regularization towards low rank for several neural network architectures, and demonstrate empirically that this phenomenon may facilitate an explanation of generalization over natural data (e.g., audio, images, and text). Then, we characterize the ability of graph neural networks to model interactions via a notion of rank, which is commonly used for quantifying entanglement in quantum physics. A central tool underlying these results is a connection between neural networks and tensor factorizations. Practical implications of our theory for designing explicit regularization schemes and data preprocessing algorithms are presented.

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