how to cite tables in a research paper

.. as shown in Table 4 

... the ratio of the value (see Table 4)   

Kim, M., Sudhir, K., Uetake, K., & Canales, R. (2019). When salespeople manage customer relationships: Multidimensional incentives and private information.  , 56(5), 749–766.

.... as shown in Table 3

Roy Morgan New Zealand. (2015).  [Table]. Roy Morgan Single Source New Zealand.

... fewer men than women bought vegetables (Roy Morgan, New Zealand, 2010).

Roy Morgan New Zealand. (2010).   [Table]. Roy Morgan Single Source New Zealand.

15–19

 48.5

 20–24

 8.4

 25–29

 3.4

 30–34

 1.8

 35–39

 1.5

...twenty four year olds who never worked (Statistics New Zealand, 2016).

Statistics New Zealand. (2016). [Table]. 

Education indicators for post-secondary education. From "Education and Skills", by How Canada Performs, 2014.

How Canada Performs. (2014). .   .

Table 1

Sheridan College. (2014). A report on plagiarism offences . 

               http://www.sheridancollege.ca

Sheridan College. (2018). Another report on plagiarism offences.    http://sheridancollege.ca

From your own original data*

Student Satisfaction with Sheridan Student Services

Since no published sources were used in this table, no reference list entry is required.

*Information within this row is fabricated and for demonstration purposes, only.

See Sections 7.8 to 7.21 of the Publication Manual .

• Last Updated: Jul 29, 2024 2:38 PM
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Tables and Figures

Citing and referencing: tables and figures.

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APA Contents

• Introduction to APA style
• In-Text Citations
• Abbreviations
• Audio and Visual media
• Journals/periodicals
• Tables and figures
• Sample reference list

Notes: Follow these examples closely for all layout, punctuation, spacing, capitalizing and italicizing.

When including a figure or a table from another source in your work, it is important to include appropriate citations. 

• Tables are numerical values or text displayed in rows and columns.
• Figures are other illustrations such as graphs, charts, maps, drawings, photographs etc.
• All Tables and Figures must be referred to in the main body of the text.
• Number all Tables and Figures in the order they first appear in the text. 
• Refer to them in the text by their number. For example:

As shown in Table 2 ...

As illustrated in Figure 3 ...

• Each table or figure should be titled and captioned.
• For images, photos and paintings see Audio and Visual media in this guide
• For further information see Digital images  and Copyright .

Tables reproduced in your text:

• Each table should be displayed with a brief explanatory title. 

• You must include a caption beneath the table . Use the following format - this format differs from the reference list format.  See note at bottom of this page regarding copyright permissions if  publishing  a table or a figure.
• For other  examples of tables  see APA Style Central.

Figures reproduced in your text

• Each figure should be displayed with a brief explanatory title . eg. Figure 3. Complex Theoretical Formulations
• You must include a caption beneath the figure . Use the following format - references for figures are not required in your reference list.
• For examples of figures see APA Style Central

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Tables, Figures, and Equations

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Tables, figures, and equations are the three categories of extra-textual items that require numbering and labelling. Each should be numbered consecutively throughout the paper – i.e., the numbering system does not start over in a new section or in an appendix, but simply continues on. For instance, if you have four figures in Section I, the first figure in Section II is simply Fig. 5, not Fig. II-1 or similar. The numbering of figures does not impact the numbering of tables or equations, but each category is numbered independently – e.g., if you have three figures and then a table, that table is still Table I, not Table IV.

Please note that tables, figures, and equations should always be introduced within the body of the paper before you show the actual table / figure / equation. If the data, or the figure itself, comes from an outside source, you should cite that source when you introduce the table / figure / equation. Moreover, you should follow the table / figure / equation with some form of explanation or connection to the broader point of your paper. In the case of equations, it is of primary importance to insure that, at some point in either the introduction or the explanation of the equation, you define the symbols used. No matter how self-explanatory an expression like φ 2 = 3*ξ  may seem, if your reader doesn’t know what φ  and ξ  signify, you may as well be typing nonsense.

In this context, “table” refers exclusively to data laid out in a grid format; if the data is rendered into a graph or other more visual format, that is a figure. In formatting tables, vertical lines are optional, and double horizontal lines may be used to signify the beginning and end of the table. Some horizontal lines may be removed if they are not necessary to understanding the table.

The table is labelled with the same format as a section or appendix heading, along with a title. Note that tables are enumerated with Roman numerals. Below the table, you may include explanatory notes as necessary; notes that apply to a specific part of the table should be marked in the same manner as a footnote, but notes that apply to the whole table are merely treated as captions.

See below for an example of what a table might look like in an IEEE paper. Note that this image (as well as the other ones on this page) have been zoomed in for clarity and detail.

Example of a table in an IEEE paper. Note the small caps formatting for the table's title and the presence of a note underneath the table in a "caption" position.

“Figure” is a broad term that covers any image, graph, diagram, etc. that is neither a “table” nor an “equation”. Please note that these should always simply be referred to as “figures” – IEEE format does not recognize labels such as “graph 1”.

Unlike tables, the label for a figure goes below the figure. It is in sentence case, rather than small caps, and does not include line breaks. The format is as follows: “Fig.”, followed by the number, then a period and an em space, followed by the title for the figure. It is recommended that figures be titled in an informative manner that includes what/where/when information. For instance, an effective title might be something like “Fig. 3. Number of citation errors in undergraduate papers at Purdue University, 2005-2015.”

If parts of the figure are labeled specifically, this should be done with a lowercase letter within parentheses. The explanation of those labels should be included in the label for the overall figure. See the following example:

Example of a figure in an IEEE paper. Note that the caption formatting differs from the formatting for a table note.

It is acceptable to use the built-in functions of your word processor to create equations, but there are a few elements of the process that require your attention. First, note that while variables and numbers should be italicized, the following elements of equations should be set in roman type: function names, units, words, and abbreviations thereof.

Equations are centered on the page and labeled with Arabic numerals, right-aligned, in parentheses, and referred to only by those numbers in the text – e.g., you should always say “as seen in (3)” rather than “as seen in Equation (3)”. The only exception to this is if the equation number would begin a sentence, in which case you can say “Equation (3) shows…” in order to avoid the awkwardness of beginning a sentence with a numeral.

Example of an equation in an IEEE paper. Note that the equation has been written using Microsoft Word's built-in "insert equation" feature.

How do I use APA Citation Style

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Figures, Tables and Appendices

Figure example and formatting, table example and formatting, attribution statements for tables and figures, more examples of attribution statements.

• Citing Sources of Images and Videos
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• Common questions . . .

Tables, figures and appendices are used to provide additional information and evidence throughout your written work.  Below you will find guidelines and examples for formatting and incorporating these three important types of information into your paper.  The information below is NOT COMPREHENSIVE .  Please refer to the APA Style Manual , or APA Style Blog  for more complete information.  Click on the tabs to the left to navigate to specific examples below.  General guidelines include:

Figures and Tables:

• Figures and tables provide information that is essential at the time of reading the written paper.
• Figures and tables are numbered (e.g. Table 1, Table 2, Figure 1, Figure 2).
• Figures usually show images, photographs, illustrations, etc. which are non-textual.
• Tables usually show numbers or text organized into rows and columns.
• A figure or table should not be split between two pages.
• Note: Some instructors might prefer for tables and figures to go at the end of the paper.  When in doubt, talk with your instructor!

Appendices:

• Appendices provide supplementary support for your paper, but the information is not typically critical while reading the document.
• Appendices are lettered (e.g. Appendix A, Appendix B), and each appendix should start on a new page.
• Appendices go after the list of references. 

Formatting notes:

• Figure should be left-justified
• Figure label : Bold at top of figure, numbered in order of appearance: Figure 1
• Title : Italicized, in title-case, descriptive of information in the table: Buergeria Species from Taiwan
• Note : The word 'Note' is italicized and followed by a period.  The note should contain descriptive information about the figure, as well as an ' attribution statement ' if you are using an image, photograph, etc. from another source.  The attributed source should also have an entry in the reference list.

Here is the corresponding reference list example for the attribution example above:

Lam, C. (2015, March 25). Orange back [Photograph]. Flickr. https://flic.kr/p/rvXSiu

• Table should be left-justified
• Table label : Bold at top of figure, numbered in order of appearance: Table 1
• Title : Italicized, in title-case, descriptive of information in the table: H arry Potter Characters and Their House Affiliation, Blood Status and Wand Types
• Note : The word 'Note' is italicized and followed by a period.  The note should contain descriptive information about the table, data or analysis technique. If you are using data from another source, include an ' attribution statement '.  The attributed source should also have an entry in the reference list.

Here is the corresponding reference list entry for the above table example.  When citing data sets in your reference list, cite the entire dataset (compared with one file from a dataset). This dataset is updated frequently, therefore it is important to include the date of retrieval:

Demiryurek, G. (2021). Harry Potter dataset [Data set]. Kaggle. Retrieved June 23, 2021, from

https://www.kaggle.com/gulsahdemiryurek/harry-potter-dataset?select=Characters.csv 

When reproducing or adapting information from a table, chart or figure from another source, add in a note below your table, chart or figure to include the details of the source.  Written permission for print and electronic reuse must be obtained from the copyright holder, if you are publishing your work.

General guidelines for attributing sources:

• If you are using an images or tables taken wholly or adapted from another source, you must include an attribution statement in the Note for the figure or table.  You must also include a reference for the source in the reference list .
• For tables where you are including data from several sources, you can include normal in-text citations in the table or note, which will point to the reference list .  If you are using in-text citations, you will usually still have a descriptive note, but you do not need an attribution statement.

Read more here: https://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2016/01/navigating-copyright-part-4.html

Refer to the following table for creating an attribution statement:

Appendices include supplemental materials that may not be essential during the reading of a paper, but provide additional information for the reader.  Appendices go at the end of the document after the reference list.

• If there is one Appendix, label it as "Appendix."  If there are two or more, label them each with a capital letter (e.g. Appendix A, Appendix B).
• Each appendix should have a title that describes its contents.
• The appendix label and title should be in bold, centered and in title case at the top of the page where the appendix begins.  The label and title should be on separate lines.
• Each appendix should start on a new page.
• Appendices can include text, figures, tables, etc., or a combination of related information in different formats.  
• If there is only one figure or table in an appendix, then the appendix label and title take the place of the normal figure or table formatting. 
• For appendices with more than one figure or table, the figures and tables are formatted as described above.  The numbering, however, would include a letter.  For instance, Figure B3, is the third figure in Appendix B.
• As with tables and figures, each appendix should be referred to in the text at the appropriate time (e.g. "see Appendix A").  
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APA Style, 7th edition - Citing Sources

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How to Cite Tables & Figures

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When reprinting or adapting a table or figure from another source in your paper, you should include a copyright attribution in the table or figure note indicating the origin of the reprinted/adapted material. You should also include an entry in your reference list for the work. See Section 7.7 (pp. 198-199) for more information about reusing a table or figure from another source. For information about formatting an attribution statement, see the APA Guidelines page in the Copyright and Permissions guide or Sections 12.14-12.18 in the manual.

There are examples of how an attribution statement should be formatted in the manual and on the APA Style website. For instance, see:

• Table 7.14 (p. 218)
• Figure 7.3 (p. 235)
• Figure 7.14 (p. 244)
• Figure 7.21 (p. 250)

Chapter 7 of the  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association  (7th ed.), starting on p. 195, covers displaying results through tables and figures. Refer to this chapter for these topics:

• Tables -- Sections 7.8 - 7.20 (pp. 199-206)
• Figures -- Sections 7.22 - 7.35 (pp. 225-232)

This chapter includes many examples of tables and figures in APA format. See Section 7.21 (pp. 206-224) for examples of tables and Section 7.36 (pp. 233-250) for examples of figures.

The APA Style website also has a section on Tables and Figures .

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Harvard Referencing

• Summarising/Paraphrasing
• Citations/Direct Quotations
• Books (print or online)
• Electronic Journal Article
• Website/Web Document
• Journal/Magazine Article
• Academic publications
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• Reference List Example
• More Information

Figures & Graphs

Figures include diagrams and all types of graphs. An i m a ge,  photo, illustration or screenshot  displayed for scientific purposes is classed as a figure.

All figures in your paper must be referred to in the main body of the text. At the bottom of the figure is the title, explaining what the figure is showing and  the legend, i.e. an explanation of what the symbols, acronyms or  colours  mean.

In-text citation:

The in-text reference is placed beneath the legend and title with the heading 'Figure' and starts with a sequential figure number (e.g. Figure 1, Figure 2). 

Figure 1: PHYSICAL PRODUCTION, selected commodities, Australia, 2010-11 to 2015-16 ( Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2017)

If the source is from a book or journal (print or electronic) or from a web document with page numbers, add the page number to the in-text citation. 

If the figure is altered in any way from the original source, add 'Modified from source', eg.

(Modified from source: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2017)

In main text:

Production of sugar in Australia was estimated at 34 million tonnes in 2015-16 (Figure 1). 

Reference list:

References should be listed in the Harvard Referencing Style according to format. 

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2017, Crops and plantations , Retrieved: 24 February, 2018 from  http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Latestproducts/4632.0.55.001Main%20Features302015-16?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=4632.0.55.001&issue=2015-16&num=&view=

Tables are numerical values or text displayed in rows and columns.

Each table should be displayed with a brief explanatory title at the top. 

Number all tables in the order they appear in the text.

Table 27.4 Immunity to selected bacterial infections

( Source: Knox et al. 2014, p. 669. )

If the table is altered in any way from the original source, add 'Modified from source'.

(Modified from source: Knox et al.  2014,  p. 669. )

Some bacteria, like those that cause tuberculosis, have evolved the means of surviving and living within phagocytic macrophages (Table 27.4). 

As Table 27.4 shows, some bacteria , like those that cause tuberculosis, have evolved the means of surviving an d living within phagocytic macrophages. 

Knox, B., Ladiges, P., Evans, B. & Saint, R. 2014,  Biology: an Australian focus , 5th edn,  McGraw-Hill Education, North Ryde, NSW.

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Tips for Citing Figures and Tables in a Manuscript

During the preparation of your research article or thesis, you may choose to include figures and tables to illustrate key points. Similar to using information from a journal or other source, it is important that these items are correctly cited and listed in the references. If you created the table or image yourself, you would not include it in the reference list. You need to refer to the table or image two times. First, there should be, a brief mention of the table or figure in the text preceding its placement in your document. This should explain why the table or image was included or what major point the table or image is helping you to make. Just above the table or image, there should be an appropriate, descriptive title. The title should help the reader make sense of the information in the table or image.

If you are writing a thesis and there are many tables or figures, you would create a List of Figures and a List of Tables with their associated page numbers. Tables and scientific figures you have created would be included in these lists but excluded from your reference list. If you create a table based on data from other sources, the accompanying caption should detail the sources used. It may be appropriate, to use superscript numbers or letters to allow your readers to identify exactly which article or book each item in your table was first presented in, especially if this table was created using data from many sources. Again, depending on the format , you may be able to use the first column in your table to list the reference associated with data in each row.

Citing Others’ Tables

You may also choose to include scientific tables in your writing that have been obtained from other sources. In this case, in addition to mentioning the diagram in the text and giving it a descriptive caption, it would also need to be cited in the reference list. There are many variations in the way this is done so it is best to consult the style guide prescribed by the journal for which you are writing. This will help you to conform exactly to their preferences.

In general, the descriptive title will be placed near the table (either immediately above or below it, depending on the style used). The tables should be numbered sequentially. There should be an indication of the source of the table which may be included below the table. The information concerning the source should be enough to allow the reader to find the original source of the diagram. The author(s), year of publication, and the journal or book in which it was published should be included. If the scholarly article being written is made publicly available, then you should obtain permission from the original authors to reprint their data. The fact that you have permission to use the diagram should be included in the note below the table.

Note . Reprinted from “Title of Article,” by A. Surname, Year,  Journal Title, Volume (issue), page number. Copyright (year) by title of publisher.

Note.  Reprinted from  Title of Book  (p. xx), by A. Surname, Year, Place of Publication: Publisher. Copyright (year) by title of publisher.

If the diagram was obtained online, similar details will need to be provided along with the website from which the diagram was retrieved.

Note . A. Surname. (Year). Title of Webpage . [Table] Retrieved from http://www.sourceofdata.com .

The third place where the table should be mentioned is in the reference list. Much like the note below the table, as much detail as possible should be presented in the reference list. The only difference is that the phrase “reprinted from” would be excluded.

For example:

Surname, A. A., (year). Title of article.  Title of Journal, volume (issue) ,  page(s). Retrieved from URL (if the article was obtained online. Otherwise, this section would be omitted).

Citing Images

The purpose of citing an image, similar to citing a table, is to give credit to the original author for their work and allow your readers to find the original image. Like tables, images should be mentioned three times. The descriptive title and presentation in the reference list are similar to what is required for tables. The caption revealing the source is still placed below the image but the information in the caption can vary depending on your style guide.

Figure 1:   Questions the Literature Review can Answer (The Learning Centre 2007)  

Figure X . Descriptive title for figure. Reprinted from “Title of Article,” by A. Author, B. Author, and C. D. Author, Year,  Journal Title, Volume (issue), page number. Copyright (year) by title of publisher.

Figure X.  Descriptive title for figure. Reprinted from  Title of Book  (p. xx), by E. F. Author, Year, Place of Publication: Publisher. Copyright (year) by title of publisher.

Figure X.  Title of Image. Reprinted [or adapted] from  Title of Website,  by A. A. Author and B. B. Author, Year, Retrieved from URL. Copyright (year) by title of publisher.

Many authors are familiar with citing the ideas of others using a preferred citation style such as American Psychological Association’s style guide (APA) or the Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS). It is important to remember that photographs, diagrams, comic strips, and tables also represent intellectual property and need to be cited. The key to proper citation is to determine which reference citation style is preferred by the academic journal or university that you are writing for. Following that citation style guide closely will ensure that your diagrams are cited with the same level of precision as other ideas in your text.

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How to Cite in APA Format (7th edition) | Guide & Generator

This citation guide outlines the most important citation guidelines from the 7th edition APA Publication Manual (2020). Scribbr also offers free guides for the older APA 6th edition , MLA Style , and Chicago Style .

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Table of contents

Apa in-text citations, apa references, formatting the apa reference page, free lecture slides, frequently asked questions.

In-text citations are brief references in the running text that direct readers to the reference entry at the end of the paper. You include them every time you quote or paraphrase someone else’s ideas or words to avoid plagiarism .

An APA in-text citation consists of the author’s last name and the year of publication (also known as the author-date system). If you’re citing a specific part of a source, you should also include a locator such as a page number or timestamp. For example: (Smith, 2020, p. 170) .

Parenthetical vs. narrative citation

The in-text citation can take two forms: parenthetical and narrative. Both types are generated automatically when citing a source with Scribbr’s APA Citation Generator.

• Parenthetical citation: According to new research … (Smith, 2020) .
• Narrative citation: Smith (2020) notes that …

Multiple authors and corporate authors

The in-text citation changes slightly when a source has multiple authors or an organization as an author. Pay attention to punctuation and the use of the ampersand (&) symbol.

Missing information

When the author, publication date or locator is unknown, take the steps outlined below.

Are your APA in-text citations flawless?

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APA references generally include information about the author , publication date , title , and source . Depending on the type of source, you may have to include extra information that helps your reader locate the source.

Reference examples

Citing a source starts with choosing the correct reference format. Use Scribbr’s Citation Example Generator to learn more about the format for the most common source types. Pay close attention to punctuation, capitalization, and italicization.

Generate APA citations for free

It is not uncommon for certain information to be unknown or missing, especially with sources found online. In these cases, the reference is slightly adjusted.

On the first line of the page, write the section label “References” (in bold and centered). On the second line, start listing your references in alphabetical order .

Apply these formatting guidelines to the APA reference page:

• Double spacing (within and between references)
• Hanging indent of ½ inch
• Legible font (e.g. Times New Roman 12 or Arial 11)
• Page number in the top right header

Which sources to include

On the reference page, you only include sources that you have cited in the text (with an in-text citation ). You should not include references to personal communications that your reader can’t access (e.g. emails, phone conversations or private online material).

Are you a teacher or professor looking to introduce your students to APA Style? Download our free introductory lecture slides, available for Google Slides and Microsoft PowerPoint.

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When no individual author name is listed, but the source can clearly be attributed to a specific organization—e.g., a press release by a charity, a report by an agency, or a page from a company’s website—use the organization’s name as the author in the reference entry and APA in-text citations .

When no author at all can be determined—e.g. a collaboratively edited wiki or an online article published anonymously—use the title in place of the author. In the in-text citation, put the title in quotation marks if it appears in plain text in the reference list, and in italics if it appears in italics in the reference list. Shorten it if necessary.

When you quote or paraphrase a specific passage from a source, you need to indicate the location of the passage in your APA in-text citation . If there are no page numbers (e.g. when citing a website ) but the text is long, you can instead use section headings, paragraph numbers, or a combination of the two:

(Caulfield, 2019, Linking section, para. 1).

Section headings can be shortened if necessary. Kindle location numbers should not be used in ebook citations , as they are unreliable.

If you are referring to the source as a whole, it’s not necessary to include a page number or other marker.

The abbreviation “ et al. ” (meaning “and others”) is used to shorten APA in-text citations with three or more authors . Here’s how it works:

Only include the first author’s last name, followed by “et al.”, a comma and the year of publication, for example (Taylor et al., 2018).

APA Style usually does not require an access date. You never need to include one when citing journal articles , e-books , or other stable online sources.

However, if you are citing a website or online article that’s designed to change over time, it’s a good idea to include an access date. In this case, write it in the following format at the end of the reference: Retrieved October 19, 2020, from https://www.uva.nl/en/about-the-uva/about-the-university/about-the-university.html

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AMA (11/e) Style Guide

• Quick Formatting Tips
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Table Components

Citing tables, figure components, figure citation.

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For more information about formatting Tables. Go to section 4.1.4 in the AMA Manual.

• Tables are usually are set off from the text by horizontal rules, or thicker bars (as shown below) boxes, or white space.
• Each table should have a brief, specific, descriptive title that conveys the topic of the table succinctly but should not provide detailed background information or summarize or interpret the results.
• Tables are  numbered consecutively as referred to in the text. The first table that you mention is titled Table 1.
• In your paper you can refer to the specific table you are describing by the title such as "As described in Table 1 ...."
• Position them as close to the referring text as possible.
• Horizontal lines, not vertical.
• ​Descriptive footnotes  contain information about the entire table, portions of the table (eg, a column), or a discrete table entry. The order of the footnotes is determined by the placement in the table of the item to which the footnote refers.  They are then indicated with superscript lowercase letters in alphabetical order (a-z) listed at the bottom each on its own line such as indicated below . In Table 4, Footnote a and b  refer to the  Information in the entire column. 
• To cite references for information used in the table . See Citing Tables below in this guide.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Table 4.  Ten-Year Prevalence of Fractures, Falls, or Musculoskeletal Injuries Among Beneficiaries  With Disorders of Binocular Vision

References for information in a table should be numbered and listed according to how it was listed in the text.  In other words, if the source from which the material referred to in the table is one of the references used in the text, that same reference number should also be used in the table. See example below for Arabic superscript numeral, 28.

Keep in mind, it is acceptable for a reference to be cited only in a table and not in the text.    If the reference pertains only to the table or figure (ie, the source is not cited elsewhere in the text), the reference should be listed and numbered according to the first mention of the table or figure in the text .  All references in an article should appear in the reference list regardless if it only appears in the table.

Use Footnotes for citing references. 

Use footnotes that contain lower case Arabic letters for citing your references along with  Arabic superscript numerals  outside  periods and commas,  inside  colons and semicolons. See example below with Footnote a  and superscript number 28.

When using footnotes as in the example above ( a ) to reference your sources, use terminology such as:

• if you changed or modified the table as opposed to an exact copy (not suggested or preferred) from the original source.
• If you copied exactly, which is discouraged.
• If you did a calculation. In this case you created a table and used only a minimal amount of data from a source.

When both a footnote letter and reference number follow data within a table , set the reference number first, followed by a comma and the footnote letter.  See example :

427 Patients 5 ,b

For more detailed information about figure components, see section 4.2.6 in the AMA Manual.

The figure title follows the designation “Figure” numbered consecutively (ie, Figure 1, Figure 2). Articles that contain a single figure (as in the one below) use the designator “Figure” (not “Figure 1”). 

The figure legend (caption) is written in sentence format and printed below or next to the figure. It will also contain citations if you did reproduce any data from another source.

Citing your sources.  It is preferable to use original figures rather than those already published.

However when use of a previously published illustration, photograph, or other figure is necessary, written permission to reproduce it must be obtained from the copyright holder (usually the publisher). The original source should be cited in the legend (see example below)  with the citation number for the reference corresponding to its first appearance in the text, tables, or figures. 

These examples of legends that serves as citations, should be placed below the descriptive legend.

Reprinted with permission from the American Academy of Pediatrics. 5

Terminology:  As in proper citation for tables, use terminology that applies to whether you modified or performed a calculation:

Adapted from. . .

Data were derived from. . .

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How to clearly articulate results and construct tables and figures in a scientific paper?

The writing of the results section of a scientific paper is very important for the readers for clearly understanding of the study. This review summarizes the rules for writing the results section of a scientific paper and describes the use of tables and figures.

Introduction

Medical articles consist of review articles, case reports, and letters to the editor which are prepared with the intention of publishing in journals related to the medical discipline of the author. For an academician to be able to progress in carreer, and make his/her activities known in the academic environment, require preparation of the protocol of his/her academic research article, and acquiring sufficient information, and experience related to the composition of this article. In this review article, the information related to the writing of the ‘Results’ section, and use of tables, and figures will be presented to the attention of the readers.

Writing the ‘Results’ section

The ‘Results’ section is perhaps the most important part of a research article. In fact the authors will share the results of their research/study with their readers. Renown British biologist Thomas Henry Huxley (1825–1895) indicated his feelings as “The great tragedy of science: the slaying of a beautiful hypothesis by an ugly fact.” which emphasizes the importance of accurately, and impressively written results.

In essence results provide a response for the question” What is found in the research performed?”. Therefore, it is the most vital part of the article. As a priority, while drafting the ‘Results’ section of a manuscript one should not firstly write down methods in the ‘Material and Method’ section. The first sentence should give information about the number of patients who met the inclusion criteria, and thus enrolled in the study. [ 1 ] Besides information about the number of patients excluded from the study, and the reasons for exclusion is very important in that they will enlighten the readers, and reviewers who critically evaluate the manuscript, and also reflect the seriousness of the study. On the other hand, the results obtained should be recorded in chronological order, and without any comments. [ 2 ] In this section use of simple present tense is more appropriate. The findings should be expressed in brief, lucid, and explicable words. The writing style should not be boring for the reader. During writing process of a research article, a generally ill-conceived point is that positive, and significant findings are more important, attractive, and valuable, while negative, and insignificant findings are worthless, and less attractive. A scientific research is not performed to confirm a hypothesis, rather to test it. Not only positive, and significant results are worth writing, on the other hand negative or statistically insignificant result which support fallacy of a widely accepted opinion might be valuable. Therefore, all findings obtained during research should be inclıuded in the ‘Results’ section. [ 1 ]

While writing the ‘Results’ section, the sequence of results, tabulated data, and information which will be illustrated as figures should be definitively indicated. In indicating insignificant changes, do not use expressions as “decreased” or “increased”, these words should be reserved for significant changes. If results related to more than one parameter would be reported, it is appropriate to write the results under the subheading of its related parameter so as to facilitate reading, and comprehension of information. [ 2 ] Only data, and information concerning the study in question should be included in the ‘Results’ section. Results not mentioned in this section should not be included in the ‘Discussion’ and ‘Summary’ sections. Since the results obtained by the authors are cited in the ‘Results’ section, any reference should not be indicated in this section. [ 3 ]

In the ‘Results’ section, numerical expressions should be written in technically appropriate terms. The number of digits (1, 2 or 3 digits) to be written after a comma (in Turkish) or a point (in especially American English) should be determined The number of digits written after the punctuation marks should not be changed all throughout the text. Data should be expressed as mean/median ± standard deviation. Data as age, and scale scores should be indicated together with ranges of values. Absolute numerical value corresponding to a percentage must be also indicated. P values calculated in statistical analysis should be expressed in their absolute values. While writing p values of statistically significant data, instead of p<0.05 the actual level of significance should be recorded. If p value is smaller than 0.001, then it can be written as p <0.01. [ 2 ] While writing the ‘Results’ section, significant data which should be recalled by the readers must be indicated in the main text. It will be appropriate to indicate other demographic numerical details in tables or figures.

As an example elucidating the abovementioned topics a research paper written by the authors of this review article, and published in the Turkish Journal of Urology in the year 2007 (Türk Üroloji Dergisi 2007;33:18–23) is presented below:

“A total of 9 (56.2%) female, and 7 (43.8%) male patients with were included in this study. Mean age of all the patients was 44.3±13.8 (17–65) years, and mean dimensions of the adrenal mass was 4.5±3.4 (1–14) cm. Mean ages of the male, and female patients were 44.1 (30–65), and 42.4 (17–64) years, while mean diameters of adrenal masses were 3.2 (1–5), and 4.5 (1–14) cm (p age =0.963, p mass size =0.206). Surgical procedures were realized using transperitoneal approach through Chevron incision in 1 (6.2%), and retroperitoneal approach using flank incision with removal of the 11. rib in 15 (93.7%) patients. Right (n=6; 37.5%), and left (n=2; 12.5%) adrenalectomies were performed. Two (12.5%) patients underwent bilateral adrenalectomy in the same session because of clinical Cushing’s syndrome persisted despite transsphenoidal hipophysectomy. Mean operative time, and length of the hospital stay were 135 (65–190) min, and 3 (2–6) days, respectively. While resecting 11. rib during retroperitoneal adrenalectomy performed in 1 patient, pleura was perforated for nearly 1.5 cm. The perforated region was drained, and closed intraoperatively with 4/0 polyglyctan sutures. The patient did not develop postoperative pneumothorax. In none of the patients postoperative complications as pneumothorax, bleeding, prolonged drainage were seen. Results of histopathological analysis of the specimens retrieved at the end of the operation were summarized in Table 1 .” Table 1. Histopathological examination results of the patients Histopathological diagnosis Men n (%) Women n (%) Total n (%) Adrenal cortical adenoma 5 (31.3) 6 (37.6) 11 (68.8) Pheochromocytoma 1 (6.2) 1 (6.2) 2 (12.6) Ganglioneuroma 1 (6.2) - 1 (6.2) Myelolipoma - 1 (6.2) 1 (6.2) Adrenal carcinoma - 1 (6.2) 1 (6.2) Total 7 (43.7) 9 (56.2) 16 (100) Open in a separate window

Use of tables, and figures

To prevent the audience from getting bored while reading a scientific article, some of the data should be expressed in a visual format in graphics, and figures rather than crowded numerical values in the text. Peer-reviewers frequently look at tables, and figures. High quality tables, and figures increase the chance of acceptance of the manuscript for publication.

Number of tables in the manuscript should not exceed the number recommended by the editorial board of the journal. Data in the main text, and tables should not be repeated many times. Tables should be comprehensible, and a reader should be able to express an opinion about the results just at looking at the tables without reading the main text. Data included in tables should comply with those mentioned in the main text, and percentages in rows, and columns should be summed up accurately. Unit of each variable should be absolutely defined. Sampling size of each group should be absolutely indicated. Values should be expressed as values±standard error, range or 95% confidence interval. Tables should include precise p values, and level of significance as assessed with statistical analysis should be indicated in footnotes. [ 2 ] Use of abbreviations in tables should be avoided, if abbreviations are required they should be defined explicitly in the footnotes or legends of the tables. As a general rule, rows should be arranged as double-spaced Besides do not use pattern coloring for cells of rows, and columns. Values included in tables should be correctly approximated. [ 1 , 2 ]

As an example elucidating the abovementioned topics a research paper written by the authors of this review article, and published in the Turkish Journal of Urology in the year 2007 (Türk Üroloji Dergisi 2007;33:18–23).is shown in Table 1 .

Most of the readers priorly prefer to look at figures, and graphs rather than reading lots of pages. Selection of appropriate types of graphs for demonstration of data is a critical decision which requires artist’s meticulousness. As is the case with tables, graphs, and figures should also disploay information not provided in the text. Bar, line, and pie graphs, scatter plots, and histograms are some examples of graphs. In graphs, independent variables should be represented on the horizontal, and dependent variables on the vertical axis. Number of subjects in every subgroup should be indicated The labels on each axis should be easily understandable. [ 2 ] The label of the Y axis should be written vertically from bottom to top. The fundamental point in writing explanatory notes for graphs, and figures is to help the readers understand the contents of them without referring to the main text. Meanings of abbreviations, and acronyms used in the graphs, and figures should be provided in explanatory notes. In the explanatory notes striking data should be emphasized. Statistical tests used, levels of significance, sampling size, stains used for analyses, and magnification rate should be written in order to facilitate comprehension of the study procedures. [ 1 , 2 ]

Flow diagram can be utilized in the ‘Results’ section. This diagram facilitates comprehension of the results obtained at certain steps of monitorization during the research process. Flow diagram can be used either in the ‘Results’ or ‘Material and Method’ section. [ 2 , 3 ]

Histopathological analyses, surgical technique or radiological images which are considered to be more useful for the comprehension of the text by the readers can be visually displayed. Important findings should be marked on photos, and their definitions should be provided clearly in the explanatory legends. [ 1 ]

As an example elucidating the abovementioned issues, graphics, and flow diagram in the ‘Results’ section of a research paper written by the authors of this review article, and published in the World Journal of Urology in the year 2010 (World J Urol 2010;28:17–22.) are shown in Figures 1 , and ​ and2 2 .

a The mean SHIM scores of the groups before and after treatment. SHIM sexual health inventory for male. b The mean IPSS scores of the groups before and after treatment. IPSS international prostate symptom score

Flowchart showing patients’ progress during the study. SHIM sexual health inventory for male, IIEF international index of erectile function, IPSS international prostate symptom score, QoL quality of life, Q max maximum urinary flow rate. PRV post voiding residual urine volume

In conclusion, in line with the motto of the famous German physicist Albert Einstein (1879–1955). ‘If you are out to describe the truth, leave elegance to the tailor .’ results obtained in a scientific research article should be expressed accurately, and with a masterstroke of a tailor in compliance with certain rules which will ensure acceptability of the scientific manuscript by the editorial board of the journal, and also facilitate its intelligibility by the readers.

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Tables and Figures: Citing Sources for Tables and Figures

General guidelines for citing in tables and figures.

The following are templates and examples of how to cite common sources Walden students use; however, we encourage you to review the examples in Chapter 7 of the APA manual.

Journal Article

From [or Adapted from] “Title of Article in Title Case,” by A. B. Author and C. D. Author, year, Title of the Journal in Title Case, volume (issue), p. xx. (https://doi.org/10....).

From “Portrait of Counseling Psychology: Demographics, Roles, Activities, and Values Across Three Decades,” by J. W. Lichtenberg, H. Hutman, and R. K. Goodyear, 2018, Counseling Psychologist, 46 (1), p. 70. ( https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000018754532 )

Corresponding Reference Entry

Lichtenberg, J. W., Hutman, H., & Goodyear, R. K. (2018). Portrait of counseling psychology: Demographics, roles, activities, and values across three decades. Counseling Psychologist, 46 (1), 50-76. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000018754532

From [or Adapted from] Title of Book in Title Case (edition or volume, p. xx), by A. B. Author and C. D. Author, year, Publisher.

From Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy (5th ed., p. 532), by I. D. Yalom and M. Leszca, 2005, Basic Books.

Yalom, I. D., & Leszca, M. (2005). Theory and practice of group psychotherapy (5th ed.). Basic Books.

Edited Book Chapter

From [or Adapted from] “Title of Chapter in Title Case,” by A. B. Author and C. D. Author, in E. F. Editor (Ed.), Title of Book in Title Case (edition or volume, p. xx), year, Publisher.

From “Chapter 5: Collaborative Collection Management,” by E. E. Carrigan, N. G. Buford, and A. G. Ugaz, in S. K. Kendall (Ed.), Health Sciences Collection Management for the Twenty-First Century (p. 173), 2018, Rowman & Littlefield.

Carrigan, E. E., Buford, N. G., & Ugaz, A. G. (2018). Chapter 5: Collaborative collection management. In S. K. Kendall (Ed.), Health sciences collection management for the twenty-first century (pp. 149–166). Rowman & Littlefield.

Institutional Report

From [or Adapted from] Title of Institutional Report in Title Case by A. B. Author and C. D. Author, Institution Name, year ( http://www.urlofreport.com ).

From Trends in High School Dropout and Completion Rates in the United States: 2014 by J. McFarland, J. Cui, and P. Stark, National Center for Education Statistics, 2018 ( https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2018/2018117.pdf ).

McFarland, J., Cui, J., & Stark, P. (2018). High school dropout and completion rates in the United States: 2014 . National Center for Education Statistics. https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2018/2018117.pdf

From [or Adapted from] “Title of Web Page in Title Case,” by A. B. Author and C. D. Author, year ( http://www.urlofpage.com ).

From “Workforce,” by American Nurses Association, no date ( https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/workforce/ ).

American Nurses Association. (n.d.). Workforce . https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/workforce/

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How to properly reference a figure or table from another paper in APA style without copying the image?

I just want to mention a picture/table in my text in APA style , without using the image in my work.

I think of something similar as follows:

• Page and Brim (2016) show in Figure 99 "Description of Figure" that ...

What different ways of mentioning figures/tables are allowed in APA style?

Are the following for example allowed:

• Figure 99: "Description of Figure" in/of? Page and Brim (2016) shows ...
• Figure 99: "Description of Figure" contained in? Page and Brim (2016) shows ...
• The structure is illustrated in Figure 99: Description of Figure (Page & Brim, 2016).
• Figure 99: "Description of Figure" (Page & Brim, 2016) illustrates ...

And how about the quote symbols ("...") for the title of the image, should they be used, or should this text be italic? One could get confused whether the number of a figure references a figure within this paper or not, right? Should a colon (":") be used?

Are there other allowed ways?

I have literally no clue what is right and I could not find any specific information about that in the web.

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2 Answers 2

You don't cite figures, you cite research .

It does not matter whether the information you refer to is given in text, in a table, or in a figure. A reader of your article who wants to look at the source that you cited will find the information regardless of where in that source it was presented.

For example, Page and Brim (2016) – whose article I have no read – might report some mean of their data in text, in a table, or in a figure. For a reader of your article it will be irrelevant where the mean was reported, all they want to know is what article you found it in, if you discuss it.

So cite Page and Brim (2016) as you would cite them if the information was given in text.

You would only refer to an illustration if the fact that it was an illustration was somehow important to your argument. I cannot think of such a situation, so I am making one up: Maybe your article discusses coloring barplots, and you think that the red bars in Page and Brim (2016) are very good. Then mention the number of the figure in any way that you want. There is no rule for that. Usually, figures are either cited (that is, they are included in your text) or not mentioned at all.

• The problem is, that I cannot include the figures/tables from the paper, as I would need to ask the publisher for permission, as my work will be licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. As I need to discuss the content of some external figures and tables in my work, I need to refer to them without including them into my work. The decision was made not to ask the publisher for permission and to just refer to the figures/tables without including them so that the reader can look up the images/tables. –  Anderson Commented Jan 24, 2017 at 9:04
• 1 I think, you made it clear to me, as you stated, that I can refer to the images in any way by mentioning the number of a figure in any way I want, by properly referring to the original paper. I will also include the page number where e.g. the image can be found, so that it is easier to find. One such example like I will write it is as follows: Figure 99: Description of Figure (Page & Brim, 2016, p. 123) shows ... –  Anderson Commented Jan 24, 2017 at 9:07
• @Anderson I think the example citation you give in your comment is perfectly acceptable. But it is bad practice to not include all the necessary information in your article and thereby force readers to refer to outside sources to understand your own argument. Your text must be comprehensible on its own. Some of the sources may even be paywalled or otherwise unaccessible to some of your readers. Why don't you try to get a permission and only use your solution if you don't get it? If you write a scholarly article, it is quite likely that you will get permission. –  user5645 Commented Jan 24, 2017 at 9:20
• The reason is that it was decided afterwards to use this more restrictive license. I created the work with all the images/tables and now I need to remove and just refer to them, as we are lacking time and it was decided to do it this way. This was not my decision but I need to make the changes. Thank you very much for your support! –  Anderson Commented Jan 24, 2017 at 9:25

I suggest you reference the paper with only the specific page number. Typically, there is no need for specifically referencing a Figure. That way, you can describe what it is from that figure that you want your readers to know, and readers that want to find that information will find it on the page you reference.

Page and Brim (2016, p. 123) show that/how...

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How to Format References [APA]

How to paraphrase [apa], avoiding plagiarism, apa formatting - reasearch papers, apa formatting - annotated bibliographies.

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Remember that no one expects you to be an expert in everything. You are, therefore, expected to give credit where credit is due. Citing sources makes you look more knowledgeable and professional. When in doubt, cite it.

• Best Practices to Avoid Plagiarism from Purdue University's Online Writing Lab (OWL)
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• DOI: 10.61996/economy.v2i1.57
• Corpus ID: 271411489

The Customer Experience Revolution: Building Brand Loyalty in the Age of Digital Disruption

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