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International Journal of Economic Research (ISSN: 0972-9380)

Publisher Serials Publications

ISSN-L 0972-9380

ISSN 0972-9380

IF(Impact Factor) 2024 Evaluation Pending

Website http://www.serialspublications.com

Description

Last modified: 2011-04-09 15:40:23

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International Journal of Economics and Business Research

Subject Area and Category

• Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous)
• Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous)

Inderscience

Publication type

17569850, 17569869

Information

How to publish in this journal

[email protected]

The set of journals have been ranked according to their SJR and divided into four equal groups, four quartiles. Q1 (green) comprises the quarter of the journals with the highest values, Q2 (yellow) the second highest values, Q3 (orange) the third highest values and Q4 (red) the lowest values.

The SJR is a size-independent prestige indicator that ranks journals by their 'average prestige per article'. It is based on the idea that 'all citations are not created equal'. SJR is a measure of scientific influence of journals that accounts for both the number of citations received by a journal and the importance or prestige of the journals where such citations come from It measures the scientific influence of the average article in a journal, it expresses how central to the global scientific discussion an average article of the journal is.

Evolution of the number of published documents. All types of documents are considered, including citable and non citable documents.

This indicator counts the number of citations received by documents from a journal and divides them by the total number of documents published in that journal. The chart shows the evolution of the average number of times documents published in a journal in the past two, three and four years have been cited in the current year. The two years line is equivalent to journal impact factor ™ (Thomson Reuters) metric.

Evolution of the total number of citations and journal's self-citations received by a journal's published documents during the three previous years. Journal Self-citation is defined as the number of citation from a journal citing article to articles published by the same journal.

Evolution of the number of total citation per document and external citation per document (i.e. journal self-citations removed) received by a journal's published documents during the three previous years. External citations are calculated by subtracting the number of self-citations from the total number of citations received by the journal’s documents.

International Collaboration accounts for the articles that have been produced by researchers from several countries. The chart shows the ratio of a journal's documents signed by researchers from more than one country; that is including more than one country address.

Not every article in a journal is considered primary research and therefore "citable", this chart shows the ratio of a journal's articles including substantial research (research articles, conference papers and reviews) in three year windows vs. those documents other than research articles, reviews and conference papers.

Ratio of a journal's items, grouped in three years windows, that have been cited at least once vs. those not cited during the following year.

Evolution of the percentage of female authors.

Evolution of the number of documents cited by public policy documents according to Overton database.

Evoution of the number of documents related to Sustainable Development Goals defined by United Nations. Available from 2018 onwards.

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International Journal of Economic Research

• ISSN :- 0972-9380
• Frequency :- Semi-annual

THE INFLUENCE OF CULTURE (TRI HITA KARANA) AND TARIFF OF TOURISM TOWARDS THE COMPETITIVENESS IMPROVEMENTOF TOURISM IN BALIFROM 1985 TO 2015

Author :- ketut mama and m fajar nugraha sugiarto, volume :- no.13 (2016), issue no :- 7 (2016), pages :- 2557-2567, an empirical study on consumers’ perception towards mobile brands in saudi arabia, author :- mohammad rumzi tausif, pages :- 2569-2585, corporate governance and financial distress: evidence from indian companies, author :- shridev suprabha k.r and krishnaprasad, pages :- 2587-2598, effect of stress on job satisfaction throgh and work life balance, author :- sih darmi astuti and kusni ingsih, pages :- 2599-2610, analysis of economic exposure to the stock return, author :- bernardus y. nugroho retno kusumastuti and umanto e, pages :- 2611-2625, the impact of entry of foreign banks on credit access: an empirical study on indian economy, author :- ajay b massand and gopalakrishna b.v, pages :- 2627-2642, analysis of driven factors toward increased corporate environmental performance, author :- angoro panji nugroho anwar hamdani and i gusti putudiva awatara, pages :- 2643-2650, islamic banking and finance education: a comparative study of saudi arabia and the uk, author :- khalid abdullah alotaibi & fayaz ahemad lone, pages :- 2651-2662, analysis of the potential economic sector in the southern of east java indonesia, author :- hendry cahyonmo waspodo tjipto and kukuh arisetyawan, pages :- 2663-2680, ubud gets the customers an ethnomethodology approach, author :- putu astawa and tjokorda gde raka sukawati, pages :- 2681-2692, the procession model on joint ventures of special economic zone in lao pdr, author :- khamla nackhavong and kalaya kaewma, pages :- 2693-2703, does the stock market acknowledge the r & d effort by firms: evidence from indian stock market, author :- lalitagauri kulkarni and mrudula risbud, pages :- 2705-2717, an integrated approach to delimitation and demarcation of a spatial network boundary, author :- andrey s mikhaylov, pages :- 2719-2734, developing ecotourism as an attempt to improve the competitiveness in the economic globalization era in banyuwangi regency, east java province, author :- nasikh, pages :- 2735-2750, unemployment rate, government spending, gross regional domestic product and poverty reduction in indonesia: a pooled data regression analysis for provinces in indonesia, author :- nur feriyanto, pages :- 2751-2763, influence of political events on stock market volatility in nepal, author :- nisha adhikari and ram kumar phuyal, pages :- 2765-2778, fiscal governance in egypt: strengthening budgetary institutions to counteract political fragmentation, author :- mohamed zaky and sarah el khishin, pages :- 2779-2818, an empirical study on tourism potentiality of koraput district, author :- sasmita mohanty and b.b.pradha, pages :- 2819-2838, methodology of forecasting scenarios of efficient forest use, author :- saida olegovna apsalyamova bella olegovno khachir oleg zakireevch khuazhev, pages :- 2839-2856, development of the cereal sector in the republic of mordovia, author :- vasily ivanovich kargin regina alexandrovna zaharkina mikhail mikhailovich geraskin, pages :- 2857-2867, employee release as an optimization method of companies’ expenses in the financial crisis, author :- nursafa gafurovna khairullina vera nikandrovna cherepanova fedina ludmila viktorovna tamara dmitrievna kosintseva juliya zufarovna bogdanova, pages :- 2869-2883, buying behavior of industrial lubricant by indian private industries: an empirical study, author :- sayandeep bhattaacharyya and saumya singh, pages :- 2885-2896, cointegration analysis of inbound international tourism demand for thailand, author :- anothai harasarn and surachai chancharat, pages :- 2897-2910, nexus between agriculture and reduction of poverty studied on impact of production of corn, chili pepper, beans and tomato in 32 states of mexico, author :- dipi kfm tomas hes phd lic mariana ramirez manzano miguel angel martine daman phd prof tomas martinez saldana phd and mario rechy montiel, pages :- 2911-2924, analysis and competitiveness improvement strategy of besuki raya sugar cane, author :- bagus putu yudhia kurniawan, pages :- 2925-2938, effect of service quality and brand image on satisfaction and loyalty of tiki customer in jember, author :- imam suroso, pages :- 2939-2949, effect of the tri hita karana culture and organizational structure on accounting information system quality and the impact on information quality in village credit institutions in denpasar city, author :- sada suardikha and dewa gede dharma suputra yu nyoman budiasih, pages :- 2951-2965, entrepreneur development process from national environment (constructionist study of an entrepreneur at pt. maspion company, sidoarjo), author :- tontawi, pages :- 2967-2986, readdressing teacher challenges: the case of indonesia, author :- ace suryadi, pages :- 2987-3000, building a professional learning community to improve educational quality in schools, author :- cepi triatna, pages :- 3001-3011, factors leading to unemployment ofvocational school graduates: an explorative study, author :- dadang dahlan, pages :- 3013-3018, a sustainable governance model for privatehigher education institutions within the west java in indonesia, author :- nur aedi, pages :- 3019-3030, socialization strategies for a customer driven government: a case of the west java provincial government, author :- prayoga bestari, pages :- 3031-3043, developing the economic potential of agro-tourism: a case of pangalengan dairy farm, author :- rosita and thema hanif pratama, pages :- 3045-3054, empowerment strategies in cooperative and micro, small, medium enterprises (msme) to increase people’s income, author :- suwatno heni mulyani and asep kurniawan, pages :- 3055-3067, personal car for javanese customers: semiotics cultural study, author :- ini astuti ubud salim margono setiawan and fatchur rohman, pages :- 3069-3082, development strategy of islamic economic, business and accounting in gorontalo, indonesia, author :- niswatin la ode 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pages :- 3153-3167, long term impact of employer branding on employee morale and motivation, author :- g kavitha and d jublee, pages :- 3169-3176, exploring the relationship existing between csr and financial reporting quality through corporate governance- a study of select indian mining firms, author :- binoti patro and j.k pattanayak, pages :- 3177-3191, university education for less developed areas of indonesia: an effort to promote equal development across regions, author :- elly malihah, pages :- 3193-3201, the effect of government theology and ethics on government performance in the licensing and investment office of trenggalek regency in east java province, author :- heru rochmansjah andi pitono and adfin baidowah, pages :- 3203-3213, a management model of islamic gifts and alms received in form of welfare for community empowerment, author :- kurjono lena nuryanti and heny hendrayati, pages :- 3215-3222, analysis of public movement attraction in bandung city, author :- lili somantri, pages :- 3223-3241, improving primary school teacher recruitment strategy in indonesia, author :- agus muharam, pages :- 3243-3250, developing product isolating advantage to marketing performance: a study of salted eggs of micro, small, and medium enterprises in brebes, indonesia, author :- ahmad hanfan and vincent didiek wiet aryanto, pages :- 3251-3282, employees’ perception towards women participation in trade unionism, author :- minati das madhuchhanda mohanty and santosh kumar tripathy, pages :- 3283-3292, proposals for development information management system ministry of economic development of russia making and execution of the statedecisions, author :- mamedova n.a sazonova a.v and baykova a.n, pages :- 3293-3305, the effect of organizational communication, supervision, and job satisfaction toward work productivity of state junior high school headmasters: a study in east jakarta, author :- neti karnati 3307-3333, pages :- 3307-3333, examining the weak form market efficiency risk: determinants of macroeconomic variables, author :- mubarak al-habsi and khalid al-amri, pages :- 3335-3365, about this journal.

• Editors/Editorial Board
• Instructions to the Authors
• Article Processing Charges
• Abstracted/Indexed/Reviewed
• Publication Ethics and Publication Malpractice Statement
• Special Issue
• Journal Impact Factors
• Invitation to Start New Journal
• Related Journals
• Subscription and Price Information
• Invitation to Reviewer
• Copy Right Form
• Sample Style

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International Journal of Social Economics

• Submit your paper
• Author guidelines
• Editorial team
• Indexing & metrics
• Calls for papers & news

Before you start

For queries relating to the status of your paper pre decision, please contact the Editor or Journal Editorial Office. For queries post acceptance, please contact the Supplier Project Manager. These details can be found in the Editorial Team section.

Author responsibilities

Our goal is to provide you with a professional and courteous experience at each stage of the review and publication process. There are also some responsibilities that sit with you as the author. Our expectation is that you will:

• Respond swiftly to any queries during the publication process.
• Be accountable for all aspects of your work. This includes investigating and resolving any questions about accuracy or research integrity .
• Treat communications between you and the journal editor as confidential until an editorial decision has been made.
• Include anyone who has made a substantial and meaningful contribution to the submission (anyone else involved in the paper should be listed in the acknowledgements).
• Exclude anyone who hasn’t contributed to the paper, or who has chosen not to be associated with the research.
• In accordance with COPE’s position statement on AI tools , Large Language Models cannot be credited with authorship as they are incapable of conceptualising a research design without human direction and cannot be accountable for the integrity, originality, and validity of the published work. The author(s) must describe the content created or modified as well as appropriately cite the name and version of the AI tool used; any additional works drawn on by the AI tool should also be appropriately cited and referenced. Standard tools that are used to improve spelling and grammar are not included within the parameters of this guidance. The Editor and Publisher reserve the right to determine whether the use of an AI tool is permissible.
• If your article involves human participants, you must ensure you have considered whether or not you require ethical approval for your research, and include this information as part of your submission. Find out more about informed consent .

Generative AI usage key principles

• Copywriting any part of an article using a generative AI tool/LLM would not be permissible, including the generation of the abstract or the literature review, for as per Emerald’s authorship criteria, the author(s) must be responsible for the work and accountable for its accuracy, integrity, and validity.
• The generation or reporting of results using a generative AI tool/LLM is not permissible, for as per Emerald’s authorship criteria, the author(s) must be responsible for the creation and interpretation of their work and accountable for its accuracy, integrity, and validity.
• The in-text reporting of statistics using a generative AI tool/LLM is not permissible due to concerns over the authenticity, integrity, and validity of the data produced, although the use of such a tool to aid in the analysis of the work would be permissible.
• Copy-editing an article using a generative AI tool/LLM in order to improve its language and readability would be permissible as this mirrors standard tools already employed to improve spelling and grammar, and uses existing author-created material, rather than generating wholly new content, while the author(s) remains responsible for the original work.
• The submission and publication of images created by AI tools or large-scale generative models is not permitted.

Research and publishing ethics

Our editors and employees work hard to ensure the content we publish is ethically sound. To help us achieve that goal, we closely follow the advice laid out in the guidelines and flowcharts on the COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) website .

We have also developed our research and publishing ethics guidelines . If you haven’t already read these, we urge you to do so – they will help you avoid the most common publishing ethics issues.

A few key points:

• Any manuscript you submit to this journal should be original. That means it should not have been published before in its current, or similar, form. Exceptions to this rule are outlined in our pre-print and conference paper policies .  If any substantial element of your paper has been previously published, you need to declare this to the journal editor upon submission. Please note, the journal editor may use  Crossref Similarity Check  to check on the originality of submissions received. This service compares submissions against a database of 49 million works from 800 scholarly publishers.
• Your work should not have been submitted elsewhere and should not be under consideration by any other publication.
• If you have a conflict of interest, you must declare it upon submission; this allows the editor to decide how they would like to proceed. Read about conflict of interest in our research and publishing ethics guidelines .
• By submitting your work to Emerald, you are guaranteeing that the work is not in infringement of any existing copyright.

Third party copyright permissions

Prior to article submission, you need to ensure you’ve applied for, and received, written permission to use any material in your manuscript that has been created by a third party. Please note, we are unable to publish any article that still has permissions pending. The rights we require are:

• Non-exclusive rights to reproduce the material in the article or book chapter.
• Print and electronic rights.
• Worldwide English-language rights.
• To use the material for the life of the work. That means there should be no time restrictions on its re-use e.g. a one-year licence.

We are a member of the International Association of Scientific, Technical, and Medical Publishers (STM) and participate in the STM permissions guidelines , a reciprocal free exchange of material with other STM publishers.  In some cases, this may mean that you don’t need permission to re-use content. If so, please highlight this at the submission stage.

Please take a few moments to read our guide to publishing permissions  to ensure you have met all the requirements, so that we can process your submission without delay.

Open access submissions and information

All our journals currently offer two open access (OA) publishing paths; gold open access and green open access.

If you would like to, or are required to, make the branded publisher PDF (also known as the version of record) freely available immediately upon publication, you can select the gold open access route once your paper is accepted. 

If you’ve chosen to publish gold open access, this is the point you will be asked to pay the APC (article processing charge) . This varies per journal and can be found on our APC price list or on the editorial system at the point of submission. Your article will be published with a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 user licence , which outlines how readers can reuse your work.

Alternatively, if you would like to, or are required to, publish open access but your funding doesn’t cover the cost of the APC, you can choose the green open access, or self-archiving, route. As soon as your article is published, you can make the author accepted manuscript (the version accepted for publication) openly available, free from payment and embargo periods.

You can find out more about our open access routes, our APCs and waivers and read our FAQs on our open research page. 

Find out about open

Transparency and Openness Promotion (TOP) Guidelines

We are a signatory of the Transparency and Openness Promotion (TOP) Guidelines , a framework that supports the reproducibility of research through the adoption of transparent research practices. That means we encourage you to:

• Cite and fully reference all data, program code, and other methods in your article.
• Include persistent identifiers, such as a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), in references for datasets and program codes. Persistent identifiers ensure future access to unique published digital objects, such as a piece of text or datasets. Persistent identifiers are assigned to datasets by digital archives, such as institutional repositories and partners in the Data Preservation Alliance for the Social Sciences (Data-PASS).
• Follow appropriate international and national procedures with respect to data protection, rights to privacy and other ethical considerations, whenever you cite data. For further guidance please refer to our  research and publishing ethics guidelines . For an example on how to cite datasets, please refer to the references section below.

Prepare your submission

Manuscript support services.

We are pleased to partner with Editage, a platform that connects you with relevant experts in language support, translation, editing, visuals, consulting, and more. After you’ve agreed a fee, they will work with you to enhance your manuscript and get it submission-ready.

This is an optional service for authors who feel they need a little extra support. It does not guarantee your work will be accepted for review or publication.

Visit Editage

Manuscript requirements

Before you submit your manuscript, it’s important you read and follow the guidelines below. You will also find some useful tips in our structure your journal submission how-to guide.

Submit your manuscript

There are a number of key steps you should follow to ensure a smooth and trouble-free submission.

Double check your manuscript

Before submitting your work, it is your responsibility to check that the manuscript is complete, grammatically correct, and without spelling or typographical errors. A few other important points:

• Give the journal aims and scope a final read. Is your manuscript definitely a good fit? If it isn’t, the editor may decline it without peer review.
• Does your manuscript comply with our research and publishing ethics guidelines ?
• Have you cleared any necessary publishing permissions ?
• Have you followed all the formatting requirements laid out in these author guidelines?
• If you need to refer to your own work, use wording such as ‘previous research has demonstrated’ not ‘our previous research has demonstrated’.
• If you need to refer to your own, currently unpublished work, don’t include this work in the reference list.
• Any acknowledgments or author biographies should be uploaded as separate files.
• Carry out a final check to ensure that no author names appear anywhere in the manuscript. This includes in figures or captions.

You will find a helpful submission checklist on the website Think.Check.Submit .

Consider sharing your data

If you would like to offer readers the opportunity to access the analytical code and data underlying your research findings, the first step is to select an appropriate research data repository to upload it to. This might be one run by your own institution, or it could be a third-party platform such as Dryad ,  Figshare ,  Open Science Framework ,  Zenodo ,  UK Data Service ReShare ,  OpenICPSR , or  Qualitative Data Repository . The repositories will provide you with a citable DOI (Digital Object Identifier) which should be included in your submission. Further repositories can be found on the Registry of Research Data Repositories ( Re3Data ).

A few important points

• In the acknowledgments or first footnote of your paper, you must state whether or not your data, analytic methods, and study materials will be shared with other researchers.
• If you have decided to share them, you must specify where the material can be accessed.
• Emerald encourages responsible data sharing ; if your dataset contains information that an organisation might consider confidential, or it identifies an individual or company and you don’t have their consent, please liaise with your institution before uploading the data. In addition, if your dataset could be considered the property of someone else, you will need their permission before uploading it to a public repository.

Why share your data?

Sharing of research data brings a number of benefits. It can:

• Reduce duplication of data collection and processing efforts
• Increase the impact (citations) of your research
• Aid new research
• Increase the credibility of the findings
• Enable research to be reproduced

Maximise the impact of your research by following best practices when sharing data , for example, compile a data dictionary listing the variables involved.

The submission process

All manuscripts should be submitted through our editorial system by the corresponding author.

The only way to submit to the journal is through the journal’s ScholarOne site as accessed via the Emerald website, and not by email or through any third-party agent/company, journal representative, or website. Submissions should be done directly by the author(s) through the ScholarOne site and not via a third-party proxy on their behalf.

A separate author account is required for each journal you submit to. If this is your first time submitting to this journal, please choose the Create an account or Register now option in the editorial system. If you already have an Emerald login, you are welcome to reuse the existing username and password here.

Please note, the next time you log into the system, you will be asked for your username. This will be the email address you entered when you set up your account.

Don't forget to add your  ORCiD ID during the submission process. It will be embedded in your published article, along with a link to the ORCiD registry allowing others to easily match you with your work.

Don’t have one yet? It only takes a few moments to register for a free ORCiD identifier .

Visit the ScholarOne support centre  for further help and guidance.

What you can expect next

You will receive an automated email from the journal editor, confirming your successful submission. It will provide you with a manuscript number, which will be used in all future correspondence about your submission. If you have any reason to suspect the confirmation email you receive might be fraudulent, please contact the journal editor in the first instance.

Post submission

Review and decision process.

Each submission is checked by the editor. At this stage, they may choose to decline or unsubmit your manuscript if it doesn’t fit the journal aims and scope, or they feel the language/manuscript quality is too low.

If they think it might be suitable for the publication, they will send it to at least two independent referees for double anonymous peer review.  Once these reviewers have provided their feedback, the editor may decide to accept your manuscript, request minor or major revisions, or decline your work.

This journal offers an article transfer service. If the editor decides to decline your manuscript, either before or after peer review, they may offer to transfer it to a more relevant Emerald journal in this field. If you accept, your ScholarOne author account, and the accounts of your co-authors, will automatically transfer to the new journal, along with your manuscript and any accompanying peer review reports. However, you will still need to log in to ScholarOne to complete the submission process using your existing username and password. While accepting a transfer does not guarantee the receiving journal will publish your work, an editor will only suggest a transfer if they feel your article is a good fit with the new title.

While all journals work to different timescales, the goal is that the editor will inform you of their first decision within 60 days.

During this period, we will send you automated updates on the progress of your manuscript via our submission system, or you can log in to check on the current status of your paper.  Each time we contact you, we will quote the manuscript number you were given at the point of submission. If you receive an email that does not match these criteria, it could be fraudulent and we recommend you contact the journal editor in the first instance.

Manuscript transfer service

Emerald’s manuscript transfer service takes the pain out of the submission process if your manuscript doesn’t fit your initial journal choice. Our team of expert Editors from participating journals work together to identify alternative journals that better align with your research, ensuring your work finds the ideal publication home it deserves. Our dedicated team is committed to supporting authors like you in finding the right home for your research.

If a journal is participating in the manuscript transfer program, the Editor has the option to recommend your paper for transfer. If a transfer decision is made by the Editor, you will receive an email with the details of the recommended journal and the option to accept or reject the transfer. It’s always down to you as the author to decide if you’d like to accept. If you do accept, your paper and any reviewer reports will automatically be transferred to the recommended journals. Authors will then confirm resubmissions in the new journal’s ScholarOne system.

Our Manuscript Transfer Service page has more information on the process.

If your submission is accepted

Open access.

Once your paper is accepted, you will have the opportunity to indicate whether you would like to publish your paper via the gold open access route.

If you’ve chosen to publish gold open access, this is the point you will be asked to pay the APC (article processing charge).  This varies per journal and can be found on our APC price list or on the editorial system at the point of submission. Your article will be published with a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 user licence , which outlines how readers can reuse your work.

For UK journal article authors - if you wish to submit your work accepted by Emerald to REF 2021, you must make a ‘closed deposit’ of your accepted manuscript to your respective institutional repository upon acceptance of your article. Articles accepted for publication after 1st April 2018 should be deposited as soon as possible, but no later than three months after the acceptance date. For further information and guidance, please refer to the REF 2021 website.

All accepted authors are sent an email with a link to a licence form.  This should be checked for accuracy, for example whether contact and affiliation details are up to date and your name is spelled correctly, and then returned to us electronically. If there is a reason why you can’t assign copyright to us, you should discuss this with your journal content editor. You will find their contact details on the editorial team section above.

Proofing and typesetting

Once we have received your completed licence form, the article will pass directly into the production process. We will carry out editorial checks, copyediting, and typesetting and then return proofs to you (if you are the corresponding author) for your review. This is your opportunity to correct any typographical errors, grammatical errors or incorrect author details. We can’t accept requests to rewrite texts at this stage.

When the page proofs are finalised, the fully typeset and proofed version of record is published online. This is referred to as the EarlyCite version. While an EarlyCite article has yet to be assigned to a volume or issue, it does have a digital object identifier (DOI) and is fully citable. It will be compiled into an issue according to the journal’s issue schedule, with papers being added by chronological date of publication.

How to share your paper

Visit our author rights page  to find out how you can reuse and share your work.

To find tips on increasing the visibility of your published paper, read about  how to promote your work .

Correcting inaccuracies in your published paper

Sometimes errors are made during the research, writing and publishing processes. When these issues arise, we have the option of withdrawing the paper or introducing a correction notice. Find out more about our  article withdrawal and correction policies .

Need to make a change to the author list? See our frequently asked questions (FAQs) below.

Frequently asked questions

Editor-in-Chief

• Professor Terence Garrett University of Texas Rio Grande Valley - USA [email protected]

Editorial Assistant

• Joseph Antwi-Boasiako McMaster University - Canada

Associate Editor

• Hafiz Muhammad Ali Taylors University Malaysia - Malaysia
• Dr Dao Le Trang Anh RMIT University - Vietnam
• Dr Eric Arthur Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology - Ghana
• Dr Irene Daskalopoulou University of Peloponnese - Greece
• Dr Evelyn S. Devadason University of Malaya - Malaysia
• Dr Xavier Oliveras Gonzalez El Colegio de la Frontera Norte - Mexico
• Dr Stefan Mann Federal Research Station Agroscope - Switzerland
• Dr Andrés Marroquín Mercer University - USA
• Dr Patrick L. O'Halloran Monmouth University - USA
• Dr Mona Ray Morehouse College - USA
• Dr Raymond Swaray University of Hull - UK
• Dr Chor Foon Tang Universiti Sains Malaysia - Malaysia
• Dr Richard Woodward Coventry Business School - UK
• Professor Marc von der Ruhr St. Norbert College - USA

Commissioning Editor

• Clare Lehane Emerald Publishing - UK [email protected]

Journal Editorial Office (For queries related to pre-acceptance)

• Gauri Naik Emerald Publishing [email protected]

Supplier Project Manager (For queries related to post-acceptance)

• Sivakeerthika Saravanan Emerald Publishing

Editorial Advisory Board

• Professor Morris Altman Newcastle Business School, The University of Newcastle - Australia
• Dr James Alvey Massey University - New Zealand
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The Declining Status of the Teaching Profession

Over 5.4 million Americans, or more than 8 percent of the college-educated workforce, teach in K–12 schools. Teachers play a central role in the creation of human capital and the training of the future workforce. Despite these important functions, in The Rise and Fall of the Teaching Profession: Prestige, Interest, Preparation, and Satisfaction over the Last Half Century (NBER Working Paper 32386), Matthew A. Kraft  and  Melissa Arnold Lyon find that the status of the teaching profession has declined in the last two decades and is at or near half-century lows. The researchers focus on K–12 schoolteachers in the US and examine

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International market entry strategies for businesses.

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Salvador Ordorica is the CEO of The Spanish Group LLC , a first-class international translation service that translates over 90 languages.

In today's interconnected world, businesses are constantly seeking ways to broaden their horizons and enter new markets. Business leaders cannot deny the allure of international expansion, but they often encounter challenges and uncertainties on the path to success.

I’ve been running an international translation company that started operating in Irvine, California, and now we’ve entered into over 18 foreign countries. So, I will share what I’ve learned over the years, exploring the essential components of international market entry strategies, the pivotal role of cultural intelligence and some real-world case studies of companies that have triumphed on the international stage.

Market Entry Strategies

Before embarking on the journey of international expansion, businesses must first carefully assess their motivations and goals. Market entry is not a one-size-fits-all endeavor; rather, it demands a customized approach based on factors such as the industry, target market and available resources.

Are you looking to tap into new customer bases, reduce dependence on a single market or take advantage of cost-efficiency in other countries? Each objective requires a tailored market entry strategy.

1. Exporting

Exporting is a market entry strategy where a business sells its products or services to foreign customers. It typically involves shipping goods or delivering services across international borders, often through intermediaries or distributors. Exporting is a relatively low-risk option for entering international markets, as it allows companies to leverage their existing products or services without making significant investments in foreign operations.

2. Licensing And Franchising

Licensing allows businesses to grant foreign entities the right to use their intellectual property, such as trademarks or patents. Franchising involves replicating a successful business model in foreign markets. These options offer a quicker market entry but require careful management .

3. Joint Ventures And Partnerships

This strategy allows businesses to share the risks and costs associated with expanding into foreign markets. It's a mutually beneficial arrangement where both parties work together to achieve common goals while maintaining a degree of independence. However, successful execution requires careful negotiation, clear agreements and effective cooperation to navigate cultural differences and ensure the venture's success.

4. Acquisitions And Mergers

Market entry via acquisition or merger with foreign businesses offers speed and access to established customer bases and distribution networks. But it brings integration, cultural and stakeholder challenges. It's high-risk, high-reward, demanding thorough due diligence and post-acquisition management for international success.

5. Wholly-Owned Subsidiaries

This represents a market entry strategy where a company establishes complete ownership and control of its operations in a foreign market. In this approach, the business sets up a new entity or company in a foreign country, fully owned by the parent company. While this gives the parent company maximum autonomy and decision-making power, it also entails significant financial investment and higher risks. Wholly-owned subsidiaries are ideal when a business seeks tight control over operations, brand consistency and long-term market presence in the foreign market.

The Role Of Cultural Intelligence

In working with international markets, I've learned that one of the key challenges is navigating the cultural diversity of global markets.

Cultural intelligence , often referred to as cultural quotient (CQ), is the ability to understand and to be able to adapt to different cultural contexts effectively. In international business, cultural intelligence plays a pivotal role in the failure or success of market entry strategies.

• Understanding The Local Market

Cultural intelligence helps businesses understand the values, customs and preferences of the local population. Adapt services to resonate with locals to gain local market understanding, enhancing your success in market entry.

• Building Trust And Relationships

Establishing trust with local partners and customers is paramount. Hire local people to understand the culture of each place. This makes you prioritize cultural intelligence, respecting customs and etiquette, exemplified in successful partnerships worldwide.

• Effective Communication

Language barriers can be a significant hurdle in international business. Cultural intelligence involves effective communication strategies that transcend linguistic differences. To achieve this, prioritize cross-cultural training for your team, hire local experts and foster a culturally sensitive work environment.

• Adaptation And Innovation

Successful market entry often requires adapting products or services to meet local needs and preferences. Cultural intelligence implies innovation and adaptation in response to cultural insights.

To achieve a successful market entry through cultural intelligence as a company, I have focused on adapting services to local customs, languages and trends. Simultaneously, we encourage innovation in translation technology to maintain a competitive advantage across diverse markets.

Case Studies: Companies That Successfully Entered The International Market

Now, let's dive into some case studies, drawing inspiration from companies that have successfully entered international markets.

I think Apple's gradual but well-calculated entry into various international markets exemplifies "market entry success factors." Their localized approach to product launches and marketing is a masterclass in tailoring strategies to diverse audiences.

2. McDonald’s

We can see that McDonald's excels with franchising as a market entry strategy. Their ability to adapt their menu to local tastes while maintaining a consistent brand image is impressive.

3. Coca-Cola

Coca-Cola's global success underscores the significance of adapting to diverse drinking cultures. In the 1970s , the "I'd Like to Buy the World a Coke" campaign and the unforgettable jingle propelled international expansion. Coca-Cola maintained a consistent product while allowing room for cultural taste adjustments. Meticulous adaptation in advertising, promotions, distribution and pricing cemented its global triumph.

Today, international market entry is not just an option; it's a necessity for businesses seeking growth and sustainability. Expanding into international markets is a transformative experience that can propel a company to new heights. By leveraging the right strategies and a global mindset, businesses can unlock the door to global success and write their success stories in the international market.

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39 candidates are approved for Sri Lanka’s presidential election, the highest number ever

Sri Lanka’s President Ranil Wickremesinghe waves to media as he arrives to file nomination for the upcoming presidential election in Colombo, Sri Lanka, Thursday, Aug. 15, 2024. (AP Photo/Eranga Jayawardena)

Namal Rajapaksa, son of former President Mahinda Rajapaksa waves to media as he arrives to file nomination for the upcoming presidential election in Colombo, Sri Lanka, Thursday, Aug. 15, 2024. (AP Photo/Eranga Jayawardena)

Sri Lanka’s opposition leader Sajith Premadasa waves to media as he arrives to file nomination for the upcoming presidential election in Colombo, Sri Lanka, Thursday, Aug. 15, 2024. (AP Photo/Eranga Jayawardena)

Anura Kumara Dissanayake, leader of opposition political party National People’s Power waves to media as he arrives to file nomination for the upcoming presidential election in Colombo, Sri Lanka, Thursday, Aug. 15, 2024. (AP Photo/Eranga Jayawardena)

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COLOMBO, Sri Lanka (AP) — Sri Lanka’s elections commission on Thursday accepted applications from a record 39 candidates to run in next month’s presidential election, which will decide the course of the country’s financial reforms to survive an unprecedented economic crisis.

The commission received 39 applications and all were accepted, its head, R.M.A.L. Rathnayake, announced. More than 17 million people are eligible to vote in the Sept. 21 election.

Thirty-five candidates contested the last presidential election in 2019.

The vote is seen as a referendum on difficult economic reforms initiated by current President Ranil Wickremesinghe. The reforms have improved key economic figures, but their effects have yet to reach many ordinary people.

Sri Lanka is in the middle of a critical debt restructuring and financial reform program under a bailout program by the International Monetary Fund.

Unsustainable debt, a severe balance of payments crisis, the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the government’s insistence on spending scarce foreign reserves to prop up the country’s currency, the rupee, led to a severe shortage of foreign currency and essentials such as fuel, medicine, cooking gas and food in 2022.

The economic crisis and resultant shortages of essentials sparked riots, forcing then-President Gotabaya Rajapaksa to flee the country and later resign. Parliament elected Wickremesinghe as president to cover Rajapaksa’s remaining time.

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Wickremesinghe is contesting the election and is seeking approval for his economic agenda, promising rapid growth with an ambitious target of making Sri Lanka a developed nation by the centenary of its independence in 2048.

Inflation has dropped to around 5% from 70% two years ago under his administration. Interest rates have also come down, the rupee has rebounded, and foreign currency reserves have increased. Creditor countries such as India, Japan and France have agreed to defer debt repayments until 2028, giving the island nation space to rebuild its economy.

The government is still negotiating with private creditors.

But professionals and businesses complain of higher taxes, and all people are affected by the high cost of living. Some critics accuse Wickremesinghe of protecting allegedly corrupt members of the previous administration in return for their support for his reforms in Parliament.

Wickremesinghe said that in the last two years, he took measures to stabilise the economy and as a result, “now there are no queues for fuel , food and medicine. People have money in their hands. But we need to move forward in further stabilising the economy. We just started the work and we can’t stop. Vote for me to move forward,” he told supporters after handing over his nomination.

Wickremesinghe’s main rivals include opposition leader Sajith Premadasa and Anura Dissanayake, the leader of a leftist political party that has gained popularity among people who blame traditional parties for the economic debacle.

He unsuccessfully contested presidential elections in 1999 and 2005, while Premadasa and Dissanayake lost the 2019 presidential election.

Another prominent candidate is Namal Rajapaksa, son of former President Mahinda Rajapaksa and the nephew of ousted President Gotabaya Rajapaksa.

His candidacy will indicate how much support the former powerful Rajapaksa dynasty retains after its fall from grace with the economic crisis.

The Rajapaksa family has been prominent in Sri Lankan politics since the country became a democracy after gaining independence from Britain in 1948. Mahinda Rajapaksa’s leadership in ending a 26-year civil war during his 2005-2015 presidency took his family to the peak of its popularity.

Railway Transportation Scheme Selection Based a CODAS-COPRAS Method in Triangular Dense Fuzzy Linguistic Term Lock Environment

• Published: 17 August 2024

Cite this article

• Jianping Fan 1 ,
• Yali Yuan 1 &
• Meiqin Wu   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6126-1122 1  

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In the environment of global warming, it is very important to choose rail transport solutions with the lowest possible CO 2 emissions, taking into account economic, technical and safety factors. As an important part of the modern transportation system, railway transportation appears in most transportation scenarios. Therefore, choosing an eco-friendly railway transport selection scheme is conducive to further reducing pollution emissions and preventing the further deterioration of the ecological environment. Triangular Dense Fuzzy Linguistic Term Lock Set (TDFLTS) is a tool for describing uncertain information. CODAS-COPRAS is a method to solve the multi-attribute group decision-making problem. This paper first introduces TDFLTS to describe uncertain information. Secondly, the distance measure and similarity measure between TDFLTS are proposed. Then, MEREC and DEMATEL methods are used to obtain attribute weights. Finally, CODAS-COPRAS method is used to solve the multi-attribute decision-making problem under TDFLTS environment, and it is applied to the research of railway transportation scheme selection.

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Jianping Fan, Yali Yuan & Meiqin Wu

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Fan, J., Yuan, Y. & Wu, M. Railway Transportation Scheme Selection Based a CODAS-COPRAS Method in Triangular Dense Fuzzy Linguistic Term Lock Environment. Int. J. Fuzzy Syst. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40815-024-01778-0

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Received : 06 March 2024

Revised : 01 April 2024

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Published : 17 August 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s40815-024-01778-0

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