how to write different speech patterns

Realistic dialogue: Creating characters’ speech patterns

Realistic dialogue moves stories along. When you give each character an interesting voice and persona, it’s a joy to read their conversations. Varied, entertaining speech takes readers into the heart of your characters. Here are six ways to make characters’ speech colorful and interesting

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Realistic dialogue moves stories along. When you give each character an interesting voice and persona, it’s a joy to read their conversations. Varied, entertaining speech takes readers into the heart of your characters.

Remember, too, that dialogue is crafted speech, and doesn’t have to be exact ‘real speech’. Common speech patterns can be boring to read, and are usually full of phrases like ‘you know’ and umms and ahhs and so on. 

Here are six ways to make characters’ speech colorful and interesting.

1. Make characters’ voices reflect their place and time

Great dialogue illustrates its speakers. Who is this person? Why do they speak this way? What odd curse words or phrases do they use that are particular to their era or home town? Dialogue executed well develops characters, adding rich texture to the personalities filling your story. One way to make dialogue effective is to have it reflect your characters’ place and time.

In Shakespeare’s plays, we gain a strong sense of an older time through characters’ use of archaic language. For example, characters say ‘thy’ and ‘thou’ in place of ‘your’ and ‘you’.

Era-appropriate character speech helps to establish setting and context. If your character lives in the 21st Century but speaks as though they’re living in 1700, this will confuse readers. The reverse is also true. If a 19th century teenager speaks as though it is the 21st century, this can jolt your reader right out of the story.

So how do you make characters’ speech show where they are in place and time?

• Use occasional language appropriate to the time period in dialogue. In the 60s, for example, common slang terms in parts of the US included ‘old lady’ and ‘old man’ for a person’s significant other.
• Make sure characters don’t use language more modern than their time period – if you’re unsure when a word was coined, Google its etymology
• Use regional accent details

The third suggestion should be used in moderation. Trying to recreate how different groups speak in dialogue using written accents can create stereotypes or be difficult to read. Perhaps you want to portray a character whose native language isn’t English? Again, be mindful when doing so. Character speech should be clear and easy to read. This is particularly the case when there are sensitive issues of culture or race involved. Read this post for tips on creating regional speech patterns without using stereotypes as a crutch.

2. Show characters’ unique personalities in their speech

What do we mean when we talk about a character’s ‘voice’? ‘Voice’ in characterization refers to two things:

• The actual way a person’s voice sounds to the ear (details such as pitch, volume, placement (is it nasal or throaty?) and tone of voice.
• The personality that comes across in how a character expresses themselves. Do they seem blunt and bolshie? Or is their voice gentle, kind and reserved? Do they use concise language? Do they use consistently negative language? 

Pause for a second and think of people you know well. Write down an adjective (describing word) that sums up their voice for you. What creates this effect? Are they loud? Soft-spoken? Confident? Self-doubting? Comical?

Include brief descriptions of voice when you are writing character sketches for your outline. You can create full, detailed character outlines using Now Novel’s dashboard process . Decide:

• What a character’s general personality will be: Are they sanguine/happy-go-lucky, melancholic, plodding and pragmatic, irritable and aggressive?
• How these personality details could show in your character’s voice – an irritable character could curse a lot, while a melancholic character may enjoy grumbling. Also think of ways characters can be against type. A deeply melancholic character could put on a bright, sunny voice to avoid dragging others down, for example.
• Think of other elements of speech, such as whether a character is a greater talker or listener.

Remember to use gestures or beats too to make characters’ speech have even more personality . These can reinforce or contradict what a character says. They also help you to be more nuanced about what a character feels while they are talking. Does the character speak with dramatic, outsized gestures? Might your character have memorable recurring gestures such as running a hand through her hair or taking off his glasses and polishing them? Believable dialogue involves the character as a fully embodied person, not just a talking head.

Find more of our articles on describing characters via our character writing hub .

3. Show background in how characters talk

Think about each character’s background and how that may affect the character’s speech. How educated is the character, and does that show in the character’s speech? Where is the character from? What is the character’s social class?

Perhaps your character grew up poor in an uneducated family and has returned home. How does the character feel about coming home and her family and old neighbours? Maybe she has picked up words and phrases in the big city that people poke fun at her for using. Details such as these in characters’ speech bring them to life, and add vivid colour to character portraits. For the same example, the character could resent or feel embarrassed of where she comes from. In that case, she might deliberately speak in a mannered way that sets her apart from her family back home.

How we speak isn’t entirely arbitrary . We might talk a certain way because we’ve embraced a subculture and particular identity, for example. Think about how ‘bros’ perform their masculinity to each other. They might speak quite differently when conversing with a grandparent versus a friend. Maybe their language is more ‘proper’ and less slang-filled when speaking to an elder. Or maybe they make no effort to modulate their speech at all. Even this can suggest your character’s personality – how much their speech changes depending on who they’re with.

A last word about punctuating dialogue in fiction. The US convention is to use double speech marks, while the UK convention is to use single speech marks. Some writers dispense with that entirely, and have speech rendered as part of the narrative flow.

Paying attention to details such as these will help you write realistic dialogue and bring your characters’ voices to life.

4. Use the ‘shibboleth’ to create realistic dialogue between outsiders and others

Sometimes how a person speaks can be particularly revealing if they are trying to assimilate into an unfamiliar group. The ‘ shibboleth ‘ is a word that distinguishes one in-group from another. That group might be as small as a clique or as large as an entire nationality.

In the past, shibboleths have been used to identify spies or enemy combatants. But a Shibboleth can also trip your character up in a social sense. The wrong pronunciation or choice of vocabulary might reveal that person as someone who is ‘different’. A foreign exchange student for example may stumble over strange idioms the locals use that don’t make immediate sense. For example, an English character studying in Germany might be confused why everyone’s talking about sausages and pony farms .

5. Show how characters’ speech changes according to their situation

A character’s speech should change according to the situation they’re in.

If we spoke with one limited range of vocabulary and intonation all the time, we’d be boring speakers. Consider what speech might reveal about your character under duress. Perhaps a character who seems mild-mannered might suddenly burst into a flurry of obscenities?

Subtle differences in speech depending on what’s happening can show details such as how your characters handle stress and tension .

6. Remember differences between everyday speech and written dialogue

Although we talk of ‘realistic dialogue’, much fictional dialogue is far from how people actually  speak. Yet it creates the effect  of realistic speech. Here are important differences to remember when creating characters’ voices and the unique things they say:

• Good dialogue rarely represents ordinary speech accurately. It generally leaves out the ‘Hi, who’s speaking?’ as well as other commonplace stock phrases and words. Read our tips for creating natural-sounding dialogue.
• In day to day speech, we obviously don’t have ‘he said’ and ‘she said’ punctuating our conversations. Try to keep dialogue tags to a minimum . Remove them where it’s clear from context who has just spoken. And use actions and gestures leading into or following from dialogue to show who the speaker is
• A few writers can get away with writing in dialect, but again, here is where it is better to create the impression of the way a character speaks. A little goes a long way. Don’t make every single phrase a culturally-specific idiom or exclamation
• Similarly, avoid overuse of punctuation marks like exclamation marks and ellipses. These are dramatic effects and the words characters use and their ideas should do most of the expressive ‘heavy lifting’

Read our detailed dialogue writing guide for more on creating conversation that advances your story.

Need to develop further aspects of your characters? Get  How to Write Real Characters – our eBook guide to developing believable characters, including practical exercises and prompts.

Related Posts:

• Context and subtext in dialogue: Creating layered speech
• Realistic dialogue: 5 missteps to avoid
• Beyond stereotypes: portraying realistic LGBTIQ+ characters
• Tags character speech , writing dialogue

Jordan is a writer, editor, community manager and product developer. He received his BA Honours in English Literature and his undergraduate in English Literature and Music from the University of Cape Town.

9 replies on “Realistic dialogue: Creating characters’ speech patterns”

[…] Talking about your character: Speech […]

Love the website! Great information! Lots of detail and unique areas of focus.

One correction: “Introverts, on the other hand, are usually soft-spoken.”

This would be truer of “shy” people, not introverts. Please redefine your understanding of the difference between “introvert” and “shy” so as not to perpetuate this misconception.

“Introverted people are commonly thought to be shy, but introverts’ low motivation to socialize is not the same as the inhibited behavior, tension, and awkwardness that characterize shyness. Introverts who are not shy can behave extrovertively when they choose; whereas shy people, both introverts and extroverts, can’t turn their tension and awkwardness off and on.” —Sophia Dembling (The Introvert’s Corner)

Thank you! KT

Hi KT – thanks, glad you like the site. Good point about the distinction between introversion and extroversion.

I try to throw in key slang words if a character is from a certain country or region. I also attempt to keep them to a minimum in order to not overdo it. I do struggle with minimizing dialogue tags some of the time though. I understand it helps to read it out loud.

Thank you for sharing that, Jeremiah. It really does help to read dialogue aloud. It sounds as though you have a good process.

I was wondering if you happened to know how to write the speech of young children, a friend and I are trying to write a book but are worried that they may sound too advanced for their age. This article was really helpful, so thank you for writing it.

It’s a pleasure, Cristian, thank you for your question.

For writing the speech of young children, I have some suggestions: – Simplify vocabulary and abstraction. A 5-year-old will typically have a much smaller vocabulary than, for example, an 18-year-old. So avoid overly formal and/or complex phrasing and sentence structure unless the child character is meant to sound precocious/advanced for their age. – Think of the ways children are playing with and ‘trying out’ language. For example, when my nephew learned the word ‘marvelous’, everything was suddenly marvelous, including things that definitely are not marvelous. Children mix up words, too (as a kid, I am told I loved a book on optical illusions and would talk about ‘trickmatography’ meaning ‘trick photography’). Kids might invent words based on misreadings/mishearings. – Watch clips of kids’ shows such as Sesame Street on YouTube and listen for the complexity of language/phrase. Where is it pitched? There are online editing tools such as the Hemingway editor that can estimate the reading age/age norms of a piece of writing approximately, too.

I hope this helps!

Thank you so much!

Thanks so much for this piece. It’s a great and energizing lecture.

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7 Effective Ways to Give Your Characters Unique Voices

As a former studio script reader, I've read hundreds of screenplays — the good, the bad, and the ugly. A clear problem with most is that they fail to showcase unique voices for most of their characters. You could mix and match the character names with the dialogue and not see the difference — they are interchangeable and sound or read the same. And when they are interchangeable, that's a clear issue when it comes down to a reader's visualization of the script, as well as the potential casting later on in the development process.

Screenwriters need to learn how to create distinctive characters — but it is easier said than done.

Here we showcase seven ways in which you can determine if your characters aren't unique — and how you can go about finding methods that make those characters stand out from the rest.

1. It's Not About Accents and Syntax

Let's first cover how not to make your characters seem more unique. While accents, specific syntax, and even different dialects technically make characters stand apart, you don't want to use them as a crutch.

The wrong way to handle this situation would be to give everyone different backgrounds for the sole purpose of making them stand apart from each other. A majority of the time with most stories, the characters aren't  all going to have vastly different background and accents.

If you're going to write a script that offers a diverse cast of characters, wonderful. But if you're doing that for the sole purpose of making them stand out from one another, you've missed the point.

If their accents and dialects are different, but they are still lacking in unique characteristics, your efforts in possibly creating an excellent diverse cast of characters has failed. It can't fall solely on accents or syntax.

2. Read the Dialogue Aloud

This is the first step a writer can take to determine if their character dialogue reads as common, ordinary, and interchangeable with other characters.

It starts in the writing process. Now, we know that most writers enjoy the writing environment of coffee shops, libraries, and other public places. While it can be embarrassing for some to talk to yourself as you read through the pages you've written, reading the dialogue aloud is a key first step. You can save the pages for a private verbal read in the comfort of your home or you can quietly speak the words under your breath in a public location.

The important factor is to add a little emotion to the performance. How do you want the character to say that line? Is it written in a way that is distinctive? Are the emotions evident within the dialogue? Do the moments in the script before and after that dialogue build to and deliver on those emotions?

Perform those words . You can do this yourself or you can go the extra mile and get friends together to read the script for you. You can even recruit actors to do a live read of your screenplay. This practice can further help you figure out if your characters are different enough from each other. You can ascertain if the dialogue works and is true to each character.

If the dialogue doesn't play and it all sounds the same, then you know things need to be changed.

3. Cover the Character Names 

Development executives, studio readers, producers, and talent often do this in order to problem solve whether or not characters are distinctive. Screenwriters should do the same.

While reading your script, cover the character names above the dialogue. You can do this with your finger as you read, or you can utilize screenwriting software — or a black sharpie for hard copies — to take those names out.

As you read along with the character names removed or covered, you should be able to tell the difference between who is saying what in your script. They should have their own voice. If you find yourself confused and unsure of which character is saying what, there's a problem.

4. Eliminate Unnecessary Exposition Dialogue

There's nothing more bland than an exposition dump within the dialogue. The worst scripts are infested with them.

Exposition dumps are when a character tells the audience what is going on, who is where, why things are happening, and what could happen if those things keep happening. This is done through their dialogue as they are speaking to other characters — but the truth of it is that they are really speaking to the audience, trying to give them plot information. It's a horrible habit that screenwriters get into when they are stuck at an act change or have failed to properly structure their stories.

Get rid of the unnecessary exposition. It does you and your characters no favors.

If you have to give out information, find creative and organic ways to do it without having a character take the hit of having to deliver an indistinct block of dialogue that anyone else could say.

While exposition is sometimes necessary, it should never be overused. And when it is overused, it's usually at the expense of whatever character is saying it.

The story and the plotting within should be shown, not told.

5. Identify Character Types 

Identifying the problem is the easy part. Those above four steps will help with that. Now comes the hard part — making them distinctive.

What a character says — or doesn't say — can often identify much of what and who they are. Natural leaders will take on that role, access the situation, and take action. Followers will be less vocal and more reactionary. Disruptors will question the natural leaders and decisions of the group. Peacemakers will find common ground between the opposing characters. Antagonists will antagonize.

Look through your lists of characters and try to determine what type of characters they each are. They don't have to be put under that full umbrella, but it's an easy place to start as you develop each character.

If you identify what type  each and every one of them is, you can allow them to come to life through their dialogue.

6. Identify Character Traits

Everyone has character traits — both good and bad. They are the aspects of a character's attitude and behavior. They make up that character's personality and are often traits shown with descriptive adjectives.

Are your characters religious, honest, loyal, devoted, loving, kind, sincere, ambitious, satisfied, happy, faithful, patient, determined, or persistent?

Or are they dishonest, disloyal, mean, rude, disrespectful, impatient, greedy, angry, pessimistic, cruel, unmerciful, wicked, obnoxious, or unforgiving?

A character can be dominant, confident, persuasive, ambitious, decisive, or charismatic. Others can be playful, wild, silly or hilariously inappropriate. One can be educated while the other is uneducated.

All of these types of descriptive traits — accompanied by the character types you've allocated — will dictate what your characters say and how they say it, so do your best to assign certain traits that you are interested in exploring with them. When you do, you'll often be pleasantly surprised as they come to life on their own.

7. Action Speaks Louder Than Words

Character uniqueness goes beyond dialogue.

We learn so much more about our characters by their actions and reactions — how they handle certain situations.

One character might retreat in fear. Another might sob. One may lash out at the drop of a dime. Another might use intellect to handle a situation.

Dialogue will only get you so far.  Actions and reactions  are what really gives each character a distinctive voice. Imagine if characters like Indiana Jones and James Bond relied on dialogue to define their characters — it just wouldn't be the same.

Listen to Quentin Tarantino discuss Paul Thomas Anderson's There Will Be Blood .

The first twenty-some minutes of There Will Be Blood are near silent. All that we see are different parts of this man's life. There is little to no dialogue. But his actions and reactions are what give this character a distinctive voice. When he falls into the shaft, breaking his leg, he could just as easily have died shortly after. We saw the elements he was facing and we saw how remote that location was.

His character type and character traits are identified as he crawls out of the shaft and later lays on the floor as he watches his gold being weighed and as he receives his payment. And this later continues on as he tackles the oil business.

We know who and what this character is well before he speaks any words.

I mentioned before that creating distinctive characters is easier said than done. But when you apply those first four effective ways to determine both when you are failing and succeeding, you can then use the final three to build each and every character — big or small — and give them the depth they need to be easily distinguishable from all others. That's when you have characters that leap from the page. That's when they almost write themselves.

Ken Miyamoto has worked in the film industry for nearly two decades, most notably as a studio liaison for Sony Studios and then as a script reader and story analyst for Sony Pictures.

He has many studio meetings under his belt as a produced screenwriter, meeting with the likes of Sony, Dreamworks, Universal, Disney, Warner Brothers, as well as many production and management companies. He has had a previous development deal with Lionsgate, as well as multiple writing assignments, including the produced miniseries  Blackout , starring Anne Heche, Sean Patrick Flanery, Billy Zane, James Brolin, Haylie Duff, Brian Bloom, Eric La Salle, and Bruce Boxleitner. Follow Ken on Twitter  @KenMovies 

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How to create varying, yet realistic, speech patterns

Different characters speak differently. If someone reads me a letter written by an immediate relative, I can tell right away who wrote it. I believe --and correct me if I'm wrong-- that giving each major character a subtly unique way of speaking can help make the character seem more real.

What practices are used to make different characters speak differently?

I can't bear the thought of reverting to crutches such as speech impediments, favored swear-words, or noticeable accents.

And yet, I've read far too many books where I felt that the characters all spoke alike.

How can I make the differences be subtle, so that:

• Characters don't sound the same; and yet-
• The difference sounds natural, and not as if I'm forcing the characters to talk in a way they shouldn't?

Note: My question is referring to speech patterns only, not to character behavior.

4 Answers 4

Consider the different characters':

• stupid characters contribute stupid thoughts to conversation
• smart characters might only contribute when they know they have something important to say
• Interest in the conversation
• Social personality: whether introverted or extraverted
• A priest constantly going back to the bible
• A war veteran who relates everything to "the war"
• A player constantly talking about women
• Level of engagement with the conversation's subject matter
• Use of gestures with speaking
• Their reactions, both physical and in dialogue to the other speakers
• Any subtext brought about by the relationship(s)

Give each character about 4-5 "characteristic" phrases they use often. Eg:

• "Seems like"
• "Theoretically"

Vary the sentence length between characters

You can work to 'hear' the dialogue in your head as the characters are speaking. It'll slow you down a little, until you get used to it, but then it becomes routine. But I think it's best if you think of them as movie or TV characters (good ones) rather than real people, because real conversations are totally brutal (transcribe a few and see).

You can refine your technique by reading your dialogue aloud after you've written it. You might actually want to set up a reading with some friends, like it was a play, to see if everything stays consistent.

But I think you're right to be cautious with it all. A little dialect goes a LONG way.

Giving a character their own voice is difficult for me, but I've found that looking at the traits of the character is the first thing you want to do.

Ask yourself 3 questions:

1 how smart is your character?--basically, the smarter the character is, the more words they'll know. Such as using the word flamboyant to the word showy . Short, simple words to long, complex (sometimes even snotty) words.

2 How much does your character talk?--the quiet guy vs. the guy who can't keep his mouth shut for more than a minute. Also the length of the dialogue, quiet or shy guy will talk less, ect.

3 How does your character's personality effects their use of words?--think sarcastic, optimistic, ect. The optimist will always try to end on a happy note or use words that suggest things in a bright manner. Likewise, the sarcastic one will use words that are said in the opposite manner that they should mean.

I hope that helps. These are just the three steps that have helped me in developing my character's dialogue patterns, and since working with these steps my dialogue have improved greatly (though it still needs work). Good luck!

Overlap. People interrupt each other. Characters will have certain 'trigger issues' that they just can't keep quiet about and wait for the other character to finish their dialogue.

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Variety in Character Voices

How do writers make characters sound different from one another? How can you do it?

You know you’re supposed to. Characters shouldn’t sound like their creator but they also shouldn’t sound like each other. Not in speech and not in thought.

Do you ever wonder how God does it, makes each of us so completely different? Well, writers get to tackle the same job. And sometimes it’s tough. But there are tips for creating unique character voices.

Use different words Characters can have their own slang, business lingo, favorite expressions, and favorite curse words.

One character may not curse at all and another may curse like a long-time prisoner and still another may tip-toe around curses with a country mother’s sensibilities—infrequent cussing that’s nonetheless powerfully effective when it is released.

An engineer will use words a painter wouldn’t. A barber won’t sound like a corporate CEO. Neither the barber nor the CEO will sound like a drill sergeant. None of the three will sound like a kindergarten teacher.

One character may use short words, another the 50-cent version. All will have pet expressions and phrases that they love to show off.

Some characters may avoid certain words or phrases altogether, not wanting to give power or voice to what those phrases mean.

Use different sentence patterns Let one character use short sentences, another long or convoluted ones. Let some characters use repetition in words or phrases.  Vary sentence construction and word order—nouns don’t always have to come first.

Let one character use participial or absolute phrases while another goes for noun followed by verb followed by object.

Add humor to one character If you can write humor, let one character be the jokester. Maybe create puns for a character. Maybe give him really bad puns.

Cut off speech or thought Allow one character to use clipped speech or incomplete thoughts. Since this kind of speech can be strong and noticeable, make sure you don’t write the same style for all characters. It’s very easy to slip into a pattern or rhythm; think rappers or Damon Runyon characters. One with a highly unusual speech pattern is usually enough.

Let a character ramble Some people can’t get to the point. Create characters who ramble or beat around the bush or just take forever to say what they need to say. Rambling speech or thought can bore the reader, so be judicious with this technique. But do use it if it fits a character. Or if a character wants to drive others crazy.

Try a few of these techniques—

Have characters pay attention to different things —some will note their surroundings, some will not. Some will note furnishings or temperature or changes to a room. Some will notice other characters, especially the changes in them, but some characters are oblivious. Use what they notice to differentiate characters.

Give each a personal response style to questions. Some will answer others directly; others will hesitate or answer with a question or not answer at all.

Have one character dominate the conversations.

Have one character always interrupt and one character never interrupt. And then, when one of them acts out of character , others, including readers, will notice.

Consider character education and experience and purpose—is the character trying to schmooze someone? Is he striving to come across as honest when he isn’t? Let one character (almost) always tell the truth and let another almost always lie.

Consider the pressure the character is under—sentences will get short and choppy if a character is worried or is thinking of something else or has too many concerns to think about.

Consider the age of the character, the sex of the character, the culture or national background of a character.

Consider the snob factor—just who does your character think he is? Who does he want to be? Pretend to be? Fear to be?

Consider regional differences. Does your character say highway, expressway, thru-way, or something different?

Do you have a character who uses nicknames, one who speaks in lovey-dovey coos, another who preaches at his friends? Maintain their speech styles and patterns without overburdening readers with too much of a good thing.

Make sure that not all characters say oh or well or oh, please , or dagnabbit . Make them sound different because they are different. Let what’s inside the character reveal him. Let the events happening around him—and their effect on him—influence his word choices. Create different reactions for every character.

Do not use odd spellings and dialect as your main method of pointing out different speech patterns. Words may sound different in dialect, but the words are the same. So they’re actually spelled the same. Use other methods for indicating accents and dialect.

__________________________________

This is a short one today, but I hope there’s enough here to get you started on differentiating your characters’ speech and thoughts.

Don’t worry too much about character voice on your first draft, especially if you’re not quite sure who the characters are yet. If you do know, try to use words and speech patterns they’d use. If you don’t know who they are when you begin, wait until they reveal themselves and then begin writing specifically for them.

Or, if you want to try on a character voice, as you might a costume, write a scene or two with different styles of speech and thought, and see if that doesn’t help you figure out just who these characters are.

Give variety to your characters. Let them speak from their hearts and their guts with all the honesty that’s in them. Let them reveal themselves through word and thought.

Write different character voices.

Create a variety of characters.

Write engaging fiction.

Related posts:

• Character Voices Shouldn’t Sound Like Yours
• Know Your Character’s Language
• Inner Dialogue—Writing Character Thoughts

Tags: character , character voice     Posted in: Craft & Style , Writing Tips

Posted in Craft & Style , Writing Tips

15 Responses to “Variety in Character Voices”

Ooo…I wrote a similar post for Superhero Nation a few months ago, just because I couldn’t find this type of subject. You nailed it down better than me though, considering I’m not even an editor.

Chihuahua0, I’m sure your post was informative and just what the readers at Superhero Nation needed. Any tools and encouragement we can put out there for writers is good. Like you, many are looking for tips to create stronger characters and stories.

Very helpful and thought provoking hints. I appreciate your willingness to share your knowledge!

It is my pleasure, Lorraine. I’m glad you found something useful.

Very helpful and not something I’ve consciously strived for but as I’m editing a romantic suspense novel at the moment I can see that I’ve done this…perhaps not as well as I should have…but with these pointers I hope to improve from here on in.

Do you suggest speech patterns be included in character outlines?

Shirley, I’m for using whatever works for you. If you think you’ll use the info and it’s not just a way to put off the actual writing, include them in your outlines.

Some writers go deeper with their prep and their notes and their character development than do other writers. But you’ve got to use what works. You could try it once, especially if you’ve got details you need to keep straight.

Or, make detailed outlines and include speech patterns if you’re working on a series or writing a book featuring a large cast. Anything to keep characters and their details straight would be helpful.

Good luck with the edit. Here’s hoping we’ll be finding your story on the shelves soon.

Very good post, here, with nice concrete tools to consider.

I like the idea of not forming the characters’ voices too solidly until the revision process, where you could potentially go over each character’s voice scene by scene, to see if it stays consistent. Thanks for pointing that out!

Andrea, it is true that characters sometimes don’t reveal themselves until the story’s underway. Why force what you don’t know when you might have to change it anyway? Of course, there are those times when you might try something for your character and find you’ve hit on the perfect voice, one that then directs the story exactly the way it should go. I think we’d all like that to happen more often than it does.

Thanks for letting us know you were here. And thanks for the reminder that we do indeed need to go over the character’s voice and personality in every scene. A very good point.

I needed a refresher with character voices; thank you so much for this article. Helpful hints.

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How to Write Character Accents: 5 Tips for Using Dialects in Writing

Written by MasterClass

Last updated: Aug 23, 2021 • 3 min read

What do Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series have in common? They both feature memorable use of character accents and regional dialects. Though writing accents can help make your character’s voice distinct and memorable, there are certain pitfalls to avoid when rendering specific speech patterns.

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Topical Speech Patterns: Uncovering Their Power and How to Use Them Effectively

We’ve all been there. You’re in a meeting or speaking in front of a large group and you can feel the eyes on you. You know that the topic is important, your audience is listening intently, and then for a moment, your mind goes blank and your words fail you. Panic begins to take over, so you start speaking and your words come out jumbled and unfocused. The key to avoiding this situation is to unlock your topical speech patterns so you can speak with clarity and confidence . In this blog post, we’re going to look at how to develop a strong and fluid speech and identify general tips and tricks you can use to start speaking more confidently. First, we’ll look at how to find the right topics and determine which ones resonate the most with your audience. Then we’ll look at how to use logical arguments and related ideas to ensure a cohesive and fluid speech. Finally, we’ll discuss some helpful tools and techniques you can use to practice and hone your speech. By the end of this blog post, you should have a better understanding of how to unlock your topical speech patterns and become a better and more confident public speaker . Let’s get started!

Quick Insight

A topical speech pattern is a type of organizational structure used when preparing a speech . It involves arranging the ideas around a central topic or main point, which helps the speaker logically develop their points and keep the audience engaged.

Understanding Topical Speech Patterns

Understanding topical speech patterns helps to create clarity and confidence when speaking. A topical speech pattern is the way content is organized within a speech or presentation. In order to effectively communicate a message, understanding and incorporating effective topical patterns can be extremely beneficial. When structuring the content of a speech, it should follow a logical flow that will keep the audience engaged and attentive. This allows listeners to understand the message they are hearing, while also making it easier for the speaker to maintain clear thoughts. One of the most widely accepted topical speech patterns is called “ Abecedarian .” This topic structure begins by introducing a main idea or topic followed by sub-ideas or topics in alphabetical order. Additionally, this method can be used for large and small presentations and allows for easy navigation through a variety of topics. Another popular approach to organizing information into a topical pattern is called “ Chronological ”. This speaks for itself as it simply follows from one point in time to another—effectively allowing an audience to keep track of what has happened over time with respect to the particular topic. As its name implies, it has the power to fill up gaps in knowledge, especially when taking more complex considerations into account such as when discussing current events or historical landmarks. Overall, understanding how to organize topics into structured verbal forms while taking into consideration the context of certain conversations is key when speaking. It not only ensures the clarity and effectiveness of one’s words but allows them to develop confidence in their ability express themselves. Having now discussed different methods of understanding topical speech patterns, our next section describes how one can go about organizing ideas for a successful speech.

Most Important Summary Points

Topical speech patterns can help create clarity and confidence when speaking. Abecedarian is a popular pattern that involves introducing a main topic followed by sub-topics in alphabetical order. Chronological is another approach where topics are organized from one point in time to another. Organizing ideas into structured verbal forms and considering the context are key for successful speeches.

Organizing Ideas for a Speech

When preparing a speech, one of the most important steps is organizing the ideas in a logical way that conveys your point clearly and effectively. To do this you must familiarize yourself with the content of your speech, identify key points, develop supporting evidence , and choose an appropriate structure. Familiarizing Yourself with Content One of the first steps in organizing a speech is to become intimately familiar with the content. It starts with research and synthesis of the materials. As you are researching and reading, organize material into categories either through mental or physical notes. Break down complex topics or arguments so that it easier for your audience to comprehend them. Identifying Key Points Once you have done research and become well-acquainted with the content, move onto identifying key points that make up your argument. It is important to limit these key points to three to five points so they are easy to remember and follow. Prioritize these points according to strength; this allows you to focus resources where their effect will be greatest and ensure cohesiveness throughout your speech. Developing Supporting Evidence Developing supporting evidence builds credibility and enforces your argument’s relevance and power. Various pieces of evidence can be used such as quotes from authoritative sources, related statistics and facts, anecdotes, multimedia visuals and more. Utilize these pieces of evidence to explain, elaborate on and illustrate your argument’s importance without drastically changing the flow of an argument. Choosing an Appropriate Structure The structure or outline of a speech is paramount for effectively communicating one’s point(s). Choosing an appropriate structure ensures that each notion flows smoothly from one point to the next, outlines how all points contribute to an overall statement or argument, reinforces repetition for main points, clarifies any assumptions made mid-speech, adheres to a timeline, and so much more. Popular structures for speeches include chronological order, order of importance or spatial/geographical pecking order . Deciding which organization style works best depends on varying factors such as technicality of topic being discussed, time allotted for presentation, method(s) used for presentation (visuals), language proficiency among audience members as well as cultural considerations unique to each situation among many other factors. Cautious curation of these elements results in clear communication no matter the environment one finds oneself in when presenting said ideas; this subsequently provides ample opportunity for compelling presentations with vivid imagery and narrative drive whose impact resonates with both intellects and emotions alike. Now that we’ve discussed how to organize ideas within our speech let’s move onto identifying the main points – the backbone on which our argument stands firm – in the next section.

Identifying the Main Points

When preparing a speech , it is essential to identify the main points that should be comprised within the speech. The main points should be clear and concise, yet comprehensive enough to provide thorough information. A speech can typically include an introduction , body and conclusion. When identifying the main points for the introduction, think of what would be most pertinent for the audience to consider. Keep in mind what matters most to the specific audience being addressed. Be sure to include facts or relevant experiences that may attribute to the topic at hand. This will stimulate engagement from attendees and identify why the topic is important. For the body of a speech, each point should align with one another and emphasize on a unique portion of what’s being discussed. It’s important to remember to back up points with credible data and other testimonials. Providing evidence not only makes a speech more trustworthy, but allows it to be easily understood by all listeners. Additionally, leave room for any sort of discussion or questions that people may have during this portion of your presentation. Lastly, when summarizing conclusions with key takeaways, consider ways in which everyone who listened can translate what’s been shared into actionable advice or tasks. By including simple yet impactful tips or steps throughout your speech you can leave people with a lasting impression on your topic and further emphasize its significance. Overall, establishing those main points is a crucial aspect when creating an effective and successful topical speech that people witness and understand. Once you’ve identified the main points of your presentation, it’s time to connect ideas using appropriate transition phrases.

Connecting Ideas with Appropriate Transition Phrases

Transition phrases help to facilitate the flow of speech and provide listeners with a greater understanding of the speaker’s ideas. When crafting an effective speech, speakers should be mindful of their use of connecting words and phrases in order to maintain clarity and cohesion. Utilizing transition phrases can help to link the concepts discussed throughout a speech and form an organized, logical argument. Furthermore, choosing appropriate transition words allows the speaker to tailor their material to the size and complexity of the intended audience. Using appropriate connecting words is essential for providing clear and concise communication. Appropriate transition words indicate to the audience that the speaker understands how one topic relates to another. Additionally, certain types of transitions can add emphasis or emotion to a sentiment being expressed by the speaker; for example, phrases such as “in addition” or “moreover” follow up a statement whereas “for instance” provides further explanation and clarity. Whether directing debate between two sides or simply giving an individual presentation, using appropriate transition phrases is critical for speaking with clarity and confidence. Connecting with leading language helps put the listener at ease and confirms that speaker is both knowledgeable and prepared. This can assist with gaining respect from an audience, who will note an individual’s ability to eloquently string together ideas from thought-to-thought within a discussion or presentation. Finally, it important for speakers to be conscious of how they select their transitioning words within a longer timeframe as some phrases may become repetitive. Therefore, selecting different options when transitioning topics while addressing a longer timeframe can hold people’s attention more easily than returning to similar loanwords again and again throughout longer speeches or presentations. Moving onto the next section, this article will discuss adapting one’s speech for a longer timeframe.

Adapting Your Speech for a Longer Timeframe

Delivering a speech or presentation can be daunting, especially if it is going to last more than a few minutes . When speaking in front of an audience for an extended period of time, it is important to keep them engaged and make sure the energy level stays high. Here are some strategies that can help you a speaker successfully adapt their speech to a longer timeframe. First, long speeches can seem overwhelming, so consider breaking your presentation into multiple sections. This will allow you to focus on one topic at a time and make the overall structure easier for the audience to understand. Additionally, adding videos, photos, diagrams, or other visuals can enhance understanding without requiring too much additional effort from the speaker. Second, don’t forget to stay active throughout the entire presentation. Move around the stage or use gestures and facial expressions to emphasize key points. Ask questions of the audience and incorporate interactive activities when appropriate. Doing so will help keep everyone engaged and increase participation in the discussion. Third, vary your tone and delivery style as you talk about different topics. Use rich language to describe stories or anecdotes that illustrate your point. Show enthusiasm when sharing ideas or discussing statistics that may otherwise appear boring or mundane. By following these tips, speakers can ensure that their longer speeches remain engaging and interesting throughout every stage of their presentation. Finally, don’t forget to plan time for breaks between sections or even short pauses in mid-sentence to change topics or provide perspective changes. This will give both the speaker and audience a chance to rest and refocus before moving onto the next subject matter. With these strategies in hand, presenters can boost both their confidence and capabilities when giving longer speeches with more clarity and poise. Now that we have talked about adapting your speech for a longer timeframe let’s move on to the importance of keeping audiences engaged throughout these extended presentations – which will be discussed in the next section.

Keeping Audiences Engaged

When delivering a topical speech, it is important to keep your audience engaged . Engagement is key to ensure that the audience stays attentive and interested in the topic being discussed. To do this effectively, speakers can choose to engage their audience through various activities and techniques. One way to keep an audience engaged is to break up longer presentations with interactive activities. This can be done by involving the audience in a discussion, inviting them to participate in quizzes or games, or incorporating brief group exercises into your presentation. Incorporating interactive activities not only gives the audience something engaging to do, but it also helps break up the monotony of a long speech, allowing the speaker to reset their thoughts and continue on with a refreshed approach. Another way to keep an audience engaged is to use stories or anecdotes rather than simply presenting facts and figures. Storytelling allows speakers to gain their audience’s attention and provide another layer of depth and emotion to the topic being presented. Therefore, it can be especially useful when trying to convey certain emotions or feelings that are difficult for others to connect with. Finally, using multimedia elements such as videos and music can also be effective in keeping an audience engaged. These multimedia tools provide additional visuals for audiences to follow along with as well as providing a break from more traditional presentations styles. By incorporating one or more of these activities into a speech, speakers can keep their audiences engaged while ensuring they stay focused on the topic at hand. From here, they can then move onto the next section which will focus on “Sticking to Your Argument”

Sticking to Your Argument

When constructing an argument, it is important to stay focused on the point of the argument and avoid getting sidetracked. During a topical speech , speakers should strive to make logical and consistent arguments by staying on topic, avoiding conjecture or opinion. It is important to remember that while some debate or discussion can enhance a speech, making personal attacks or presenting information without a clear purpose can weaken a speaker’s argument. For those looking to debate or counter an opposing point of view, it is essential to acknowledge that there may be two sides to every argument. When presenting both sides of the story, speakers should acknowledge any points of agreement within each side but remain balanced in their presentation, so that they don’t inadvertently alienate members of either viewpoint. Ultimately, the goal should be to clearly lay out both sides of the argument objectively and logically and then defend the speaker’s point of view. In order for a speaker’s audience to follow their argument, it is crucial for them to stay on target throughout their presentation. To ensure that this remains the case, many speakers find it beneficial to form an outline with specific talking points in mind prior to delivering their speech. By having a plan in place before commencing the dialogue and periodically reminding themselves about their main arguments as they go along, speakers will better able able to maintain focus and clarity throughout their address. By utilizing these strategies for sticking to an argument throughout their presentation, topical speakers can feel more confident presenting their ideas with conviction and clarity. Now let’s take a look at tips for focusing on the topic at hand during a topical speech.

Tips for Focusing on the Topic

When it comes to speaking, it’s important to focus on the topic at hand. Focusing on the topic allows the speaker to stay on track, be concise and organized, and ensure that the presentation stays engaging and informative. There are several tips for focusing on topics during a speech or presentation. First, it is important to create an outline or roadmap of what will be discussed so as not to ramble off onto too many tangents. If there is a time limit for the presentation then, this is also important for ensuring that enough material is covered within the allotted timeframe. Second, it is essential to practice ahead of time. By practicing out loud, with others, and in front of a mirror if necessary, the speaker can become more comfortable speaking on the topic before presenting to an audience. Through preparation and repetition, the presenter can stay focused and organized. Third, when speaking in front of a large crowd it can be helpful to imagine having a conversation with one person instead of addressing a room full of people. This encourages eye contact , direct delivery, and being able to rely on natural pauses throughout the discussion instead of feeling pressured to fill silence in an uncomfortable way. Lastly, make sure to end with a strong conclusion that ties back into the main points from the beginning of the presentation or speech. This allows for closure on the topic but also ensures that all presented material was concisely covered. By following these tips for focusing on topics during speeches or presentations, speakers can keep their audiences engaged and well informed. For each section or paragraph it’s also useful for speakers to ask themselves if what they’re saying is in line with the overall message being addressed and if it’s absolutely necessary for clarification on what was presented prior. Ultimately this helps keep speakers grounded while they explore their subject matter without getting off track too often while still providing valuable information and entertainment value. To conclude this section, it’s essential that speakers focus on staying organized and knowledgeable no matter their skill level when presenting any material publicly — whether it’s a formal assembly or an informal meeting with peers. With clarity and confidence these tricks help maintain topically sound speeches that leave audiences satisfied with what was communicated. With effective topical speeches delivered effectively comes successful conclusions – which leads us into our next section: “Conclusion”.

Public speaking can be a nerve wracking endeavor, but it doesn’t have to be. Following the strategies outlined in this article can help unlock your topical speech patterns and enable you to better articulate your point of view . Clarity and confidence are key components of great public speaking, and understanding how to achieve them is essential. By focusing on the language you use, using storytelling techniques, having a clear structure, keeping your purpose at the forefront of your mind, and effectively dealing with objections, you’ll be well on your way to becoming an incredibly powerful speaker. Haivng clarity and confidence when it comes to public speaking can open up endless opportunities for you. You may find new job or educational opportunities coming your way as a result of gains in oratory ability . On the whole, it’s clear that putting effort into honing one’s public speaking abilities can have lasting positive effects. However, there is still benefit to be had from being more spontaneous when giving speeches—this can lead to more emotionally engaging talks from listeners’ perspectives. Additionally, depending on what type of presentation you’re doing, it may make sense to play off audience reactions in real-time and tailor your talk accordingly—something that a scripted speech likely won’t allow for. Ultimately, the best course of action will depend upon the nature of the event you’re presenting at and who your target audience is. In conclusion, no matter how nervous or uncomfortable with public speaking one might feel initially, honing their skillset in this area will bring far-reaching positive benefits if done consistently over time. With dedicated practice and by utilizing all the methods mentioned in this article, anyone can become an effective topical speaker capable of captivating their audience through both clarity and confidence in their delivery.

Common Questions and Answers

How is a topical speech pattern strategically employed in public speaking.

A topical speech pattern is a way of organizing information and ideas around a particular topic or idea. It is commonly used in public speaking to establish a clear structure and logic for a presentation. By setting up this structure, the speaker can better communicate their message to the audience, as well as emphasize key points. For example, one could use a topical speech pattern to discuss the various causes and effects of climate change, starting with broad causes and gradually moving towards more specific effects. This organized flow helps listeners understand the information presented and make informed decisions. Additionally, a topical speech pattern can be strategically employed in public speaking to appeal to certain audiences or support certain argumentative points; by choosing relevant topics and framing them within an organized structure, speakers can more easily make an impactful impression on their audience.

What techniques can be incorporated into a topical speech pattern?

Techniques that can be incorporated into a topical speech pattern include being well-prepared, knowing your audience , using strong body language, avoiding large volumes of text, and providing clear examples to support points. Being prepared is a key factor in delivering any speech. Before writing the speech, you should research the topic thoroughly so that your speeches have the potential to sound informed and professional. Knowing your audience is also important for delivering a successful presentation. Understanding who you are speaking to helps tailor the message to their interests and experiences and allows for more meaningful dialogue between the speaker and the audience. Using strong body language such as eye contact, appropriate gestures, posture, and facial expressions can also be beneficial for engaging with an audience. These tools help bring the speech alive and create an atmosphere of attentiveness from the audience. It is essential to avoid overwhelming your audience with too much text when giving a speech . Keep it succinct by focusing on key points and using visuals to support complex ideas, rather than relying too heavily on words. Finally, providing clear examples is an effective technique to guarantee the audience understands your point better. Providing examples gives them a better perspective of what your intended message is while helping you stay on track during the presentation.

Are there any specific examples of a topical speech pattern used in a successful speech?

Yes, there are several examples of topical speech patterns that have been used in successful speeches over the years. For example, former United States President John F. Kennedy’s iconic inaugural address focused on committing to public service and was an excellent example of how to effectively use a topical pattern. Kennedy began his speech by discussing the state of the world at the time and then proceeded to outline his personal commitment to “pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe” for the greater good of mankind. Opening with such a powerful statement set the tone for the rest of his speech which highlighted many different topical issues he wanted to discuss. Another exemplary example of a topical speech pattern is civil rights leader Martin Luther King’s famous ‘I Have A Dream’ speech. In this instance King started by reflecting on the country’s history and how far they had come while still acknowledging how much further they needed to go. He went on to introduce his vision for an equal future which was supported through poignant examples addressing various current issues including racism and segregation. This persuasive example of using a topical pattern inspired listeners across the world and greatly contributed towards social change during one of America’s most consequential moments. These two examples demonstrate how employing a topical approach in public speaking can be effective at conveying powerful ideas and inspiring others. The messages in both speeches still resonate today and remind us just how important it is to learn how to successfully use this method when crafting a meaningful presentation or dialogue.

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How to write different speech patterns?

Hey so something I've always struggled with writing different speech patterns for each one of my characters and as someone who prides themselves on their dialogue this always been a flaw I've been desperate to fix! So what do you guys do to make sure each and every character sounds the same. 

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A character's economic and educational background, as well as their jobs, drive most of my dialogue speech patterning.  But like structure, pacing and all the other "rules laden" aspects of writing, it's usually the story that makes me come up with the dialogue I do. 

However, personally I have a tendency to write grunts (cops, soldiers) as speaking in incomplete sentences:  Abrupt and to the point.  Trained professionals (doctors, scientists) speak close to perfect English.  Gangsters may swear more often, but depending on the story villains may sound more like the doctors than gangsters, so you can't generalize by their role in the script, either.  Surprise us!

I don't think that the pros (movies and TV writers) worry about it too much.  For one thing, they know that their scripts are destined to be produced, and so unless the casting director doesn't do his or her job each character will have a unique male/female low/high slow/fast delivery and will sound different.  Sometimes I think we get all too tied up with our medium (a written script, ie. 'sounds' are only in our head) and forget this.

Anyway, think about lots of very successful movies and TV shows:  Scully and Mulder 'sounded' different, but you could practically exchange their dialogue on the page and you wouldn't know which of the two it was.  They both spoke in these uber-educated soliloquies that nobody on earth actually does.  Then in Law and Order and its spin-offs, there's always a 'Sergeant' character who almost always sounds the same - blunt, sarcastic, etc.

Yes, you do want your dialogue to convey the message and not detract from the story.  You can toss in a lot of dialogue gimmicks, but in the end it comes down to the story. 

Hear the words aloud in your mind, and remember, people who know each anticipate what the other will say, but strangers, or professionals will not anticipate or interrupt as much.

I'm wondering if your question isn't about speech patterns but about distinct personalities. As in, making sure the characters don't all sound identical. Feel free to correct me if I'm wrong here or if they following info isn't what you want to know.

Speech patterns are dialects. Everyone from that same region will have the same dialect. As they should. It wouldn't make sense if someone from, say, Tennessee, talks like they're from London, England.

Distinct personality in dialogue happens naturally when the character is fully developed.

Anything else I can think of, is just practice and experience. It does get easier. So I'd suggest focusing more on character development and don't worry too much about speech patterns or dialects. It's okay to base characters on yourself, the way you would naturally talk. If nothing else, it's a really good writing exercise.

Check out more info in the Turn burn guide:  https://www.scriptrevolution.com/guide/better-dialogue

Eavesdrop on people and listen for their cadences and phraseologies. Riding on buses or sitting in restaurants can be educational.

So many good suggestions above!  When it comes to writing distinct personalities, I'll add that it's not unusual for me to model a character off one of my family members, many of whom are/were quite the characters themselves.  It makes it easier to construct realistic dialogue when I think, yeah, that's what my hilariously inappropriate cousin or unconventional grandpa would say in that situation. 

Like Kenneth suggested, listening to others talk can be golden.  We were on a family pontoon ride a few weeks ago when my husband's uncle said something in an interesting way.  I've filed that for possible use in the future.  

Many times in casual conversation I've said, "Huh, I'll have to remember that one." The person I'm talking to gives to me a questioning look. I'll add, "You should always be careful what you say to a writer."

I think the keyword is "Pattern".  When I was a child I started every sentence with "Look....". That was just how I spoke.  I tend to use a lot of metaphor. That is another pattern I have developed.  Find one thing and make it unchanged. People will see it.

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PRDV008: Preparing and Delivering Presentations (2020.A.01)

Determine your main points.

Read this article to learn how to choose your main points and an appropriate speech pattern.

In a series of important and ground-breaking studies conducted during the 1950s and 1960s, researchers started investigating how a speech's organization was related to audience perceptions of those speeches. The first study, conducted by Raymond Smith in 1951, randomly organized the parts of a speech to see how audiences would react. Not surprisingly, when speeches were randomly organized, the audience perceived the speech more negatively than when audiences were presented with a speech with clear, intentional organization.

Smith also found that audiences who listened to unorganized speeches were less interested in those speeches than audiences who listened to organized speeches. Smith, R. G. (1951). An experimental study of the effects of speech organization upon the attitudes of college students.  Speech Monographs, 18 , 292–301.

Thompson furthered this investigation and found that unorganized speeches were also harder for audiences to recall after the speech. Basically, people remember information from speeches that are clearly organized – and forget information from speeches that are poorly organized. Thompson, E. C. (1960). An experimental investigation of the relative effectiveness of organizational structure in oral communication.  Southern Speech Journal, 26 , 59–69.

A third study by Baker found that when audiences were presented with a disorganized speaker, they were less likely to be persuaded, and saw the disorganized speaker as lacking credibility. Baker, E. E. (1965). The immediate effects of perceived speaker disorganization on speaker credibility and audience attitude change in persuasive speaking.  Western Speech, 29 , 148–161.

These three very important studies make the importance of organization very clear. When speakers are not organized they are not perceived as credible and their audiences view the speeches negatively, are less likely to be persuaded, and do not remember specific information from the speeches after the fact.

We start this chapter discussing these studies because we want you to understand the importance of speech organization on real audiences. If you are not organized, your speech will never have its intended effect. In this chapter, we are going to discuss the basics of organizing the body of your speech.

Determining Your Main Ideas

When creating a speech, it is important to remember that speeches have three clear parts: an introduction , a body , and a conclusion . The introduction establishes the topic and whets your audience's appetite, and the conclusion wraps everything up at the end of your speech. The real meat  of your speech happens in the body. In this section, we are going to discuss how to think strategically about the body of your speech.

We like the word  strategic  because it refers to determining what is important or essential to the overall plan or purpose of your speech. Too often, new speakers just throw information together and stand up and start speaking. When that happens, audience members are left confused and the reason for the speech may get lost. To avoid being seen as disorganized, we want you to start thinking critically about the organization of your speech. In this section, we will discuss how to take your speech from a specific purpose to creating the main points of your speech.

What Is Your Specific Purpose?

Before we discuss how to determine the main points of your speech, we want to revisit your speech's specific purpose. Recall that a speech can have one of three general purposes: to inform, to persuade, or to entertain. The general purpose refers to the broad goal for creating and delivering the speech. The specific purpose, on the other hand, starts with one of those broad goals (inform, persuade, or entertain) and then further informs the listener about the  who ,  what ,  when ,  where ,  why , and  how  of the speech.

The specific purpose is stated as a sentence incorporating the general purpose, the specific audience for the speech, and a prepositional phrase that summarizes the topic. Suppose you are going to give a speech about using open-source software. Here are three examples (each with a different general purpose and a different audience):

In each of these three examples, you will notice that the general topic is the same – open-source software – but the specific purpose is different because the speech has a different general purpose and a different audience. Before you can think strategically about organizing the body of your speech, you need to know what your specific purpose is. If you have not yet written a specific purpose for your current speech, please go ahead and write one now.

From Specific Purpose to Main Points

Once you have written down your specific purpose, you can now start thinking about the best way to turn that specific purpose into a series of main points.  Main points  are the key ideas you present to enable your speech to accomplish its specific purpose. In this section, we are going to discuss how to determine your main points and how to organize those main points into a coherent, strategic speech.

How Many Main Points Do I Need?

While there is no magic number for how many main points a speech should have, speech experts generally agree that the fewer the number of main points the better. First and foremost, experts on the subject of memory have consistently shown that people do not tend to remember very much after they listen to a message or leave a conversation. Bostrom, R. N., & Waldhart, E. S. (1988). Memory models and the measurement of listening.  Communication Education, 37 , 1–13.

While many different factors can affect a listener's ability to retain information after a speech, how the speech is organized is an important part of that process. Dunham, J. R. (1964).  Voice contrast and repetition in speech retention  (Doctoral dissertation). An experimental study of the effects of speech organization upon the attitudes of college students.  Speech Monographs, 18 , 292–301; Thompson, E. C. (1960).

An experimental investigation of the relative effectiveness of organizational structure in oral communication.  Southern Speech Journal, 26 , 59–69. For the speeches you will be delivering in a typical public speaking class, you will usually have just two or three main points. If your speech is less than three minutes long, then two main points will probably work best. If your speech is between three and ten minutes in length, then it makes more sense to use three main points.

You may be wondering why we are recommending only two or three main points. The reason comes straight out of the research on listening. According to LeFrancois, people are more likely to remember information that is meaningful, useful, and of interest to them; different or unique; organized; visual; and simple. LeFrancois, G. R. (1999).  Psychology for teaching  (10th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Two or three main points are much easier for listeners to remember than ten or even five. In addition, if you have two or three main points, you will be able to develop each one with examples, statistics, or other forms of support. Including support for each point will make your speech more interesting and more memorable for your audience.

Narrowing Down Your Main Points

When you write your specific purpose and review the research you have done on your topic, you will probably find yourself thinking of quite a few points that you would like to make in your speech. Whether that is the case or not, we recommend taking a few minutes to brainstorm and develop a list of points. In brainstorming, your goal is simply to think of as many different points as you can, not to judge how valuable or important they are. What information does your audience need to know to understand your topic? What information does your speech need to convey to accomplish its specific purpose?

Consider the following example:

Now that you have brainstormed and developed a list of possible points, how do you go about narrowing them down to just two or three main ones? Remember, your main points are the key ideas that help build your speech. When you look over the preceding list, you can then start to see that many of the points are related to one another.

Your goal in narrowing down your main points is to identify which individual, potentially minor points can be combined to make main points. This process is called  chunking  because it involves taking smaller chunks of information and putting them together with like chunks to create more fully developed chunks of information. Before reading our chunking of the preceding list, see if you can determine three large chunks out of the list (note that not all chunks are equal).

You may notice that in the preceding list, the number of subpoints under each of the three main points is a little disjointed or the topics do not go together clearly. That is all right. Remember that these are just general ideas at this point. It is also important to remember that there is often more than one way to organize a speech. Some of these points could be left out and others developed more fully, depending on the purpose and audience. We will develop the preceding main points more fully in a moment.

Helpful Hints for Preparing Your Main Points

Now that we have discussed how to take a specific purpose and turn it into a series of main points, here are some helpful hints for creating your main points.

Uniting Your Main Points

Once you have generated a possible list of main points, you want to ask yourself this question: "When you look at your main points, do they fit together?" For example, if you look at the three preceding main points (school districts use software in their operations; what is open-source software; name some specific open-source software packages that may be appropriate for these school administrators to consider), ask yourself, "Do these main points help my audience understand my specific purpose?"

Suppose you added a fourth main point about open-source software for musicians – would this fourth main point go with the other three? Probably not. While you may have a strong passion for open-source music software, that main point is extraneous information for the speech you are giving. It does not help accomplish your specific purpose, so you would need to toss it out.

Keeping Your Main Points Separate

The next question to ask yourself about your main points is whether they overlap too much. While some overlap may happen naturally because of the singular nature of a specific topic, the information covered within each main point should be clearly distinct from the other main points. Imagine you are giving a speech with the specific purpose "to inform my audience about the health reasons for eating apples and oranges". You could then have three main points: that eating fruits is healthy, that eating apples is healthy, and that eating oranges is healthy.

While the two points related to apples and oranges are clearly distinct, both of those main points would probably overlap too much with the first point "that eating fruits is healthy", so you would probably decide to eliminate the first point and focus on the second and third. On the other hand, you could keep the first point and then develop two new points giving additional support to why people should eat fruit.

Balancing Main Points

One of the biggest mistakes some speakers make is to spend most of their time talking about one of their main points, completely neglecting their other main points. To avoid this mistake, organize your speech so as to spend roughly the same amount of time on each main point. If you find that one of your main points is simply too large, you may need to divide that main point into two main points and consolidate your other main points into a single main point.

Let's see if our preceding example is balanced (school districts use software in their operations; what is open-source software; name some specific open-source software packages that may be appropriate for these school administrators to consider). What do you think? Obviously, the answer depends on how much time a speaker will have to talk about each of these main points. If you have an hour to talk, then you may find that these three main points are balanced. However, you may also find them wildly unbalanced if you only have five minutes to speak because five minutes is not enough time to even explain what open-source software is. If that is the case, then you probably need to rethink your specific purpose to ensure that you can cover the material in the allotted time.

Creating Parallel Structure for Main Points

Another major question to ask yourself about your main points is whether or not they have a parallel structure. By parallel structure, we mean that you should structure your main points so that they all sound similar. When all your main points sound similar, it is simply easier for your audiences to remember your main points and retain them for later. Let's look at our sample (school districts use software in their operations; what is open-source software; name some specific open-source software packages that may be appropriate for these school administrators to consider). Notice that the first and third main points are statements, but the second one is a question.

Basically, we have an example here of main points that are not parallel in structure. You could fix this in one of two ways. You could make them all questions: what are some common school district software programs; what is open-source software; and what are some specific open-source software packages that may be appropriate for these school administrators to consider. Or you could turn them all into statements: school districts use software in their operations; define and describe open-source software; name some specific open-source software packages that may be appropriate for these school administrators to consider. Either of these changes will make the grammatical structure of the main points parallel.

Maintaining Logical Flow of Main Points

The last question you want to ask yourself about your main points is whether the main points make sense in the order you have placed them. The next section goes into more detail of common organizational patterns for speeches, but for now we want you to just think logically about the flow of your main points. When you look at your main points, can you see them as progressive, or does it make sense to talk about one first, another one second, and the final one last? If you look at your order, and it does not make sense to you, you probably need to think about the flow of your main points. Often, this process is an art and not a science. But let's look at a couple of examples.

When you look at these two examples, what are your immediate impressions of the two examples? In the first example, does it make sense to talk about history, and then the problems, and finally how to eliminate school dress codes? Would it make sense to put history as your last main point? Probably not. In this case, the main points are in a logical sequential order. What about the second example? Does it make sense to talk about your solution, then your problem, and then define the solution? Not really! What order do you think these main points should be placed in for a logical flow? Maybe you should explain the problem (lack of rider laws), then define your solution (what is rider law legislation), and then argue for your solution (why states should have rider laws). Notice that in this example you do not even need to know what "rider laws" are to see that the flow did not make sense.

Key Takeaways

• All speeches start with a general purpose and then move to a specific purpose that gives the  who ,  what ,  where , and  how  for the speech.
• Transitioning from the specific purpose to possible main points means developing a list of potential main points you could discuss. Then you can narrow your focus by looking for similarities among your potential main points and combining ones that are similar.
• Shorter speeches will have two main points while longer speeches will generally have three or more main points. When creating your main points, make sure that they are united, separate, balanced, parallel, and logical.

Using Common Organizing Patterns

Previously in this chapter, we discussed how to make your main points flow logically. This section is going to provide you with a number of organizational patterns to help you create a logically organized speech. The first organizational pattern we will discuss is categorical/topical.

Categorical/Topical

By far the most common pattern for organizing a speech is by categories or topics. The categories function as a way to help the speaker organize the message in a consistent fashion. The goal of a  categorical/topical speech pattern  is to create categories (or chunks) of information that go together to help support your original specific purpose. Let's look at an example.

In this case, we have a speaker trying to persuade a group of high school juniors to apply to attend Generic University. To persuade this group, the speaker has divided the information into three basic categories: what it is like to live in the dorms, what classes are like, and what life is like on campus. Almost anyone could take this basic speech and specifically tailor the speech to fit her or his own university or college. The main points in this example could be rearranged and the organizational pattern would still be effective because there is no inherent logic to the sequence of points. Let's look at a second example.

In this speech, the speaker is talking about how to find others online and date them. Specifically, the speaker starts by explaining what Internet dating is; then the speaker talks about how to make Internet dating better for her or his audience members; and finally, the speaker ends by discussing some negative aspects of Internet dating. Again, notice that the information is chunked into three categories or topics and that the second and third could be reversed and still provide a logical structure for your speech

Comparison/Contrast

Another method for organizing main points is the  comparison/contrast speech pattern . While this pattern clearly lends itself easily to two main points, you can also create a third point by giving basic information about what is being compared and what is being contrasted. Let's look at two examples; the first one will be a two-point example and the second a three-point example.

If you were using the comparison/contrast pattern for persuasive purposes, in the preceding examples, you would want to make sure that when you show how Drug X and Drug Y differ, you clearly state why Drug X is clearly the better choice for physicians to adopt. In essence, you would want to make sure that when you compare the two drugs, you show that Drug X has all the benefits of Drug Y, but when you contrast the two drugs, you show how Drug X is superior to Drug Y in some way.

The  spatial speech pattern  organizes information according to how things fit together in physical space. This pattern is best used when your main points are oriented to different locations that can exist independently. The basic reason to choose this format is to show that the main points have clear locations. We will look at two examples here, one involving physical geography and one involving a different spatial order.

If you look at a basic map of the United States, you will notice that these groupings of states were created because of their geographic location to one another. In essence, the states create three spatial territories to explain.

Now let's look at a spatial speech unrelated to geography.

In this example, we still have three basic spatial areas. If you look at a model of the urinary system, the first step is the kidney, which then takes waste through the ureters to the bladder, which then relies on the sphincter muscle to excrete waste through the urethra. All we have done in this example is to create a spatial speech order for discussing how waste is removed from the human body through the urinary system. It is spatial because the organization pattern is determined by the physical location of each body part in relation to the others discussed.

Chronological

The  chronological speech pattern  places the main idea in the time order in which items appear – whether backward or forward. Here is a simple example.

In this example, we are looking at the writings of Winston Churchill in relation to World War II (before, during, and after). By placing his writings into these three categories, we develop a system for understanding this material based on Churchill's own life. Note that you could also use reverse chronological order and start with Churchill's writings after World War II, progressing backward to his earliest writings.

Biographical

As you might guess, the  biographical speech pattern  is generally used when a speaker wants to describe a person's life – either a speaker's own life, the life of someone they know personally, or the life of a famous person. By the nature of this speech organizational pattern, these speeches tend to be informative or entertaining; they are usually not persuasive. Let's look at an example.

In this example, we see how Brian Warner, through three major periods of his life, ultimately became the musician known as Marilyn Manson.

In this example, these three stages are presented in chronological order, but the biographical pattern does not have to be chronological. For example, it could compare and contrast different periods of the subject's life, or it could focus topically on the subject's different accomplishments.

The  causal speech pattern  is used to explain cause-and-effect relationships. When you use a causal speech pattern, your speech will have two basic main points: cause and effect. In the first main point, typically you will talk about the causes of a phenomenon, and in the second main point you will then show how the causes lead to either a specific effect or a small set of effects. Let's look at an example.

In this case, the first main point is about the history and prevalence of drinking alcohol among Native Americans (the cause). The second point then examines the effects of Native American alcohol consumption and how it differs from other population groups.

However, a causal organizational pattern can also begin with an effect and then explore one or more causes. In the following example, the effect is the number of arrests for domestic violence.

In this example, the possible causes for the difference might include stricter law enforcement, greater likelihood of neighbors reporting an incident, and police training that emphasizes arrests as opposed to other outcomes. Examining these possible causes may suggest that despite the arrest statistic, the actual number of domestic violence incidents in your city may not be greater than in other cities of similar size.

Problem-Cause-Solution

Another format for organizing distinct main points in a clear manner is the  problem-cause-solution speech pattern . In this format, you describe a problem, identify what you believe is causing the problem, and then recommend a solution to correct the problem.

In this speech, the speaker wants to persuade people to pass a new curfew for people under eighteen. To help persuade the civic group members, the speaker first shows that vandalism and violence are problems in the community. Once the speaker has shown the problem, the speaker then explains to the audience that the cause of this problem is youth outside after 10:00 p.m. Lastly, the speaker provides the mandatory 10:00 p.m. curfew as a solution to the vandalism and violence problem within the community. The problem-cause-solution format for speeches generally lends itself to persuasive topics because the speaker is asking an audience to believe in and adopt a specific solution.

Psychological

A further way to organize your main ideas within a speech is through a  psychological speech pattern  in which "a" leads to "b" and "b" leads to "c". This speech format is designed to follow a logical argument, so this format lends itself to persuasive speeches very easily. Let's look at an example.

In this speech, the speaker starts by discussing how humor affects the body. If a patient is exposed to humor (a), then the patient's body actually physiologically responds in ways that help healing (b) – e.g., reduces stress, decreases blood pressure, bolsters one's immune system, etc.). Because of these benefits, nurses should engage in humor use that helps with healing (c).

Selecting an Organizational Pattern

Each of the preceding organizational patterns is potentially useful for organizing the main points of your speech. However, not all organizational patterns work for all speeches. For example, as we mentioned earlier, the biographical pattern is useful when you are telling the story of someone's life. Some other patterns, particularly comparison/contrast, problem-cause-solution, and psychological, are well suited for persuasive speaking. Your challenge is to choose the best pattern for the particular speech you are giving.

You will want to be aware that it is also possible to combine two or more organizational patterns to meet the goals of a specific speech. For example, you might wish to discuss a problem and then compare/contrast several different possible solutions for the audience. Such a speech would thus be combining elements of the comparison/contrast and problem-cause-solution patterns. When considering which organizational pattern to use, you need to keep in mind your specific purpose as well as your audience and the actual speech material itself to decide which pattern you think will work best.

Key Takeaway

• Speakers can use a variety of different organizational patterns, including categorical/topical, comparison/contrast, spatial, chronological, biographical, causal, problem-cause-solution, and psychological. Ultimately, speakers must really think about which organizational pattern best suits a specific speech topic.

Keeping Your Speech Moving

Have you ever been listening to a speech or a lecture and found yourself thinking, "I am so lost!" or "Where the heck is this speaker going?" Chances are one of the reasons you were not sure what the speaker was talking about was that the speaker did not effectively keep the speech moving. When we are reading and encounter something we do not understand, we have the ability to reread the paragraph and try to make sense of what we are trying to read.

Unfortunately, we are not that lucky when it comes to listening to a speaker. We cannot pick up our universal remote and rewind the person. For this reason, speakers need to really think about how they keep a speech moving so that audience members are easily able to keep up with the speech. In this section, we are going to look at four specific techniques speakers can use that make following a speech much easier for an audience: transitions, internal previews, internal summaries, and signposts.

Transitions between Main Points

A  transition  is a phrase or sentence that indicates that a speaker is moving from one main point to another main point in a speech. Basically, a transition is a sentence where the speaker summarizes what was said in one point and previews what is going to be discussed in the next point. Let's look at some examples:

• Now that we have seen the problems caused by lack of adolescent curfew laws, let's examine how curfew laws could benefit our community.
• Thus far we have examined the history and prevalence of alcohol abuse among Native Americans, but it is the impact that this abuse has on the health of Native Americans that is of the greatest concern.
• Now that we have thoroughly examined how these two medications are similar to one another, we can consider the many clear differences between the two medications.
• Although he was one of the most prolific writers in Great Britain prior to World War II, Winston Churchill continued to publish during the war years as well.

You will notice that in each of these transition examples, the beginning phrase of the sentence indicates the conclusion of a period of time (now that, thus far).  Table 1 Transition Words  contains a variety of transition words that will be useful when keeping your speech moving.

Table 1 Transition Words

Internal Previews

An  internal preview  is a phrase or sentence that gives an audience an idea of what is to come within a section of a speech. An internal preview works similarly to the preview that a speaker gives at the end of a speech introduction, quickly outlining what he or she is going to talk about (i.e., the speech's three main body points). In an internal preview, the speaker highlights what he or she is going to discuss within a specific main point during a speech.

Ausubel was the first person to examine the effect that internal previews had on retention of oral information. Ausubel, D. P. (1968).  Educational psychology . New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston. Basically, when a speaker clearly informs an audience what he or she is going to be talking about in a clear and organized manner, the audience listens for those main points, which leads to higher retention of the speaker's message. Let's look at a sample internal preview:

To help us further understand why recycling is important, we will first explain the positive benefits of recycling and then explore how recycling can help our community.

When an audience hears that you will be exploring two different ideas within this main point, they are ready to listen for those main points as you talk about them. In essence, you are helping your audience keep up with your speech.

Rather than being given alone, internal previews often come after a speaker has transitioned to that main topic area. Using the previous internal preview, let's see it along with the transition to that main point.

Now that we have explored the effect that a lack of consistent recycling has on our community, let's explore the importance of recycling for our community (transition). To help us further understand why recycling is important, we will first explain the positive benefits of recycling and then explore how recycling can help our community (internal preview).

While internal previews are definitely helpful, you do not need to include one for every main point of your speech. In fact, we recommend that you use internal previews sparingly to highlight only main points containing relatively complex information.

Internal Summaries

Whereas an internal preview helps an audience know what you are going to talk about within a main point at the beginning, an  internal summary  is delivered to remind an audience of what they just heard within the speech. In general, internal summaries are best used when the information within a specific main point of a speech was complicated. To write your own internal summaries, look at the summarizing transition words in  Table 1 Transition Words .

Let's look at an example.

To sum up, school bullying is a definite problem. Bullying in schools has been shown to be detrimental to the victim's grades, the victim's scores on standardized tests, and the victim's future educational outlook.

In this example, the speaker was probably talking about the impact that bullying has on an individual victim educationally. Of course, an internal summary can also be a great way to lead into a transition to the next point of a speech.

In this section, we have explored how bullying in schools has been shown to be detrimental to the victim's grades, the victim's scores on standardized tests, and the victim's future educational outlook (internal summary). Therefore, schools need to implement campus-wide, comprehensive antibullying programs (transition).

While not sounding like the more traditional transition, this internal summary helps readers summarize the content of that main point. The sentence that follows then leads to the next major part of the speech, which is going to discuss the importance of antibullying programs.

Have you ever been on a road trip and watched the green rectangular mile signs pass you by? Fifty miles to go. Twenty-five miles to go. One mile to go. Signposts within a speech function the same way. A  signpost  is a guide a speaker gives her or his audience to help the audience keep up with the content of a speech. If you look at  Table 1 Transition Words  and look at the "common sequence patterns", you will see a series of possible signpost options. In essence, we use these short phrases at the beginning of a piece of information to help our audience members keep up with what we are discussing. For example, if you were giving a speech whose main point was about the three functions of credibility, you could use internal signposts like this:

• The first function of credibility is competence.
• The second function of credibility is trustworthiness.
• The final function of credibility is caring/goodwill.

Signposts are simply meant to help your audience keep up with your speech, so the more simplistic your signposts are, the easier it is for your audience to follow.

In addition to helping audience members keep up with a speech, signposts can also be used to highlight specific information the speaker thinks is important. Where the other signposts were designed to show the way (like highway markers), signposts that call attention to specific pieces of information are more like billboards. Words and phrases that are useful for highlighting information can be found in  Table 1 Transition Words  under the category "emphasis". All these words are designed to help you call attention to what you are saying so that the audience will also recognize the importance of the information.

• Transitions are very important because they help an audience stay on top of the information that is being presented to them. Without transitions, audiences are often left lost and the ultimate goal of the speech is not accomplished.
• Specific transition words, like those found in  Table 1 Transition Words , can be useful in constructing effective transitions.
• In addition to major transitions between the main points of a speech, speakers can utilize internal previews, internal summaries, and signposts to help focus audience members on the information contained within a speech.

Analyzing a Speech Body

Thus far this chapter has focused on how you go about creating main points and organizing the body of your speech. In this section we are going to examine the three main points of an actual speech. Before we start analyzing the introduction, please read the paragraphs that follow.

Smart Dust Speech Body

To help us understand smart dust, we will begin by first examining what smart dust is. Dr. Kris Pister, a professor in the robotics lab at the University of California at Berkeley, originally conceived the idea of smart dust in 1998 as part of a project funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). According to a 2001 article written by Bret Warneke, Matt Last, Brian Liebowitz, and Kris Pister titled "Smart Dust: Communicating with a Cubic-Millimeter Computer" published in  Computer , Pister's goal was to build a device that contained a built-in sensor, communication device, and a small computer that could be integrated into a cubic millimeter package.

For comparison purposes, Doug Steel, in a 2005 white paper titled "Smart Dust" written for C. T. Bauer College of Business at the University of Houston, noted that a single grain of rice has a volume of five cubic millimeters. Each individual piece of dust, called a mote, would then have the ability to interact with other motes and supercomputers. As Steve Lohr wrote in the January 30, 2010, edition of the  New York Times  in an article titled "Smart Dust? Not Quite, but We're Getting There", smart dust could eventually consist of "tiny digital sensors, strewn around the globe, gathering all sorts of information and communicating with powerful computer networks to monitor, measure, and understand the physical world in new ways".

Now that we have examined what smart dust is, let's switch gears and talk about some of the military applications for smart dust. Because smart dust was originally conceptualized under a grant from DARPA, military uses of smart dust have been widely theorized and examined. According to the Smart Dust website, smart dust could eventually be used for "battlefield surveillance, treaty monitoring, transportation monitoring, scud hunting" and other clear military applications. Probably the number one benefit of smart dust in the military environment is its surveillance abilities.

Major Scott Dickson in a Blue Horizons Paper written for the Center for Strategy and Technology for the United States Air Force Air War College, sees smart dust as helping the military in battlespace awareness, homeland security, and weapons of mass destruction (WMD) identification. Furthermore, Major Dickson also believes it may be possible to create smart dust that has the ability to defeat communications jamming equipment created by foreign governments, which could help the U.S. military to not only communicate among itself, but could also increase communications with civilians in military combat zones. On a much larger scale, smart dust could even help the U.S. military and NASA protect the earth. According to a 2010 article written by Jessica Griggs in  New Scientist , one of the first benefits of smart dust could be an early defense warning for space storms and other debris that could be catastrophic.

Now that we have explored some of the military benefits of smart dust, let's switch gears and see how smart dust may be able to have an impact on our daily lives. According to the smart dust project website, smart dust could quickly become a part of our daily lives. Everything from pasting smart dust particles to our finger tips to create a virtual computer keyboard to inventory control to product quality control have been discussed as possible applications for smart dust.

Steve Lohr in his 2010  New York Times  article wrote, "The applications for sensor-based computing, experts say, include buildings that manage their own energy use, bridges that sense motion and metal fatigue to tell engineers they need repairs, cars that track traffic patterns and report potholes, and fruit and vegetable shipments that tell grocers when they ripen and begin to spoil".

Medically, according to the smart dust project website, smart dust could help disabled individuals interface with computers. Theoretically, we could all be injected with smart dust, which relays information to our physicians and detects adverse changes to our body instantly. Smart dust could detect the microscopic formations of cancer cells or alert us when we have been infected by a bacteria or virus, which could speed up treatment and prolong all of our lives.

Now that you have had a chance to read the body of the speech on smart dust, take a second and attempt to conduct your own analysis of the speech's body. What are the main points? Do you think the main points make sense? What organizational pattern is used? Are there clear transitions? What other techniques are used to keep the speech moving? Is evidence used to support the speech? Once you are done analyzing the speech body, look at  Table 2 Smart Dust Speech Body Analysis , which presents our basic analysis of the speech's body.

Table 2 Smart Dust Speech Body Analysis

What Are Speech Patterns and Why Do They Matter

In human interaction, speech serves as the primary conduit for expressing thoughts, emotions, and intentions. But have you ever paused to ponder why certain words, when uttered by different individuals resonate differently? 

The answer lies within "what are speech patterns"—a fundamental aspect of our communication that reflects the uniqueness of each person's voice, inflection, and rhythm. Understanding speech patterns is not just an academic exercise; it plays a pivotal role in enhancing the effectiveness of our communication in personal, professional, and creative contexts.

Speech Patterns Are Key to Creating Characters

Voice actors and other creative partners dive deep into the nuances of speech to bring characters to life. Each character, from the heroes of our favorite stories to the persuasive voices behind audio ads, possesses a unique speech pattern that defines their personality and backstory. These dynamic speech patterns are meticulously crafted, incorporating elements such as speech rate, emotive mood, and rare vocabulary to create a distinctive voice.

For instance, a character's speech pattern might reveal their early life experiences, regional variations, and the journey that has shaped their view of the world. This is why voice actors spend countless hours studying different speech patterns—they aim to convey a character's essence through the subtleties of their speech. The difference in speech patterns also enhances the diversity of characters within a story, making the narrative richer and more engaging.

Moreover, understanding and utilizing different organizational patterns can significantly affect the clarity and impact of a speech. Organizational patterns refer to the structure and sequence in which ideas are presented in spoken or written form. For actors, choosing the right speech pattern and organizational structure can mean the difference between a memorable performance and a forgettable one.

Organizational Patterns

Organizational patterns in speech are not just about the order of words but about how ideas are crafted and delivered to make a point clear and compelling. These patterns can be chronological, spatial, or based on the importance of the information presented. Each pattern serves a specific purpose and can dramatically enhance the speaker's ability to convey their message effectively.

• Chronological Order : This is often used in narratives or to describe events in the order they happened. It's straightforward and helps audience members follow the story or argument without confusion.
• Spatial Speech : This pattern organizes information based on location or direction. It's particularly useful in descriptive speeches where the arrangement of elements in space is relevant.
• Importance : Prioritizing information from most to least important (or vice versa) ensures that the main points hit home. It's effective in persuasive speeches where you aim to leave a strong impression on the audience.

What Are Some Ways to Describe Speech Patterns?

Describing speech patterns goes beyond simply recognizing a person's accent or vocabulary; it involves observing the intricate ways in which individuals express themselves through spoken language. These patterns can reveal a lot about someone's background, emotions, and even their intentions. Here are some aspects to consider:

Speech Rate

• The speed at which a person speaks can significantly affect how their message is received. A rapid speech rate might convey excitement or nervousness, while a slower rate could suggest thoughtfulness or uncertainty. Adjusting the speaking rate can also help to emphasize certain points or convey a particular mood.

Tone and Inflection

• The tone of voice expresses the speaker's attitude towards the subject or the audience. Inflection, or the variation in pitch, helps to convey meaning, indicate questions, or express emotion. Together, tone and inflection add color and texture to spoken words, making the speech more dynamic and engaging .

Stress and Rhythm

• Stress refers to the emphasis placed on certain syllables or words, which can change the meaning of a sentence or highlight specific points. The rhythm of speech—how these stresses form patterns—can make speech musical, persuasive, or authoritative.

Use of Language and Vocabulary

• The choice of words and how they are put together can reflect a speaker's education, background, and personality. The use of jargon, slang, or rare vocabulary can indicate a person's profession, age, or cultural identity.

Selecting an Organizational Pattern

Choosing the right organizational pattern for your speech is crucial for effective communication . The pattern you select should align with your objective and your audience's expectations. Here are a few strategies to help you decide:

• Understand Your Audience : The organization of your speech should cater to the interests and understanding level of your audience members. Consider their background, knowledge on the subject, and what they hope to gain from your speech.
• Define Your Purpose : Clearly define the goal of your speech. Are you informing, persuading, entertaining, or explaining? Your purpose will guide the selection of an organizational pattern that best suits your message.
• Consider the Content : Some topics naturally lend themselves to specific organizational patterns. For example, a speech about a historical event might fit a chronological pattern, while a presentation on a new product could benefit from a problem-solution structure.
• Practice and Feedbac k: Experiment with different organizational patterns in rehearsals and seek feedback from peers or mentors. The best approach to arrange your ideas can be learned by practicing your speech and watching how it is received.

Dynamic Speech Pattern: Captivating Your Audience

A dynamic speech pattern isn't just about varying your pitch or pace; it's about creating a captivating narrative flow that keeps your audience engaged from start to finish. This characteristic mode of speech involves integrating changes in tempo, volume, and emotiveness to reflect the nuances of your message.

For most people, a speech that ebbs and flows in response to the content and audience reaction is far more engaging than a monotonous delivery. This approach mirrors the natural dynamics of conversation, making your talk more relatable and memorable. It's not just about what you say but how you say it that can turn an ordinary speech into an extraordinary experience.

Furthermore, employing a dynamic speech pattern allows you to emphasize the main points of your speech effectively. By adjusting your vocal elements to highlight critical information, you create a roadmap for your audience, guiding them through your message with clear signposts. This technique not only enhances understanding but also makes your speech more persuasive, as the emphasized points are likely to stay with the audience long after your talk concludes.

Vocal Elements: The Essence of a Person's Speech

Vocal elements—such as tone, pitch, and volume—play a pivotal role in defining a person's speech pattern. These elements are the building blocks of communication, allowing individuals to convey emotions, intentions, and nuances beyond the mere words spoken. 

In informative speech, the strategic use of vocal elements can significantly enhance the delivery of complex information, making it more accessible and engaging for the audience. For instance, a slight change in tone can indicate the transition between different types, or sections, of content, helping listeners to follow along more easily.

Moreover, vocal elements can also reveal much about someone's life, personality, and emotional state. The way a person speaks—whether their voice is soft and measured or loud and brisk—can give listeners a sense of who they are and what they feel about the subject at hand. 

In media content, where visual cues might be limited, vocal elements become even more crucial in building character and setting the mood. Voice actors, in particular, rely on these nuances to breathe life into characters, using their voices to convey a range of emotions and reactions that define the character’s unique speech pattern.

Understanding Speech Patterns: The Path to Effective Communication

Speech patterns stand out as the threads that add color and texture to our conversations. They are not just markers of individuality but are essential tools for effective communication. From the dynamic ebb and flow of a captivating talk to the nuanced vocal elements that reveal the depth of a speaker's emotions and intentions, understanding speech patterns enriches our ability to connect with others.

By selecting the right organization pattern, we structure our ideas in a way that resonates with our audience, whether we're sharing a story, imparting knowledge, or inspiring action. In every word we speak, there lies an opportunity to make a meaningful impact. In exploring and embracing the diverse aspects of speech patterns, we unlock the potential to enhance our conversations, presentations, and storytelling, making every interaction more engaging, understandable, and memorable.

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Home » SEL Implementation » Exploring the Meaning Behind Everyday Speech Patterns

Exploring the Meaning Behind Everyday Speech Patterns

Key takeaways:.

• Understanding everyday speech patterns is crucial for effective communication and social-emotional learning.
• Speech patterns reflect emotions, thoughts, and beliefs, shaping how we express ourselves.
• Everyday speech patterns encompass tone of voice, volume, speed, pauses, word choice, metaphors, idioms, and cultural influences.

Introduction: Exploring the Meaning Behind Everyday Speech Patterns

Welcome to my blog! In today’s post, we will delve into the fascinating world of everyday speech patterns and uncover the hidden meanings behind them. Understanding these patterns is crucial for effective communication and social-emotional learning. So let’s dive in!

I. Introduction

A. Importance of understanding everyday speech patterns

Everyday speech patterns play a vital role in our daily interactions. They provide insights into our emotions, thoughts, and beliefs. By understanding these patterns, we can navigate social situations more effectively and build stronger connections with others.

B. How speech patterns reflect our emotions and thoughts

Our speech patterns are not just a string of words; they are a reflection of our inner world. The way we speak, the tone we use, and the words we choose all convey our emotions and thoughts. By paying attention to these patterns, we can gain a deeper understanding of ourselves and others.

C. Overview of the blog post

In this blog post, we will explore what everyday speech patterns are, decipher their meanings, and understand their impact on social interactions. We will also discuss strategies for developing self-awareness of our own speech patterns and enhancing social-emotional learning through effective communication.

II. What are everyday speech patterns?

A. Definition and explanation

Everyday speech patterns refer to the way we speak in our daily lives. They encompass various aspects such as tone of voice, volume, speed of speech, use of pauses, hesitations, word choice, vocabulary, metaphors, idioms, and cultural influences. These patterns are deeply ingrained in our communication style and shape how we express ourselves.

B. Examples of common speech patterns

Common speech patterns include using phrases like “you know,” “um,” or “like” as fillers, speaking in a fast-paced manner when excited, or using specific idioms and metaphors to convey meaning. These patterns can vary across cultures and regions, adding richness and diversity to our conversations.

C. How speech patterns differ across cultures and regions

Speech patterns are influenced by cultural norms, regional dialects, and individual experiences. For example, in some cultures, direct communication is valued, while in others, indirect communication is preferred. Understanding these differences is essential for effective cross-cultural communication and building cultural competence.

III. The meaning behind speech patterns

A. How speech patterns convey emotions

1. Tone of voice and intonation

Our tone of voice and intonation can convey a wide range of emotions, such as anger, excitement, sadness, or sarcasm. For example, a high-pitched and fast-paced tone may indicate enthusiasm, while a monotone voice may suggest boredom or disinterest.

2. Volume and speed of speech

The volume and speed at which we speak can also reveal our emotional state. Speaking loudly and quickly may indicate excitement or urgency, while speaking softly and slowly may indicate calmness or sadness.

3. Use of pauses and hesitations

The use of pauses and hesitations can add depth and meaning to our speech. Pausing before a significant point can create suspense, while hesitations can indicate uncertainty or the need to gather one’s thoughts.

B. How speech patterns reflect thoughts and beliefs

1. Word choice and vocabulary

The words we choose and the vocabulary we use reflect our thoughts, beliefs, and level of education. For example, someone who frequently uses technical jargon may be knowledgeable in a specific field, while someone who uses simple language may prioritize clarity and accessibility.

2. Use of metaphors and idioms

Metaphors and idioms are powerful tools for conveying meaning and cultural understanding. They can add depth and richness to our speech, but they can also be misinterpreted if not understood within the appropriate cultural context.

3. Cultural and social influences on speech patterns

Our speech patterns are influenced by the culture and society we grow up in. They shape our communication style, values, and beliefs. Being aware of these influences can help us navigate intercultural communication and foster understanding and respect.

IV. Understanding the impact of speech patterns on social interactions

A. Importance of effective communication

Effective communication is the foundation of healthy relationships and successful interactions. By understanding the impact of speech patterns, we can enhance our communication skills and build stronger connections with others.

B. How speech patterns can enhance or hinder social connections

Speech patterns can either enhance or hinder social connections depending on how they are used. Clear and empathetic communication can foster trust and understanding, while miscommunication or the use of offensive language can damage relationships.

C. Strategies for improving communication through speech patterns

To improve communication through speech patterns, we can practice active listening, be mindful of our tone and body language, use clear and concise language, and adapt our communication style to the needs of others. It is also important to be open to feedback and continuously strive for self-improvement.

V. Developing self-awareness of speech patterns

A. Recognizing our own speech patterns

Developing self-awareness of our speech patterns begins with recognizing how we speak. Pay attention to the words, phrases, and patterns you frequently use in your conversations. This awareness can help you identify areas for improvement and growth.

B. Reflecting on the meaning behind our speech patterns

Once you recognize your speech patterns, take time to reflect on their meaning. Consider how your tone, choice of words, and cultural influences shape your communication style. This reflection can deepen your understanding of yourself and others.

C. Identifying areas for improvement and growth

Identify areas for improvement and growth in your speech patterns. Are there any patterns that may hinder effective communication or create misunderstandings? Set goals for yourself and actively work towards developing more effective and empathetic communication skills.

VI. Enhancing social emotional learning through speech patterns

A. How speech patterns contribute to self-awareness

By paying attention to our speech patterns, we can develop a greater sense of self-awareness. Understanding how our speech reflects our emotions and thoughts allows us to better understand ourselves and regulate our emotions.

B. Using speech patterns to express emotions effectively

Speech patterns provide us with a powerful tool for expressing our emotions effectively. By consciously choosing our words, tone, and body language, we can communicate our feelings in a clear and respectful manner, fostering healthy emotional expression.

C. Building empathy and understanding through speech patterns

Speech patterns also play a crucial role in building empathy and understanding. By listening attentively to others’ speech patterns and being open to different perspectives, we can develop a deeper understanding of their emotions, thoughts, and experiences.

VII. Conclusion

A. Recap of key points discussed

In this blog post, we explored the meaning behind everyday speech patterns. We discussed how speech patterns reflect our emotions and thoughts, the impact of speech patterns on social interactions, and strategies for developing self-awareness and enhancing social emotional learning through effective communication.

B. Encouragement to explore and reflect on everyday speech patterns

I encourage you to take the time to explore and reflect on your own everyday speech patterns. Pay attention to the meaning behind your words and how they impact your interactions with others. This self-reflection can lead to personal growth and improved communication skills.

C. Importance of incorporating social emotional learning in daily life

Social-emotional learning is a lifelong journey that can greatly enhance our personal and professional relationships. By incorporating social emotional learning into our daily lives, we can foster empathy, understanding, and effective communication.

Where Can I Find More Resources on Understanding Everyday Speech Patterns?

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A Deep Dive into Speech Patterns

Speech patterns are distinctive ways in which we speak and express ourselves, revealing nuances that go beyond understanding the literal meaning of words. They provide meaningful context that allows us to read between the lines we speak. These patterns can exist in a variety of mannerisms, each contributing to an individual’s own voice and communication style.

Understanding the intentions behind these speech patterns allows us to express and communicate our thoughts with clarity and influence, enhancing our communication skills in professional settings, social situations, and personal relationships.

Patterns such as extended pauses and dramatic narrative delivery can add depth to word choice, creating a deeper interpersonal connection with audiences. The profound impact of these patterns lies in their subtle utilization.

In this blog, we will discuss the various types of speech patterns, explore their applications, and look at how we can integrate them into our conversations for maximum impact.

Table of Contents

Articulation and pronunciation, rate of speech, pitch and intonation, pauses and silences, rhythm and prosody, cultural variations in speech pattern, parallelism, pacing and pauses, questions and answers, declarative statements, understanding speech patterns.

Speech patterns that combine variations in characteristics such as articulation, pronunciation , and pace create a unique and expressive speaking rate and style.

Let’s look at these fundamental elements to understand the complexities involved in speech patterns.

Articulation comprises the clarity of speech sounds and affects how words are distinguished. Pronunciation involves the appropriate enunciation of words.

Individuals who use regional pronunciations or accents show distinct speech patterns that reflect the influence of their cultural background on media content and their verbal expressions.

The rate of speech develops the overall impression of a speaker’s communication style. A brisk talking pattern can imply excitement or nervousness, while a slower pace can imply thoughtfulness or emphasis.

Contextualizing the rate of speech can help uncover unspoken meanings in communication. Using concise language can help a person make the most of their limited time when meeting someone.

The melodic aspects of speech, consisting of pitch and intonation, form another layer of voice patterns. Pitch refers to the highness or lowness of the voice, and intonation comprises the rise and fall of pitch.

Variations in pitch and intonation can change the emotional and contextual subtleties of communication, underscoring how a message is received.

A well-timed pause can enhance the point of a message, allowing the listener to better absorb a crucial point without requiring outright emphasis.

Extended silences may convey uncertainty or introspection, which helps audiences understand the gravity of the topic.

The rhythmic flow of speech, called prosody, involves variations in pitch, pace, and stress, adding an element of musicality to communication.

A monotonous talking pattern lacks prosodic vocal elements and can potentially cause audience disengagement. A dynamic and rhythmic voice actor can captivate listeners and enhance the overall effectiveness of the message.

Communication styles are deeply influenced by cultural and regional variations, creating distinct speech patterns across regions. These variations, rooted in regional dialects and societal norms, shape how individuals interact with others.

Regional dialects reflect the geographical differences of a community. These dialects can consist of differences in using simple language, pronunciation, rare vocabulary, and grammatical structures.

Societal norms tend to define conventional communication styles within a given culture. Whether it be regarding formality, politeness, or directness. In some cultures, a more indirect communication style may be valued, and cultures that prefer directness tend to value straightforward communication techniques. For example, Japanese culture tends to emphasize politeness and values indirect communication, whereas American culture typically values direct communication to prioritize clarity.

Examples of Speech Patterns

Speech patterns consist of diverse styles that help facilitate effective communication. Let’s look at several speech pattern examples and explore their unique characteristics and impact on communication.

A repetition speech pattern involves intentionally repeating words or phrases for added emphasis. Speakers can highlight certain sections by repeating specific verbiage to amplify their significance and make them more memorable.

For instance, motivational speakers tend to use repetition in persuasive speeches to reinforce a positive message and inspire an audience, essentially functioning as a positive call to action.

Parallelism is a speech pattern where the structure of one character or sentence is reflected in that of another to create a rhythmic effect. This technique can help add more musicality to the voice and a sense of symmetry to the message.

A parallel structure can establish a powerful flow, making the overall message more profound and impactful.

An anaphora involves repeating a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses, creating a powerful and rhythmic flow. Using an anaphora for a large audience can help reinforce a sense of collective empowerment and unity.

Pacing and strategic pauses involve variations in a person’s speech and rate, which can convey specific emotions, emphasize points, and ultimately enhance audience engagement.

Effective pacing and well-timed pauses can allow audiences to absorb messages more effectively and broaden their reach.

This speech pattern involves asking the person a question and immediately giving the answer.

This pattern can help capture the audience’s attention and simultaneously guide and talk them through a preconceived thought sequence to emphasize certain points and develop a connection with the audience.

Declarative statements signify confidence and authority. Leaders often use these words to explain their message while conveying certainty and decisiveness.

Through informative speech, the speaker can communicate and establish conviction, instilling confidence in the audience and showing a commitment to the subsequent message. This unique speech pattern can be a powerful effective leadership communication method.

In conclusion, speech patterns serve as a strategic means to deliver messages with impact. Diverse patterns, such as repetition, parallelism, anaphora, and many more, can play a vital role in shaping the dynamic way in which we speak and express ourselves.

Understanding and using these speech patterns can help enhance clarity, emphasize main points, and develop engagement. The speaker’s ability to harness them appropriately involves using the right pattern for the right context, depending on the desired impact of communication.

Navigating subtle and complex speech patterns empowers us to connect with others more meaningfully, helping to compensate for linguistic barriers and develop mutual understanding. They serve as effective and practical techniques for enhancing communication in an increasingly globalized world.

1. What are speech patterns?

Speech patterns are the distinctive ways in which individuals can articulate themselves. They can consist of subtle elements such as rhythm, tone, and pacing, enhancing the overall expressiveness and impact of communication and emphasizing main points.

2. Can speech patterns be learned, or are they entirely natural?

While most people may inherently feel more natural with a specific and dynamic speech pattern, it can certainly be learned through effort and practice.

We can enhance our communication skills by analyzing spatial speech and intentionally adapting various speech patterns depending on the desired outcomes.

3. What are the different patterns of speech?

Different types of speech and different organizational patterns of speech include repetition, parallelism, anaphora, pacing and pauses, question-and-answer dynamics, and many others. Each unique speech organization pattern adds a unique flavor to our verbal expression and message.

4. How do speech patterns differ across cultures?

Speech and organizational patterns can vary heavily across cultures due to differences in societal norms and preferred communication styles. Cultural influences decide the formality, directness, and levels of politeness conventionally favored in a region.

5. Can speech therapy effectively address speech disorders?

Therapists specializing in speech therapy can help individuals improve aspects of their speech, such as pronunciation, and provide specific exercises and methods to improve their overall communication skills.

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22 Tips to Be More Articulate and Speak More Clearly

Boost your communication skills with these 22 practical tips. Learn to speak clearly, articulate your thoughts effectively, and command any conversation.

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Have you ever tried to make a compelling point in an argument but couldn’t quite express the thoughts in your head? Or had an opportunity to speak to a group but felt like your words were jumbled and mumbly? 

The ability to express ourselves clearly and effectively is fundamental in today’s fast-paced, communication-driven world. And in this guide, we’ll help you become more articulate and clear in your speech.

What Does It Mean to Be Articulate?

To be articulate means that you can clearly, effectively, and coherently express your thoughts and feelings.

The two main components of articulateness are:

• Clarity refers to the ability to express thoughts and ideas concisely and clearly-structured while picking just the right words. When you speak clearly, you are able to translate your inner world to another person in a way they fully understand. They can straightforwardly grasp what you are trying to say without ambiguity or confusion. The opposite here might be a word salad.
• Delivery refers to how clear and comprehensible a person’s voice and body language is. This is when you enunciate your words with punchy clarity and when you use your hands, posture, and the emotional tone of your voice to support what you are sharing. As an example to avoid, think of mumble rap.

Becoming more articulate is a fantastic goal, and if you want to improve your goal-setting skills for other domains of your life, check out this free goodie.

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Benefits of Being More Articulate

When you start to develop your articulateness, you don’t just talk or write—you connect, influence, and inspire. 

Imagine being able to clearly voice your ideas during a critical work meeting or confidently tell a captivating story at a social gathering. Maybe even persuade your friends to join you on that adventurous hiking trip. Developing articulate speaking patterns is a game-changer for your social connections.

Here are some of the specific benefits of improving your articulation skills.

• Increased understanding: being articulate allows you to express your thoughts and ideas clearly, reducing misunderstandings and promoting effective communication.
• Improved confidence: when you can express yourself effectively, it boosts your self-confidence, helping you feel more comfortable in a variety of situations.
• Improved professional success: in the professional world, being articulate can help you present ideas convincingly, leading to recognition, respect, and potential career advancement.
• Stronger relationships: clear communication, a product of being articulate, enables more meaningful and authentic conversations, which can ultimately strengthen your relationships
• Influence and leadership : articulate individuals are often perceived as leaders because they can convey their vision and ideas convincingly, influencing others and driving change.

Whether you’re gearing up for a big presentation, striving to make a difference in your community, or simply seeking deeper conversations over coffee, becoming more articulate will open new opportunities.

22 Tips to Be More Articulate

Improve your vocabulary.

A robust vocabulary gives you a rich palette of words to precisely express thoughts, emotions, and ideas. The more words you know, the more colors you have to paint with. 

A strong vocabulary allows you to convey complex concepts succinctly and convincingly while improving your credibility.

Remember though, a good vocabulary isn’t just about knowing many words; it’s about using the right word in the right situation. Try some of these tips to develop your vocabulary:

• Read with a dictionary in hand. Whenever you read a book or blog post, try reading with a physical dictionary. Look up every word you don’t know. You’ll quickly notice just how many words you don’t know (there are about 300,000 words in the English language, after all!), and over time, new words will start to sink in.
• Watch a video in Latin. So much of the English language comes from Latin. If you brush up on Latin—even just a video or two—you’ll quickly notice how often Latin roots appear in words. When you encounter a new word, you might spot a Latin root that you can connect to the word instead of a random sound to memorize. For example, the word licentious means “morally unrestrained” and actually derives from the Latin root licentia, meaning “freedom, liberty.” This root also appears in “license,” which is something you obtain that gives you the permission or freedom to do something (e.g., drive a car)—knowing that makes the word much easier to grasp.

3. Use a word of the day. The New York Times is one great resource for your dose of daily diction. When you learn a new word, use it at least five times daily to let it sink in. Word-of-the-day apps can be notoriously hard to stick to. So it might be most effective to commit to learning a word a day for a set amount of time, whether that’s one day or seven days in a row.

Present your ideas clearly

If every time you talk, it comes out like a jumbled ball of spaghetti; it can make it challenging for others to understand what you’re trying to convey.

One way to increase your speaking cogency is to practice writing.

While journaling is an effective practice to open your creative spigot and examine yourself, writing an actual essay (or blog post) forces you to think carefully about which words you choose, the order of your arguments, and how to convey complex thoughts.

Try out this activity.

4. Write a 150-word essay. Try creating a short but compelling argument for any of the following topics:

a) What is the best meal of the day, and why?

b) Who is the most talented musician, and why?

c) If you could re-write the rules of society, what would be the three most important social norms you’d implement and why?

It should take about 10 minutes to write 150 words. But if you want to practice your articulation skills more deeply, try a 500-word essay.

Ditch the filler words

We all rely on filler words and sounds when speaking. Usually, if we’re searching for something to say, we’ll fill the silence with “ums” or “likes.”

And even though it’s commonplace to use these filler words, they can make you come off as unsure or nervous.

It’s tough to stop using filler words, but here’s one way to practice.

5. Record yourself for 3 minutes. Try reflecting on the prompt, “What was 2017 like for you?” Once you finish, listen back to the recording, and notice every time you said “um,” “uh,” “like,” or something similar. 

Do as many reps as you’d like to try to improve!

Enunciate crisply

To speak articulately, it helps to pronounce each word with sharp clarity. And it helps to say each word as its own, not bleeding into the next one.

Here’s one great practice for enunciation borrowed from the freestyle rap community.

6. Read backward. Pick up a book and read a paragraph backward. Try it at different paces. This activity is helpful because you won’t habitually slur one word into the next when the word order doesn’t make sense.

Speak at the right pace

If you talk too fast, people might lose track of what you’re saying, or your words may blend together. When you slow down your pace, you can focus on saying each word clearly. It’s a difficult habit to build, but a slower speaking pace will also ensure that your conversational partner will absorb all of what you are saying. Here are a few tips.

7. 50% Speed with a partner. Grab a friend for this practice. Simply set a three-minute timer, and tell your friend how your day is going. But try to talk at 50% of your normal pace when you’re sharing.

Here are a few more tips to help fast-talkers slow down.

But don’t go too slow! Researchers at The University of Michigan 1 https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/530278 found that the most persuasive speaking pace to convince people to participate in phone studies is 3.5 words per second or 210 words per minute.

If you’re a slow talker and want to speed up, then try the inverse of the activity above.

8. 2x Speed with a partner. Grab a friend for this practice. Simply set a three-minute timer, and tell your friend how your day is going. But when you’re sharing, try to talk at two times your normal pace.

And to either slow down or speed up your pace, you can try this:

9. Read a page. Pick up a book and read a page as clearly as possible—either slower or faster than your normal pace, depending on what you are practicing.

Watch our video below to learn the 6 most commonly mispronounced words:

Barack Obama is known for giving some epic pauses in his speeches. He’ll leave an audience hanging on his every word. Silence creates tension and anticipation. 

Pausing can make you more articulate by giving you time to gather your thoughts and share clearly, while also adding an extra oomph of emphasis to your message.

As a bonus, pausing also communicates confidence. If you’re feeling insecure, you might avoid pausing because you’re afraid that if you pause, someone in the group will lose interest and steal the microphone from you. 

Practicing pausing is a way to practice conversational confidence. Pausing is like wearing a leather jacket—a leather jacket is a bold outfit choice, so donning one forces your confidence to meet the garment. And if you try pausing in your speech, it might similarly bring forth your confidence.

Let’s take a page out of Barack’s book.

10. Practice pausing in a voice memo. Try texting a voice memo to a friend—either about a relevant topic or just that you’re thinking of them. But when you record this voice memo, see if you can insert at least one two-second pause. If you’re not used to it, pausing might feel scary. But just remember that if it works for Obama, it can work for you too.

Find the right pitch

Pitch is the tone of your voice. It can be high, medium, or low. Studies suggest that when your pitch is lower 2 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3350713/ , people will see you as more of a leader.

That said, some research finds that females with higher-pitched voices 3 https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2010/jul/16/women-high-pitched-voices-men tend to seem more attractive.

What you do with your voice pitch is up to you, but if you choose to go higher or lower, you can bring intention to it.

11. Find your maximum resonance point. We all have a natural range of pitches that our voice can hit, and when we speak in a certain part of our range, it comes off as most comfortable. Check out this article to learn how to find your maximum resonance point.

12. Deepen your range with neck stretches. If you do want to deepen your voice, there are ways to do so. According to the vocal training center My Voice Exercises, neck exercises can deepen the voice by “reducing tensions that are placed on your vocal cords.” Here’s one stretch they advise:

• Slowly rotate your head to the left. Attempt to position your chin above your shoulder.
• Hold for 10 seconds. 
• You can deepen the stretch if you put your left hand on the right side of your jaw and offer gentle pressure
• Relax and repeat the stretch on the right side.

Bolster your speech with your hands

If you want to get your point across clearly, using your body language 4 https://cognitiveresearchjournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41235-016-0004-9 can help people understand you.

The best body language will match what you’re saying and will communicate subconsciously to the other person so that they more easily understand your point. Here are a few body language gestures to try:

13. Emphasize big points. If you’re saying something important and you want to emphasize its significance, try this tip from Columbia University 5 https://sps.columbia.edu/news/five-ways-improve-your-body-language-during-speech#:~:text=Speakers%20should%20avoid%20sweeping%20the,be%20locked%20onto%20someone%20else’s.&text=Plant%20your%20feet%20shoulder%20width,shifting%20from%20side%20to%20side. . Put your hands in front of your face as if you’re holding a large ball, and gesture symmetrically.

14. Speak from the heart. If you want to convey anything emotional or sentimental, simply put your hand over or near your chest.

15. Use your hands to track. If you are comparing two categories, you can use each hand to represent each category. This helps the other person keep track of the associations you’ll build about each category.

Here’s a great video resource below for even more tips about how you can use your hands.

Do a vocal warmup

Warming up your speaking muscles is a great way to get your throat, tongue, and mouth lose and ready for talking.

Acting classes typically teach vocal warmups 6 https://www.masterclass.com/articles/7-acting-warmups-games-and-techniques-for-actors . And it makes sense—athletes warm up before competing, and actors warm up before speaking. If you have an important meeting or conversation where you want to bring your full articulateness, try a warmup exercise. 

16. Untwist that tongue. Tongue twisters are classic vocal warmups. They train your mouth 7 https://www.masterclass.com/articles/11-articulation-exercises-for-actors#3rdaEWwElDqb2rJ4rSkyiR to ensure it clearly spits out the correct sounds. Here are three to try offered by Masterclass . Recite each phrase enough times until you can say it flawlessly.

• Friday’s Five Fresh Fish Specials
• High roller, low roller, lower roller
• I need a box of biscuits, a box of mixed biscuits, and a biscuit mixer.

If you want to go deeper into vocal warmups, check out this video.

Keep refining

The best way to practice is to record yourself speaking in different contexts.

You might take on different speech patterns when you’re speaking into your voice memos app versus when you’re with your boss or in front of a crowd. One of the best ways to improve at anything is through good feedback.

17. Record yourself in different contexts. Whether on Zoom calls, phone calls, presentations, or whatever. If you want to become more articulate, it’s invaluable to hear your speaking patterns—pace, pitch, filler words—so that you can make adjustments. When you listen to a recording, note how you could improve, and then practice that next time.

How To Overcome Nervousness

When you’re nervous, you might forget what you want to say, talk too fast, fidget, take shallow breaths, or generally jumble up whatever you’re trying to say.

Besides writing, I also help make YouTube videos. I was on a call recently with my manager Ben and was feeling quite nervous. And as we closed the call, I said, “Alright! Bee you later, Sen!” 

We both took it in stride, but I was nervous, and it was not my most articulate moment!

The best way to overcome the hurdle of nervousness is through the most classic technique in the book. Breathing.

​​Lucille Schutmaat-Rubin, Ph.D., is a voice and speech coach who offers a powerful step-by-step process 8 https://voicefoundation.org/articles/breathe-and-speak-with-ease/ to calm yourself for speaking. Her process is as follows:

18. Breathing technique to calm nerves before speaking

• Breathe in through your mouth
• Relax the back of your tongue while inhaling to create silent breaths
• Follow the breath into your belly
• Put your hands above and below your navel to feel your breath in your belly
• Vocalize an “AH” on the next few exhales
• Keep up smooth exhaling “AHs” until your throat and belly start to relax
• On your exhale, speak the number 1. Then 1 2. Then 1 2 3. Up to 10. Add one number at a time
• Let your breath’s pace dictate your pace of speech

Places to Practice Your Speaking

As with any skill, you can practice by yourself, but it’s tremendously helpful to practice with a group. 

Here are a few resources you can explore to take your articulateness to the next level.

19. Toastmasters . Toastmasters is an international organization that helps people train in public speaking. There are tons of clubs in every major city. Each club has its own culture, but essentially you’ll meet with a group of people for an hour or two and have a chance to practice both written and spontaneous speeches in front of a group. People will give you feedback on everything from your filler words to your pacing to help you improve.

20. Standup comedy. Another place to practice the art of speaking is standup. Lots of cities have standup classes you can take, where over several weeks, you’ll write bits and perform them in front of your classmates, eventually building up to a performance in front of strangers.

21. Coursera. If you’d like to jump into a deep dive, the University of Washington offers courses on public speaking for free on Coursera . The course promises to help you “diminish your public speaking anxiety” and “leverage rehearsal methods to develop a robust, engaging speaking voice.” 

22. Virtual reality . There are VR programs that give you the experience of talking to a boardroom. If you want to practice your speech in a deliberate format while sparking any public-speech butterflies, try the program Ovation . Can you feel your palms get sweaty just by looking at the image below?

Source  

Frequently Asked Questions About How to Be More Articulate

To train yourself to be more articulate, the best thing you can do is practice with feedback. That might mean recording yourself or going to a group like Toastmasters. When you listen to recordings of yourself, look for areas where you speak too fast, mumble, or say “like” a lot.

You might not be able to articulate what you want to say if it’s a complex idea that you don’t quite understand fully yourself. Often something makes sense in our head, but when we try to explain it, it comes out like gobbledygook. In this case, it can be effective to turn to writing. Try to get your thoughts out on paper in a way that feels complete and makes sense. Then you’ll be able to explain these ideas more readily in conversation. 

You might struggle to articulate your feelings because you lack the proper emotional vocabulary. Gaining emotional clarity of your inner landscape is a notoriously long and challenging journey. To better articulate your feelings, it can help to have more nuanced language for everything you feel. Check out this article, which goes over the feelings wheel, to learn to describe your feelings more accurately.

Three ways to improve your vocabulary are to read with a dictionary in hand so that you can build your word knowledge as you read, to study some basic Latin so that you can more recognize and pick up new words based on their roots, and to practice a word of the day so that you can proactively add more words to your knowledge base.

Takeaways On Becoming Articulate

With all of these tips, you should be on your way to becoming a more articulate speaker. The most important thing is that you practice! If you want to improve your speaking skills, then doing so will take time and effort–and it won’t happen overnight. Just try any of the following:

• Improve your vocabulary. Read with a dictionary, study basic Latin, or try a word of the day to expand your verbal knowledge.
• Present your ideas clearly. Try writing a short essay to improve your clarity on how you present ideas. What’s the best meal of the day and why?
• Ditch filler words. Record yourself giving a speech and find all those “likes” and “ums.”
• Enunciate crisply by reading a paragraph backward.
• Speak at the right pace. If you’re a fast talker, ask a friend to listen to you for three minutes while you talk slowly. Slow talkers do the reverse.
• Hit pause. In your next conversation, try increasing your use of pauses…more than you’re used to.
• Find the right pitch. Record your highest and lowest pitches, and stay in the second to the bottom quarter of your pitch variation.
• Use your hands. Consciously try to match your hand gestures with your talking points.
• Do a vocal warmup —Friday’s Five Fresh Fish Specials.
• Keep refining. Record yourself in as many different speaking contexts as possible, and learn your habits in each situation.
• Overcome nerves before speaking by taking deep breaths, relaxing your throat, and making sounds on your exhale.
• Practice with a group at Toastmasters, a standup comedy class, or a public speaking course.

If you want to go even deeper into mastering your speech, check this article out to learn to speak more confidently.

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Chapter Nine – Organizing the Body of your Speech

Creating the Body of a Speech

In a series of important and ground-breaking studies conducted during the 1950s and 1960s, researchers started investigating how a speech’s organization was related to audience perceptions of those speeches. The first study, conducted by Raymond Smith in 1951, randomly organized the parts of a speech to see how audiences would react. Not surprisingly, when speeches were randomly organized, the audience perceived the speech more negatively than when audiences were presented with a speech with clear, intentional organization. Smith also found that audiences who listened to unorganized speeches were less interested in those speeches than audiences who listened to organized speeches (Smith, 1951). Thompson furthered this investigation and found that unorganized speeches were also harder for audiences to recall after the speech. Basically, people remember information from speeches that are clearly organized—and forget information from speeches that are poorly organized (Thompson, 1960). A third study by Baker found that when audiences were presented with a disorganized speaker, they were less likely to be persuaded, and saw the disorganized speaker as lacking credibility (Baker, 1965).

These three very important studies make the importance of organization very clear. When speakers are not organized they are not perceived as credible and their audiences view the speeches negatively, are less likely to be persuaded, and don’t remember specific information from the speeches after the fact.

We start this chapter discussing these studies because we want you to understand the importance of speech organization on real audiences. If you are not organized, your speech will never have its intended effect. In this chapter, we are going to discuss the basics of organizing the body of your speech.

Determining Your Main Ideas

Matt Wynn –  Lightbulb!  – CC BY 2.0.

When creating a speech, it’s important to remember that speeches have three clear parts: an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. The introduction establishes the topic and whets your audience’s appetite, and the conclusion wraps everything up at the end of your speech. The real “meat” of your speech happens in the body. In this section, we’re going to discuss how to think strategically about the body of your speech.

We like the word  strategic  because it refers to determining what is important or essential to the overall plan or purpose of your speech. Too often, new speakers just throw information together and stand up and start speaking. When that happens, audience members are left confused and the reason for the speech may get lost. To avoid being seen as disorganized, we want you to start thinking critically about the organization of your speech. In this section, we will discuss how to take your speech from a specific purpose to creating the main points of your speech.

What Is Your Specific Purpose?

Before we discuss how to determine the main points of your speech, we want to revisit your speech’s specific purpose. Recall that a speech can have one of three general purposes: to inform, to persuade, or to entertain. The general purpose refers to the broad goal for creating and delivering the speech. The specific purpose, on the other hand, starts with one of those broad goals (inform, persuade, or entertain) and then further informs the listener about the  who ,  what ,  when ,  where ,  why , and  how  of the speech.

The specific purpose is stated as a sentence incorporating the general purpose, the specific audience for the speech, and a prepositional phrase that summarizes the topic. Suppose you are going to give a speech about using open-source software. Here are three examples (each with a different general purpose and a different audience):

In each of these three examples, you’ll notice that the general topic is the same—open-source software—but the specific purpose is different because the speech has a different general purpose and a different audience. Before you can think strategically about organizing the body of your speech, you need to know what your specific purpose is. If you have not yet written a specific purpose for your current speech, please go ahead and write one now.

From Specific Purpose to Main Points

Once you’ve written down your specific purpose, you can now start thinking about the best way to turn that specific purpose into a series of main points. Main points are the key ideas you present to enable your speech to accomplish its specific purpose. In this section, we’re going to discuss how to determine your main points and how to organize those main points into a coherent, strategic speech.

Narrowing Down Your Main Points

When you write your specific purpose and review the research you have done on your topic, you will probably find yourself thinking of quite a few points that you’d like to make in your speech. Whether that’s the case or not, we recommend taking a few minutes to brainstorm and develop a list of points. What information does your audience need to know to understand your topic? What information does your speech need to convey to accomplish its specific purpose? Consider the following example:

Now that you have brainstormed and developed a list of possible points, how do you go about narrowing them down to just two or three main ones? Remember, your main points are the key ideas that help build your speech. When you look over the preceding list, you can then start to see that many of the points are related to one another. Your goal in narrowing down your main points is to identify which individual, potentially minor points can be combined to make main points. This process is called chunking because it involves taking smaller chunks of information and putting them together with like chunks to create more fully developed chunks of information. Before reading our chunking of the preceding list, see if you can determine three large chunks out of the list (note that not all chunks are equal).

While there is no magic number for how many main points a speech should have, speech experts generally agree that the fewer the number of main points the better. First and foremost, experts on the subject of memory have consistently shown that people don’t tend to remember very much after they listen to a message or leave a conversation (Bostrom & Waldhart, 1988). While many different factors can affect a listener’s ability to retain information after a speech, how the speech is organized is an important part of that process (Dunham, 1964; Smith, 1951; Thompson, 1960). For the speeches you will be delivering in a typical public speaking class, you will usually have just two or three main points. If your speech is less than three minutes long, then two main points will probably work best. If your speech is between three and ten minutes in length, then it makes more sense to use three main points.

You may be wondering why we are recommending only two or three main points. The reason comes straight out of the research on listening. According to LeFrancois, people are more likely to remember information that is meaningful, useful, and of interest to them; different or unique; organized; visual; and simple (LeFrancois, 1999). Two or three main points are much easier for listeners to remember than ten or even five. In addition, if you have two or three main points, you’ll be able to develop each one with examples, statistics, or other forms of support. Including support for each point will make your speech more interesting and more memorable for your audience.

You may notice that in the preceding list, the number of subpoints under each of the three main points is a little disjointed or the topics don’t go together clearly. That’s all right. Remember that these are just general ideas at this point. It’s also important to remember that there is often more than one way to organize a speech. Some of these points could be left out and others developed more fully, depending on the purpose and audience. We’ll develop the preceding main points more fully in a moment.

Helpful Hints for Preparing Your Main Points

Now that we’ve discussed how to take a specific purpose and turn it into a series of main points, here are some helpful hints for creating your main points.

Uniting Your Main Points

Once you’ve generated a possible list of main points, you want to ask yourself this question: “When you look at your main points, do they fit together?” For example, if you look at the three preceding main points (school districts use software in their operations; what is open-source software; name some specific open-source software packages that may be appropriate for these school administrators to consider), ask yourself, “Do these main points help my audience understand my specific purpose?”

Suppose you added a fourth main point about open-source software for musicians—would this fourth main point go with the other three? Probably not. While you may have a strong passion for open-source music software, that main point is extraneous information for the speech you are giving. It does not help accomplish your specific purpose, so you’d need to toss it out.

Keeping Your Main Points Separate

The next question to ask yourself about your main points is whether they overlap too much. While some overlap may happen naturally because of the singular nature of a specific topic, the information covered within each main point should be clearly distinct from the other main points. Imagine you’re giving a speech with the specific purpose “to inform my audience about the health reasons for eating apples and oranges.” You could then have three main points: that eating fruits is healthy, that eating apples is healthy, and that eating oranges is healthy. While the two points related to apples and oranges are clearly distinct, both of those main points would probably overlap too much with the first point “that eating fruits is healthy,” so you would probably decide to eliminate the first point and focus on the second and third. On the other hand, you could keep the first point and then develop two new points giving additional support to why people should eat fruit.

Balancing Main Points

One of the biggest mistakes some speakers make is to spend most of their time talking about one of their main points, completely neglecting their other main points. To avoid this mistake, organize your speech so as to spend roughly the same amount of time on each main point. If you find that one of your main points is simply too large, you may need to divide that main point into two main points and consolidate your other main points into a single main point.

Let’s see if our preceding example is balanced (school districts use software in their operations; what is open-source software; name some specific open-source software packages that may be appropriate for these school administrators to consider). What do you think? Obviously, the answer depends on how much time a speaker will have to talk about each of these main points. If you have an hour to talk, then you may find that these three main points are balanced. However, you may also find them wildly unbalanced if you only have five minutes to speak because five minutes is not enough time to even explain what open-source software is. If that’s the case, then you probably need to rethink your specific purpose to ensure that you can cover the material in the allotted time.

Creating Parallel Structure for Main Points

Another major question to ask yourself about your main points is whether or not they have a parallel structure. By parallel structure, we mean that you should structure your main points so that they all sound similar. When all your main points sound similar, it’s simply easier for your audiences to remember your main points and retain them for later. Let’s look at our sample (school districts use software in their operations; what is open-source software; name some specific open-source software packages that may be appropriate for these school administrators to consider). Notice that the first and third main points are statements, but the second one is a question. Basically, we have an example here of main points that are not parallel in structure. You could fix this in one of two ways. You could make them all questions: what are some common school district software programs; what is open-source software; and what are some specific open-source software packages that may be appropriate for these school administrators to consider. Or you could turn them all into statements: school districts use software in their operations; define and describe open-source software; name some specific open-source software packages that may be appropriate for these school administrators to consider. Either of these changes will make the grammatical structure of the main points parallel.

Maintaining Logical Flow of Main Points

The last question you want to ask yourself about your main points is whether the main points make sense in the order you’ve placed them. The next section goes into more detail of common organizational patterns for speeches, but for now we want you to just think logically about the flow of your main points. When you look at your main points, can you see them as progressive, or does it make sense to talk about one first, another one second, and the final one last? If you look at your order, and it doesn’t make sense to you, you probably need to think about the flow of your main points. Often, this process is an art and not a science. But let’s look at a couple of examples.

When you look at these two examples, what are your immediate impressions of the two examples? In the first example, does it make sense to talk about history, and then the problems, and finally how to eliminate school dress codes? Would it make sense to put history as your last main point? Probably not. In this case, the main points are in a logical sequential order. What about the second example? Does it make sense to talk about your solution, then your problem, and then define the solution? Not really! What order do you think these main points should be placed in for a logical flow? Maybe you should explain the problem (lack of rider laws), then define your solution (what is rider law legislation), and then argue for your solution (why states should have rider laws). Notice that in this example you don’t even need to know what “rider laws” are to see that the flow didn’t make sense.

Using Common Organizing Patterns

Twentyfour Students –  Organization makes you flow  – CC BY-SA 2.0.

Previously in this chapter we discussed how to make your main points flow logically. This section is going to provide you with a number of organizational patterns to help you create a logically organized speech. The first organizational pattern we’ll discuss is topical.

By far the most common pattern for organizing a speech is by categories or topics . The topical organizational pattern is a way to help the speaker arrange the message in a consistent fashion. The goal of a topical organization is to create categories (or chunks) of information that go together to help support your original specific purpose. Let’s look at an example.

In this case, we have a speaker trying to persuade a group of high school juniors to apply to attend Generic University. To persuade this group, the speaker has divided the information into three basic categories: what it’s like to live in the dorms, what classes are like, and what life is like on campus. Almost anyone could take this basic speech and specifically tailor the speech to fit their university or college. The main points in this example could be rearranged and the organizational pattern would still be effective because there is no inherent logic to the sequence of points. Let’s look at a second example.

In this speech, the speaker is talking about how to find others online and date them. Specifically, the speaker starts by explaining what Internet dating is; then the speaker talks about how to make Internet dating better for audience members; and finally, the speaker ends by discussing some negative aspects of Internet dating. Again, notice that the information is chunked into three topics and that the second and third could be reversed and still provide a logical structure for your speech

Comparison/Contrast

Another method for organizing main points is the comparison/contrast pattern. While this pattern clearly lends itself easily to two main points, you can also create a third point by giving basic information about what is being compared and what is being contrasted. Let’s look at two examples; the first one will be a two-point example and the second a three-point example.

If you were using the comparison/contrast pattern for persuasive purposes, in the preceding examples, you’d want to make sure that when you show how Drug X and Drug Y differ, you clearly state why Drug X is clearly the better choice for physicians to adopt. In essence, you’d want to make sure that when you compare the two drugs, you show that Drug X has all the benefits of Drug Y, but when you contrast the two drugs, you show how Drug X is superior to Drug Y in some way.

The spatial organizational pattern arranges information according to how things fit together in physical space. This pattern is best used when your main points are oriented to different locations that can exist independently. The basic reason to choose this format is to show that the main points have clear locations. We’ll look at two examples here, one involving physical geography and one involving a different spatial order.

If you look at a basic map of the United States, you’ll notice that these groupings of states were created because of their geographic location to one another. In essence, the states create three spatial territories to explain.

Now let’s look at a spatial speech unrelated to geography.

In this example, we still have three basic spatial areas. If you look at a model of the urinary system, the first step is the kidney, which then takes waste through the ureters to the bladder, which then relies on the sphincter muscle to excrete waste through the urethra. All we’ve done in this example is create a spatial speech order for discussing how waste is removed from the human body through the urinary system. It is spatial because the organization pattern is determined by the physical location of each body part in relation to the others discussed.

Chronological

The chronological pattern places the main idea in the time order in which items appear—whether backward or forward. Here’s a simple example.

In this example, we’re looking at the writings of Winston Churchill in relation to World War II (before, during, and after). By placing his writings into these three categories, we develop a system for understanding this material based on Churchill’s own life. Note that you could also use reverse chronological order and start with Churchill’s writings after World War II, progressing backward to his earliest writings.

Biographical

As you might guess, the biographical organizational pattern is generally used when a speaker wants to describe a person’s life—either a speaker’s own life, the life of someone they know personally, or the life of a famous person. By the nature of this speech organizational pattern, these speeches tend to be informative or entertaining; they are usually not persuasive. Let’s look at an example.

In this example, we see how Brian Warner, through three major periods of his life, ultimately became the musician known as Marilyn Manson.

In this example, these three stages are presented in chronological order, but the biographical pattern does not have to be chronological. For example, it could compare and contrast different periods of the subject’s life, or it could focus topically on the subject’s different accomplishments.

The causal pattern is used to explain cause-and-effect relationships. When you use a causal speech pattern, your speech will have two basic main points: cause and effect. In the first main point, typically you will talk about the causes of a phenomenon, and in the second main point you will then show how the causes lead to either a specific effect or a small set of effects. Let’s look at an example.

In this case, the first main point is about the history and prevalence of drinking alcohol among Native Americans (the cause). The second point then examines the effects of Native American alcohol consumption and how it differs from other population groups.

However, a causal organizational pattern can also begin with an effect and then explore one or more causes. In the following example, the effect is the number of arrests for domestic violence.

In this example, the possible causes for the difference might include stricter law enforcement, greater likelihood of neighbors reporting an incident, and police training that emphasizes arrests as opposed to other outcomes. Examining these possible causes may suggest that despite the arrest statistic, the actual number of domestic violence incidents in your city may not be greater than in other cities of similar size.

Problem-Cause-Solution

Another format for organizing distinct main points in a clear manner is the p roblem-cause-solution pattern. In this format you describe a problem, identify what you believe is causing the problem, and then recommend a solution to correct the problem.

In this speech, the speaker wants to persuade people to pass a new curfew for people under eighteen. To help persuade the civic group members, the speaker first shows that vandalism and violence are problems in the community. Once the speaker has shown the problem, the speaker then explains to the audience that the cause of this problem is youth outside after 10:00 p.m. Lastly, the speaker provides the mandatory 10:00 p.m. curfew as a solution to the vandalism and violence problem within the community. The problem-cause-solution format for speeches generally lends itself to persuasive topics because the speaker is asking an audience to believe in and adopt a specific solution.

Selecting an Organizational Pattern

Each of the preceding organizational patterns is potentially useful for organizing the main points of your speech. However, not all organizational patterns work for all speeches. For example, as we mentioned earlier, the biographical pattern is useful when you are telling the story of someone’s life. Some other patterns, particularly comparison/contrast and problem-cause-solution, are well suited for persuasive speaking. Your challenge is to choose the best pattern for the particular speech you are giving.

You should be aware that it is also possible to combine two or more organizational patterns to meet the goals of a specific speech. For example, you might wish to discuss a problem and then compare/contrast several different possible solutions for the audience. Such a speech would thus be combining elements of the comparison/contrast and problem-cause-solution patterns. When considering which organizational pattern to use, you need to keep in mind your specific purpose as well as your audience and the actual speech material itself to decide which pattern you think will work best.

Keeping Your Speech Moving

Chris Marquardt –  REWIND  – CC BY-SA 2.0.

Have you ever been listening to a speech or a lecture and found yourself thinking, “I am so lost!” or “Where the heck is this speaker going?” Chances are one of the reasons you weren’t sure what the speaker was talking about was that the speaker didn’t effectively keep the speech moving. When we are reading and encounter something we don’t understand, we have the ability to reread the paragraph and try to make sense of what we’re trying to read. Unfortunately, we are not that lucky when it comes to listening to a speaker. We cannot pick up our universal remote and rewind the person. For this reason, speakers need to really think about how they keep a speech moving so that audience members are easily able to keep up with the speech. In this section, we’re going to look at four specific techniques speakers can use that make following a speech much easier for an audience: transitions, internal previews, internal summaries, and signposts.

Transitions between Main Points

A transition is a phrase or sentence that indicates that a speaker is moving from one main point to another main point in a speech. Basically, a transition is a sentence where the speaker summarizes what was said in one point and previews what is going to be discussed in the next point. Let’s look at some examples:

• Now that we’ve seen the problems caused by lack of adolescent curfew laws, let’s examine how curfew laws could benefit our community.
• Thus far we’ve examined the history and prevalence of alcohol abuse among Native Americans, but it is the impact that this abuse has on the health of Native Americans that is of the greatest concern.
• Now that we’ve thoroughly examined how these two medications are similar to one another, we can consider the many clear differences between the two medications.
• Although he was one of the most prolific writers in Great Britain prior to World War II, Winston Churchill continued to publish during the war years as well.

You’ll notice that in each of these transition examples, the beginning phrase of the sentence indicates the conclusion of a period of time (now that, thus far). The table below contains a variety of transition words that will be useful when keeping your speech moving.

Table 9.1  Transition Words

Beyond transitions, there are several other techniques that you can use to clarify your speech organization for your audience. The next sections address several of these techniques, including internal previews, internal summaries, and signposts.

Internal Previews

An internal preview is a phrase or sentence that gives an audience an idea of what is to come within a section of a speech. An internal preview works similarly to the preview that a speaker gives at the end of a speech introduction, quickly outlining what they will talk about (i.e., the speech’s three main body points). In an internal preview, speakers highlight what they are going to discuss within a specific main point during a speech.

Ausubel was the first person to examine the effect that internal previews had on retention of oral information (Ausubel, 1968). Essentially, when speakers clearly inform an audience what they will talk about in a clear and organized manner, the audience listens for those main points, which leads to higher retention of the speaker’s message. Let’s look at a sample internal preview:

To help us further understand why recycling is important, we will first explain the positive benefits of recycling and then explore how recycling can help our communi ty.

When an audience hears that you will be exploring two different ideas within this main point, they are ready to listen for those main points as you talk about them. In essence, you’re helping your audience keep up with your speech.

Rather than being given alone, internal previews often come after a speaker has transitioned to that main topic area. Using the previous internal preview, let’s see it along with the transition to that main point.

Now that we’ve explored the effect that a lack of consistent recycling has on our community, let’s explore the importance of recycling for our community ( transition ). To help us further understand why recycling is important, we will first explain the positive benefits of recycling and then explore how recycling can help our community ( internal preview ).

While internal previews are definitely helpful, you do not need to include one for every main point of your speech. In fact, we recommend that you use internal previews sparingly to highlight only main points containing relatively complex information.

Internal Summaries

Whereas an internal preview helps an audience know what you are going to talk about within a main point at the beginning, an internal summary is delivered to remind an audience of what they just heard within the speech. In general, internal summaries are best used when the information within a specific main point of a speech was complicated. To write your own internal summaries, look at the summarizing transition words in Table 9.1. Let’s look at an example.

To sum up, school bullying is a definite problem. Bullying in schools has been shown to be detrimental to the victim’s grades, the victim’s scores on standardized tests, and the victim’s future educational outlook.

In this example, the speaker was probably talking about the impact that bullying has on an individual victim educationally. Of course, an internal summary can also be a great way to lead into a transition to the next point of a speech.

In this section, we have explored how bullying in schools has been shown to be detrimental to the victim’s grades, the victim’s scores on standardized tests, and the victim’s future educational outlook ( internal summary ). Therefore, schools need to implement campus-wide, comprehensive antibullying programs ( transition ).

While not sounding like the more traditional transition, this internal summary helps readers summarize the content of that main point. The sentence that follows then leads to the next major part of the speech, which is going to discuss the importance of antibullying programs.

Have you ever been on a road trip and watched the green rectangular mile signs pass you by? Fifty miles to go. Twenty-five miles to go. One mile to go. Signposts within a speech function the same way. Speakers use signposts to guide their audience through the content of a speech. If you look at Table 9.1 and look at the “common sequence patterns,” you’ll see a series of possible signpost options. In essence, we use these short phrases at the beginning of a piece of information to help our audience members keep up with what we’re discussing. For example, if you were giving a speech whose main point was about the three functions of credibility, you could use internal signposts like this:

• The first function of credibility is competence.
• The second function of credibility is trustworthiness.
• The final function of credibility is caring/goodwill.

Signposts are simply meant to help your audience keep up with your speech, so the more simplistic your signposts are, the easier it is for your audience to follow.

In addition to helping audience members keep up with a speech, signposts can also be used to highlight specific information the speaker thinks is important. Where the other signposts were designed to show the way (like highway markers), signposts that call attention to specific pieces of information are more like billboards. Words and phrases that are useful for highlighting information can be found in Table 9.1 under the category “emphasis.” All these words are designed to help you call attention to what you are saying so that the audience will also recognize the importance of the information.

Note from the author, Gruber: As we have previously stated, organization is integral to your audience understanding your message, and thus, being influenced by it. A clear organizational pattern with connectives, such as transitions and summaries, creates a clear and memorable message.

Finally, we sometimes get funny looks when we suggest you write the body of your speech  before  your Introduction & Conclusion. The natural thought may be “The introduction comes first, so I should write  it first.” However, consider the objectives of the Introduction, as described in the next chapter, and you’ll understand why you should always write the body first and then  the introduction and conclusion.

• Baker, E. E. (1965). The immediate effects of perceived speaker disorganization on speaker credibility and audience attitude change in persuasive speaking. Western Speech, 29 , 148–161.
• Smith, R. G. (1951). An experimental study of the effects of speech organization upon attitudes of college students. Speech Monographs, 18 , 292–301.
• Thompson, E. C. (1960). An experimental investigation of the relative effectiveness of organizational structure in oral communication.  Southern Speech Journal, 26 , 59–69.
• Bostrom, R. N., & Waldhart, E. S. (1988). Memory models and the measurement of listening.  Communication Education, 37 , 1–13.
• Dunham, J. R. (1964).  Voice contrast and repetition in speech retention  (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from:  http://etd.lib.ttu.edu/theses .
• LeFrancois, G. R. (1999).  Psychology for teaching (10th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
• Smith, R. G. (1951). An experimental study of the effects of speech organization upon attitudes of college students.  Speech Monographs, 18 , 292–301.
• Ausubel, D. P. (1968).  Educational psychology . New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
• https://www.pexels.com/photo/photo-of-woman-lying-on-bed-while-using-laptop-4066041/
• https://www.pexels.com/photo/photo-of-led-signage-on-the-wall-942317/

Sections of this chapter were adapted from Stand up, Speak Out: The practice and ethics of public speaking. Stand up, Speak out  by University of Minnesota is licensed under a  Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

Principles of Public Speaking Copyright © 2022 by Katie Gruber is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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7 Building and Organizing Your Speech

Learning objectives.

• Understand how to make the transition from a specific purpose to a series of main points.
• Explain how to prepare meaningful main points.
• Understand how to choose the best organizational pattern, or combination of patterns, for a specific speech.
• Understand how to use a variety of strategies to help audience members keep up with a speech’s content: internal previews, internal summaries, and signposts.

Siddie Nam – Thinking – CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.

In a series of ground-breaking studies conducted during the 1950s and 1960s, researchers started investigating how a speech’s organization was related to audience perceptions of those speeches. The first study, conducted by Raymond Smith in 1951, randomly organized the parts of a speech to see how audiences would react. Not surprisingly, when speeches were randomly organized, the audience perceived the speech more negatively than when audiences were presented with a speech with a clear, intentional organization. Smith also found that audiences who listened to unorganized speeches were less interested in those speeches than audiences who listened to organized speeches (Smith, 1951). Thompson furthered this investigation and found that it was harder for audiences to recall information after an unorganized speech. Basically, people remember information from speeches that are clearly organized, and they forget information from speeches that are poorly organized (Thompson, 1960). A third study by Baker found that when audiences were presented with a disorganized speaker, they were less likely to be persuaded, and saw the disorganized speaker as lacking credibility (Baker, 1965).

These three critical studies make the importance of organization very clear. When speakers are organized they are perceived as credible. When speakers are not organized, their audiences view the speeches negatively, are less likely to be persuaded, and don’t remember specific information from the speeches after the fact.

We start this chapter by discussing these studies because we want you to understand the importance of speech organization to real audiences. This chapter will help you learn organization so that your speech with have its intended effect. In this chapter, we are going to discuss the basics of organizing the body of your speech.

Determining Your Main Ideas

While speeches take many different forms, they are often discussed as having an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. The introduction establishes the topic and wets your audience’s appetite, and the conclusion wraps everything up at the end of your speech. The real “meat” of your speech happens in the body. In this section, we’re going to discuss how to think strategically about structuring the body of your speech.

We like the word strategic because it refers to determining what is essential to the overall plan or purpose of your speech. Too often, new speakers throw information together and stand up and start speaking. When that happens, audience members are left confused, and the reason for the speech may get lost. To avoid being seen as disorganized, we want you to start thinking critically about the organization of your speech. In this section, we will discuss how to take your speech from a specific purpose to creating the main points of your speech.

What Is Your Specific Purpose?

Before we discuss how to determine the main points of your speech, we want to revisit your speech’s specific purpose, which we discussed in detail in Chapter 4 “Topic, Purpose, and Thesis”. Recall that a speech can have one of three general purposes: to inform, to persuade, or to entertain. The general purpose refers to the broad goal for creating and delivering the speech. The specific purpose, on the other hand, starts with one of those broad goals (inform, persuade, or entertain) and then further informs the listener about the who , what , when , where , why , and how of the speech.

The specific purpose is stated as a sentence incorporating the general purpose, the specific audience for the speech, and a prepositional phrase that summarizes the topic. Suppose you are going to give a speech about using open-source software. Here are three examples (each with a different general purpose and a different audience):

In each of these three examples, you’ll notice that the general topic is the same, open-source software, but the specific purpose is different because the speech has a different general purpose and a different audience. Before you can think strategically about organizing the body of your speech, you need to know what your specific purpose is. If you have not yet written a specific purpose for your current speech, please go ahead and write one now.

From Specific Purpose to Main Points

Once you’ve written down your specific purpose, you can start thinking about the best way to turn that specific purpose into a series of main points. Main points are the key ideas you present to enable your speech to accomplish its specific purpose. In this section, we’re going to discuss how to determine your main points and how to organize those main points into a coherent, strategic speech.

Main Points are the key ideas you present to enable your speech to accomplish its specific purpose.

How Many Main Points Do I Need?

While there is no magic number for how many main points a speech should have, speech experts generally agree that the fewer the number of main points the better. First and foremost, experts on the subject of memory have consistently shown that people don’t tend to remember very much after they listen to a message or leave a conversation (Bostrom & Waldhart, 1988). While many different factors can affect a listener’s ability to retain information after a speech, how the speech is organized is an important part of that process (Dunham, 1964; Smith, 1951; Thompson, 1960). For the speeches you will be delivering in a typical public speaking class, you will usually have just two or three main points. If your speech is less than three minutes long, then two main points will probably work best. If your speech is between three and ten minutes in length, then it makes more sense to use three main points.

You may be wondering why we are recommending only two or three main points. The reason comes straight out of the research on listening. According to LeFrancois, people are more likely to remember information that is meaningful, useful, and of interest to them; different or unique; organized; visual; and simple (LeFrancois, 1999). Two or three main points are much easier for listeners to remember than ten or even five. In addition, if you have two or three main points, you’ll be able to develop each one with examples, statistics, or other forms of support. Including support for each point will make your speech more interesting and more memorable for your audience.

Narrowing Down Your Main Points

When you write your specific purpose and review the research you have done on your topic, you will probably find yourself thinking of quite a few points that you’d like to make in your speech. Whether that’s the case or not, we recommend taking a few minutes to brainstorm and develop a list of points. In brainstorming, your goal is simply to think of as many different points as you can, not to judge how valuable or vital they are. What information does your audience need to know to understand your topic? What information does your speech need to convey to accomplish its specific purpose? Consider the following example:

Now that you have brainstormed and developed a list of possible points, how do you go about narrowing them down to just two or three main ones? Remember, your main points are the key ideas that help build your speech. When you look over the preceding list, you can then start to see that many of the points are related to one another. Your goal in narrowing down your main points is to identify which individual, potentially minor points can be combined to make main points. This process is called chunking because it involves taking smaller chunks of information and putting them together with like chunks to create more fully developed chunks of information. Before reading our chunking of the preceding list, see if you can determine three large chunks out of the list (note that not all chunks are equal).

Chunking involves taking smaller chunks of information and putting them together with like chunks to create more fully developed chunks of information.

You may notice that in the preceding list, the number of subpoints under each of the three main points is a little disjointed or the topics don’t go together clearly. That’s all right. Remember that these are just general ideas at this point. It’s also important to remember that there is often more than one way to organize a speech. Some of these points could be left out and others developed more fully, depending on the purpose and audience. We’ll develop the preceding main points more fully in a moment.

Helpful Hints for Preparing Your Main Points

Now that we’ve discussed how to take a specific purpose and turn it into a series of main points, here are some helpful hints for creating your main points.

Uniting Your Main Points

Once you’ve generated a possible list of main points, you want to ask yourself this question: “When you look at your main points, do they fit together?” For example, if you look at the three preceding main points (school districts use software in their operations; what is open-source software; name some specific open-source software packages that may be appropriate for these school administrators to consider), ask yourself, “Do these main points help my audience understand my specific purpose?”

Suppose you added a fourth main point about open-source software for musicians—would this fourth main point go with the other three? Probably not. While you may have a strong passion for open-source music software, that main point is extraneous information for the speech you are giving. It does not help accomplish your specific purpose, so you’d need to toss it out.

Keeping Your Main Points Separate

The next question to ask yourself about your main points is whether they overlap too much. While some overlap may happen naturally because of the singular nature of a specific topic, the information covered within each main point should be clearly distinct from the other main points. Imagine you’re giving a speech with the specific purpose “to inform my audience about the health reasons for eating apples and oranges.” You could then have three main points: that eating fruits is healthy, that eating apples is healthy, and that eating oranges is healthy. While the two points related to apples and oranges are clearly distinct, both of those main points would probably overlap too much with the first point “that eating fruits is healthy,” so you would probably decide to eliminate the first point and focus on the second and third. On the other hand, you could keep the first point and then develop two new points giving additional support to why people should eat fruit.

Balancing Main Points

One of the biggest mistakes some speakers make is to spend most of their time talking about one of their main points, completely neglecting their other main points. To avoid this mistake, organize your speech to spend roughly the same amount of time on each main point. If you find that one of your main points is simply too large, you may need to divide that main point into two main points and consolidate your other main points into a single main point.

Let’s see if our preceding example is balanced (school districts use software in their operations; what is open-source software; name some specific open-source software packages that may be appropriate for these school administrators to consider). What do you think? The answer depends on how much time a speaker will have to talk about each of these main points. If you have an hour to speak, then you may find that these three main points are balanced. However, you may also find them wildly unbalanced if you only have five minutes to speak because five minutes is not enough time to even explain what open-source software is. If that’s the case, then you probably need to rethink your specific purpose to ensure that you can cover the material in the allotted time.

Creating Parallel Structure for Main Points

Another major question to ask yourself about your main points is whether or not they have a parallel structure. By parallel structure , we mean that you should structure your main points so that they all sound similar. When all your main points sound similar, it’s easier for your audiences to remember your main points and retain them for later. Let’s look at our sample (school districts use software in their operations; what is open-source software; name some specific open-source software packages that may be appropriate for these school administrators to consider). Notice that the first and third main points are statements, but the second one is a question. We have an example here of main points that are not parallel in structure. You could fix this in one of two ways. You could make them all questions: what are some common school district software programs; what is open-source software; and what are some specific open-source software packages that may be appropriate for these school administrators to consider. Or you could turn them all into statements: school districts use software in their operations; define and describe open-source software; name some specific open-source software packages that may be appropriate for these school administrators to consider. Either of these changes will make the grammatical structure of the main points parallel.

Parallel structure means structuring your main points so that they all sound similar.

Maintaining Logical Flow of Main Points

The last question you want to ask yourself about your main points is whether the main points make sense in the order you’ve placed them. The next section goes into more detail of common organizational patterns for speeches, but for now, we want you to think logically about the flow of your main points. When you look at your main points, can you see them as progressive, or does it make sense to talk about one first, another one second, and the final one last? If you look at your order, and it doesn’t make sense to you, you probably need to think about the flow of your main points. Often, this process is an art and not a science. But let’s look at a couple of examples.

When you look at these two examples, what are your immediate impressions of the two examples? In the first example, does it make sense to talk about history, and then the problems, and finally how to eliminate school dress codes? Would it make sense to put history as your last main point? Probably not. In this case, the main points are in a logical sequential order. What about the second example? Does it make sense to talk about your solution, then your problem, and then define the solution? Not really! What order do you think these main points should be placed in for a logical flow? Maybe you should explain the problem (lack of rider laws), then define your solution (what is rider law legislation), and then argue for your solution (why states should have rider laws). Notice that in this example you don’t even need to know what “rider laws” are to see that the flow didn’t make sense.

Using Common Organizing Patterns

Twentyfour Students – Organization makes you flow – CC BY-SA 2.0.

Previously in this chapter, we discussed how to make your main points flow logically. This section is going to provide you with organization patterns to help you create a logically organized speech. The first organization pattern we’ll discuss is categorical/topical.

Categorical/Topical

By far the most common pattern for organizing a speech is by categories or topics. The categories function as a way to help the speaker organize the message in a consistent fashion. The goal of a categorical/topical speech pattern is to create categories (or chunks) of information that go together to help support your original specific purpose. Let’s look at an example:

In this case, we have a speaker trying to persuade a group of high school juniors to apply to attend Generic University. To persuade this group, the speaker has divided the information into three basic categories: what it’s like to live in the dorms, what classes are like, and what life is like on campus. Almost anyone could take this basic speech and specifically tailor the speech to fit their own university or college. The main points in this example could be rearranged and the organizational pattern would still be effective because there is no inherent logic to the sequence of points. Let’s look at a second example:

In this speech, the speaker is talking about how to find others online and date them. Specifically, the speaker starts by explaining what Internet dating is; then the speaker talks about how to make Internet dating better for her or his audience members; and finally, the speaker ends by discussing some negative aspects of Internet dating. Again, notice that the information is chunked into three categories or topics and that the second and third could be reversed and still provide a logical structure for your speech.

Comparison/Contrast

Another method for organizing your main points is the comparison/contrast speech pattern . While this pattern lends itself easily to two main points, you can also create a third point by giving basic information about what is being compared and what is being contrasted. Let’s look at two examples; the first one will be a two-point example and the second a three-point example:

If you were using the comparison/contrast pattern for persuasive purposes, in the preceding examples, you’d want to make sure that when you show how Drug X and Drug Y differ, you clearly state why Drug X is the better choice for physicians to adopt. In essence, you’d want to make sure that when you compare the two drugs, you show that Drug X has all the benefits of Drug Y, but when you contrast the two drugs, you show how Drug X is superior to Drug Y in some way.

The spatial speech pattern organizes information according to how things fit together in physical space. This pattern is best used when your main points are oriented to different locations that can exist independently. The primary reason to choose this format is to show that the main points have specific locations. We’ll look at two examples here, one involving physical geography and one involving a different spatial order.

If you look at a basic map of the United States, you’ll notice that these groupings of states were created because of their geographic location to one another. In essence, the states create three spatial territories to explain.

Now let’s look at a spatial speech unrelated to geography.

In this example, we still have three spatial areas. If you look at a model of the urinary system, the first step is the kidney, which then takes waste through the ureters to the bladder, which then relies on the sphincter muscle to excrete waste through the urethra. All we’ve done in this example is create a spatial speech order for discussing how waste is removed from the human body through the urinary system. It is spatial because the organization pattern is determined by the physical location of each body part in relation to the others discussed.

Chronological

The chronological speech pattern places the main idea in the time order in which items appear—whether backward or forward. Here’s a simple example.

In this example, we’re looking at the writings of Winston Churchill in relation to World War II (before, during, and after). By placing his writings into these three categories, we develop a system for understanding this material based on Churchill’s own life. Note that you could also use reverse chronological order and start with Churchill’s writings after World War II, progressing backward to his earliest writings.

Cause/Effect

The causal speech pattern is used to explain cause-and-effect relationships. When you use a causal speech pattern, your speech will have two basic main points: cause and effect. In the first main point, typically you will talk about the causes of a phenomenon, and in the second main point, you will then show how the causes lead to either a specific effect or a small set of effects. Let’s look at an example.

In this case, the first main point is about the history and prevalence of drinking alcohol among Native Americans (the cause). The second point then examines the effects of Native American alcohol consumption and how it differs from other population groups.

However, a causal organizational pattern can also begin with an effect and then explore one or more causes. In the following example, the effect is the number of arrests for domestic violence.

In this example, the possible causes for the difference might include stricter law enforcement, greater likelihood of neighbors reporting an incident, and police training that emphasizes arrests as opposed to other outcomes. Examining these possible causes may suggest that despite the arrest statistic, the actual number of domestic violence incidents in your city may not be greater than in other cities of similar size.

Problem-Cause-Solution

Another format for organizing distinct main points in a clear manner is the problem-cause-solution speech pattern . In this format, you describe a problem, identify what you believe is causing the problem, and then recommend a solution to correct the problem.

In this speech, the speaker wants to persuade people to pass a new curfew for people under eighteen. To help persuade the civic group members, the speaker first shows that vandalism and violence are problems in the community. Once the speaker has demonstrated the problem, the speaker then explains to the audience that the cause of this problem is youth outside after 10:00 p.m. Lastly, the speaker provides the mandatory 10:00 p.m. curfew as a solution to the vandalism and violence problem within the community. The problem-cause-solution format for speeches generally lends itself to persuasive topics because the speaker is asking an audience to believe in and adopt a specific solution.

Speech Pattern Overview

The  categorical/topical speech pattern  creates categories (or chunks) of information that go together to help support your original specific purpose.

The comparison/contrast speech pattern uses main points to compare an contrast two similar objects, topics, or ideas.

The spatial speech pattern organizes information according to how things fit together in physical space.

The chronological speech pattern places the main idea in the time order in which items appear—whether backward or forward.

The causal speech pattern is used to explain cause-and-effect relationships. When you use a causal speech pattern, your speech will have two basic main points: cause and effect.

The problem-cause-solution speech pattern  describes a problem, identifies what is causing the problem, and then recommends a solution to correct the problem.

Selecting an Organizational Pattern

Each of the preceding organizational patterns is potentially useful for organizing the main points of your speech. However, not all organizational patterns work for all speeches. For example, as we mentioned earlier, the biographical pattern is useful when you are telling the story of someone’s life. Some other patterns, particularly comparison/contrast, problem-cause-solution, and psychological, are well suited for persuasive speaking. Your challenge is to choose the best pattern for the particular speech you are giving.

You will want to be aware that it is also possible to combine two or more organizational patterns to meet the goals of a specific speech. For example, you might wish to discuss a problem and then compare/contrast several different possible solutions for the audience. Such a speech would thus be combining elements of the comparison/contrast and problem-cause-solution patterns. When considering which organizational pattern to use, you need to keep in mind your specific purpose as well as your audience and the actual speech material itself to decide which pattern you think will work best.

Keeping Your Speech Moving

Chris Marquardt – REWIND – CC BY-SA 2.0.

Have you ever been listening to a speech or a lecture and found yourself thinking, “I am so lost!” or “Where the heck is this speaker going?” Chances are one of the reasons you weren’t sure what the speaker was talking about was that the speaker didn’t effectively keep the speech moving. When we are reading and encounter something we don’t understand, we can reread the paragraph and try to make sense of what we’re trying to read. Unfortunately, we are not that lucky when it comes to listening to a speaker. We cannot pick up our universal remote and rewind the person. For this reason, speakers need to think about how they keep a speech moving so that audience members are easily able to keep up with the speech. In this section, we’re going to look at four specific techniques speakers can use that make following a speech much easier for an audience: transitions, internal previews, internal summaries, and signposts.

Transitions between Main Points

A transition is a phrase or sentence that indicates that a speaker is moving from one main point to another main point in a speech. Basically, a transition is a sentence where the speaker summarizes what was said in one point and previews what is going to be discussed in the next point. Let’s look at some examples:

• Now that we’ve seen the problems caused by lack of adolescent curfew laws, let’s examine how curfew laws could benefit our community.
• Thus far we’ve examined the history and prevalence of alcohol abuse among Native Americans, but it is the impact that this abuse has on the health of Native Americans that is of the greatest concern.
• Now that we’ve thoroughly examined how these two medications are similar to one another, we can consider the many clear differences between the two medications.
• Although he was one of the most prolific writers in Great Britain prior to World War II, Winston Churchill continued to publish during the war years as well.

You’ll notice that in each of these transition examples, the beginning phrase of the sentence indicates the conclusion of a period of time (now that, thus far) or main point. Table 2: Transition Words contains a variety of transition words that will be useful when keeping your speech moving.

Table 2:  Transition Words

Beyond transitions, there are several other techniques that you can use to clarify your speech organization for your audience. The next sections address several of these techniques, including internal previews, internal summaries, and signposts.

Internal Previews

An internal preview is a phrase or sentence that gives an audience an idea of what is to come within a section of a speech. An internal preview works similarly to the preview that a speaker gives at the end of a speech introduction, quickly outlining what he or she is going to talk about (i.e. the speech’s three main body points). In an internal preview, the speaker highlights what he or she is going to discuss within a specific main point during a speech.

Ausubel was the first person to examine the effect that internal previews had on retention of oral information (Ausubel, 1968). When a speaker clearly informs an audience what they are going to be talking about in a clear and organized manner, the audience listens for those main points, which leads to higher retention of the speaker’s message. Let’s look at a sample internal preview:

To help us further understand why recycling is important, we will first explain the positive benefits of recycling and then explore how recycling can help our community.

When an audience hears that you will be exploring two different ideas within this main point, they are ready to listen for those main points as you talk about them. In essence, you’re helping your audience keep up with your speech.

Rather than being given alone, internal previews often come after a speaker has transitioned to that main topic area. Using the previous internal preview, let’s see it along with the transition to that main point.

Now that we’ve explored the effect that a lack of consistent recycling has on our community, let’s explore the importance of recycling for our community (transition). To help us further understand why recycling is important, we will first explain the positive benefits of recycling and then explore how recycling can help our community (internal preview).

While internal previews are definitely helpful, you do not need to include one for every main point of your speech. In fact, we recommend that you use internal previews sparingly to highlight only the main points containing relatively complex information.

Internal Summaries

Whereas an internal preview helps an audience know what you are going to talk about within a main point at the beginning, an internal summary is delivered to remind an audience of what they just heard within the speech. In general, internal summaries are best used when the information within a specific main point of a speech was complicated. To write your own internal summaries, look at the summarizing transition words in Table 2: Transition Words Let’s look at an example.

To sum up, school bullying is a definite problem. Bullying in schools has been shown to be detrimental to the victim’s grades, the victim’s scores on standardized tests, and the victim’s future educational outlook.

In this example, the speaker was probably talking about the impact that bullying has on an individual victim educationally. Of course, an internal summary can also be a great way to lead into a transition to the next point of a speech.

In this section, we have explored how bullying in schools has been shown to be detrimental to the victim’s grades, the victim’s scores on standardized tests, and the victim’s future educational outlook (internal summary). Therefore, schools need to implement campus-wide, comprehensive anti-bullying programs (transition).

While not sounding like the more traditional transition, this internal summary helps readers summarize the content of that main point. The sentence that follows than leads to the next major part of the speech, which is going to discuss the importance of anti-bullying programs.

Have you ever been on a road trip and watched the green rectangular mile signs pass you by? Fifty miles to go. Twenty-five miles to go. One mile to go. Signposts within a speech function the same way. A signpost is a guide a speaker gives their audience to help the audience keep up with the content of a speech. If you look at Table 2: Transition Words and look at the “common sequence patterns,” you’ll see a series of possible signpost options. In essence, we use these short phrases at the beginning of a piece of information to help our audience members keep up with what we’re discussing. For example, if you were giving a speech whose main point was about the three functions of credibility, you could use internal signposts like this:

• The first function of credibility is competence.
• The second function of credibility is trustworthiness.
• The final function of credibility is caring/goodwill.

Signposts are meant to help your audience keep up with your speech, so the more simplistic your signposts are, the easier it is for your audience to follow.

In addition to helping audience members keep up with a speech, signposts can also be used to highlight specific information the speaker thinks is important. Where the other signposts were designed to show the way (like highway markers), signposts that call attention to specific pieces of information are more like billboards. Words and phrases that are useful for highlighting information can be found in Table 2: Transition Words under the category “emphasis.” All these words are designed to help you call attention to what you are saying so that the audience will also recognize the importance of the information.

A transition is a phrase or sentence that indicates that a speaker is moving from one main point to another main point in a speech.

An internal preview is a phrase or sentence that gives an audience an idea of what is to come within a section of a speech.

An internal summary is delivered to remind an audience of what they just heard within the speech.

A signpost is a guide a speaker gives their audience to help the audience keep up with the content of a speech.

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Stand up, Speak out Copyright © 2017 by Josh Miller; Marnie Lawler-Mcdonough; Megan Orcholski; Kristin Woodward; Lisa Roth; and Emily Mueller is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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