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• How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates

How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates

Published on January 2, 2023 by Shona McCombes . Revised on September 11, 2023.

What is a literature review? A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic. It provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research that you can later apply to your paper, thesis, or dissertation topic .

There are five key steps to writing a literature review:

• Search for relevant literature
• Evaluate sources
• Identify themes, debates, and gaps
• Outline the structure
• Write your literature review

A good literature review doesn’t just summarize sources—it analyzes, synthesizes , and critically evaluates to give a clear picture of the state of knowledge on the subject.

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Table of contents

What is the purpose of a literature review, examples of literature reviews, step 1 – search for relevant literature, step 2 – evaluate and select sources, step 3 – identify themes, debates, and gaps, step 4 – outline your literature review’s structure, step 5 – write your literature review, free lecture slides, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions, introduction.

• Quick Run-through
• Step 1 & 2

When you write a thesis , dissertation , or research paper , you will likely have to conduct a literature review to situate your research within existing knowledge. The literature review gives you a chance to:

• Demonstrate your familiarity with the topic and its scholarly context
• Develop a theoretical framework and methodology for your research
• Position your work in relation to other researchers and theorists
• Show how your research addresses a gap or contributes to a debate
• Evaluate the current state of research and demonstrate your knowledge of the scholarly debates around your topic.

Writing literature reviews is a particularly important skill if you want to apply for graduate school or pursue a career in research. We’ve written a step-by-step guide that you can follow below.

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Writing literature reviews can be quite challenging! A good starting point could be to look at some examples, depending on what kind of literature review you’d like to write.

• Example literature review #1: “Why Do People Migrate? A Review of the Theoretical Literature” ( Theoretical literature review about the development of economic migration theory from the 1950s to today.)
• Example literature review #2: “Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines” ( Methodological literature review about interdisciplinary knowledge acquisition and production.)
• Example literature review #3: “The Use of Technology in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Thematic literature review about the effects of technology on language acquisition.)
• Example literature review #4: “Learners’ Listening Comprehension Difficulties in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Chronological literature review about how the concept of listening skills has changed over time.)

You can also check out our templates with literature review examples and sample outlines at the links below.

Download Word doc Download Google doc

Before you begin searching for literature, you need a clearly defined topic .

If you are writing the literature review section of a dissertation or research paper, you will search for literature related to your research problem and questions .

Make a list of keywords

Start by creating a list of keywords related to your research question. Include each of the key concepts or variables you’re interested in, and list any synonyms and related terms. You can add to this list as you discover new keywords in the process of your literature search.

• Social media, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, TikTok
• Body image, self-perception, self-esteem, mental health
• Generation Z, teenagers, adolescents, youth

Search for relevant sources

Use your keywords to begin searching for sources. Some useful databases to search for journals and articles include:

• Your university’s library catalogue
• Google Scholar
• Project Muse (humanities and social sciences)
• Medline (life sciences and biomedicine)
• EconLit (economics)
• Inspec (physics, engineering and computer science)

You can also use boolean operators to help narrow down your search.

Make sure to read the abstract to find out whether an article is relevant to your question. When you find a useful book or article, you can check the bibliography to find other relevant sources.

You likely won’t be able to read absolutely everything that has been written on your topic, so it will be necessary to evaluate which sources are most relevant to your research question.

For each publication, ask yourself:

• What question or problem is the author addressing?
• What are the key concepts and how are they defined?
• What are the key theories, models, and methods?
• Does the research use established frameworks or take an innovative approach?
• What are the results and conclusions of the study?
• How does the publication relate to other literature in the field? Does it confirm, add to, or challenge established knowledge?
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the research?

Make sure the sources you use are credible , and make sure you read any landmark studies and major theories in your field of research.

You can use our template to summarize and evaluate sources you’re thinking about using. Click on either button below to download.

Take notes and cite your sources

As you read, you should also begin the writing process. Take notes that you can later incorporate into the text of your literature review.

It is important to keep track of your sources with citations to avoid plagiarism . It can be helpful to make an annotated bibliography , where you compile full citation information and write a paragraph of summary and analysis for each source. This helps you remember what you read and saves time later in the process.

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To begin organizing your literature review’s argument and structure, be sure you understand the connections and relationships between the sources you’ve read. Based on your reading and notes, you can look for:

• Trends and patterns (in theory, method or results): do certain approaches become more or less popular over time?
• Themes: what questions or concepts recur across the literature?
• Debates, conflicts and contradictions: where do sources disagree?
• Pivotal publications: are there any influential theories or studies that changed the direction of the field?
• Gaps: what is missing from the literature? Are there weaknesses that need to be addressed?

This step will help you work out the structure of your literature review and (if applicable) show how your own research will contribute to existing knowledge.

• Most research has focused on young women.
• There is an increasing interest in the visual aspects of social media.
• But there is still a lack of robust research on highly visual platforms like Instagram and Snapchat—this is a gap that you could address in your own research.

There are various approaches to organizing the body of a literature review. Depending on the length of your literature review, you can combine several of these strategies (for example, your overall structure might be thematic, but each theme is discussed chronologically).

Chronological

The simplest approach is to trace the development of the topic over time. However, if you choose this strategy, be careful to avoid simply listing and summarizing sources in order.

Try to analyze patterns, turning points and key debates that have shaped the direction of the field. Give your interpretation of how and why certain developments occurred.

If you have found some recurring central themes, you can organize your literature review into subsections that address different aspects of the topic.

For example, if you are reviewing literature about inequalities in migrant health outcomes, key themes might include healthcare policy, language barriers, cultural attitudes, legal status, and economic access.

Methodological

If you draw your sources from different disciplines or fields that use a variety of research methods , you might want to compare the results and conclusions that emerge from different approaches. For example:

• Look at what results have emerged in qualitative versus quantitative research
• Discuss how the topic has been approached by empirical versus theoretical scholarship
• Divide the literature into sociological, historical, and cultural sources

Theoretical

A literature review is often the foundation for a theoretical framework . You can use it to discuss various theories, models, and definitions of key concepts.

You might argue for the relevance of a specific theoretical approach, or combine various theoretical concepts to create a framework for your research.

Like any other academic text , your literature review should have an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion . What you include in each depends on the objective of your literature review.

The introduction should clearly establish the focus and purpose of the literature review.

Depending on the length of your literature review, you might want to divide the body into subsections. You can use a subheading for each theme, time period, or methodological approach.

As you write, you can follow these tips:

• Summarize and synthesize: give an overview of the main points of each source and combine them into a coherent whole
• Analyze and interpret: don’t just paraphrase other researchers — add your own interpretations where possible, discussing the significance of findings in relation to the literature as a whole
• Critically evaluate: mention the strengths and weaknesses of your sources
• Write in well-structured paragraphs: use transition words and topic sentences to draw connections, comparisons and contrasts

In the conclusion, you should summarize the key findings you have taken from the literature and emphasize their significance.

When you’ve finished writing and revising your literature review, don’t forget to proofread thoroughly before submitting. Not a language expert? Check out Scribbr’s professional proofreading services !

This article has been adapted into lecture slides that you can use to teach your students about writing a literature review.

Scribbr slides are free to use, customize, and distribute for educational purposes.

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If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Sampling methods
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Likert scales
• Reproducibility

 Statistics

• Null hypothesis
• Statistical power
• Probability distribution
• Effect size
• Poisson distribution

Research bias

• Optimism bias
• Cognitive bias
• Implicit bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Anchoring bias
• Explicit bias

A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources (such as books, journal articles, and theses) related to a specific topic or research question .

It is often written as part of a thesis, dissertation , or research paper , in order to situate your work in relation to existing knowledge.

There are several reasons to conduct a literature review at the beginning of a research project:

• To familiarize yourself with the current state of knowledge on your topic
• To ensure that you’re not just repeating what others have already done
• To identify gaps in knowledge and unresolved problems that your research can address
• To develop your theoretical framework and methodology
• To provide an overview of the key findings and debates on the topic

Writing the literature review shows your reader how your work relates to existing research and what new insights it will contribute.

The literature review usually comes near the beginning of your thesis or dissertation . After the introduction , it grounds your research in a scholarly field and leads directly to your theoretical framework or methodology .

A literature review is a survey of credible sources on a topic, often used in dissertations , theses, and research papers . Literature reviews give an overview of knowledge on a subject, helping you identify relevant theories and methods, as well as gaps in existing research. Literature reviews are set up similarly to other  academic texts , with an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion .

An  annotated bibliography is a list of  source references that has a short description (called an annotation ) for each of the sources. It is often assigned as part of the research process for a  paper .  

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On this page:

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• Where to Search
• Creating your Search Strategy

Search Techniques

Defining your search question

Literature Reviews are an important part of academic work providing an overview and analysis of a research question or topic. You may be asked to write one for your dissertation, project or essay assignment.

A good Literature Review should put your research into context, demonstrating how it relates to wider research in your subject area. The Literature Review should show a clear understanding and knowledge of your chosen topic, include relevant current research and key authors, and identify any areas in the literature that support need for further research.

Where to search

For Literature Reviews and Essays and Assignments you will usually be asked to focus on academic and peer-reviewed sources, like textbooks, journal articles, research reports and conference proceedings. You can find these from the Library’s Electronic and Print collections.

• Search MetSearch - Cardiff Met's library discovery service: a single place to search our print and electronic collections.
• Select databases from the Databases A-Z , to search for articles or other sources. You can select from the drop-down menu by Subject or by School. For more information on Databases see our handy guide.
• Explore the Subject Guides for further information and suggested resources for your subject area.
• For further advice you can email [email protected] or make a 1-to-1 appointment with one of our Academic Librarians for searching advice.

Creating your search strategy

• Focus on your question: begin your search by focusing on your question to develop your search strategy. A focused and structured search strategy will help you search quickly and efficiently and yield useful results!
• Choose your Search Terms: select keywords and short phrases to search with. Use a range of keywords, try to think of alternative words or similar words to build your search.
• Think about Synonyms: different words that refer to the something of the same meaning, for example: survey or questionnaire.
• Put Keywords into context, beware of Homonyms: words with the same spelling but different meaning. For example, 'Right = Correct' and 'Right = Direction, opposite to left'
• Use any related terms to further your search e.g. Business – Management
• Think about abbreviations and relevant acronyms in your topic.

Using Search Techniques allows you to build your search to expand or focus your results.

Phrase searching

Placing your keywords, two words or more into “double quotation marks”, creates a phrase search. This can be used to focus your results to more relevant results, especially if search has generated numerous results.

“Formative Assessment” “Strategic Management”

Tip! This is used in most databases, but Scopus uses {curly brackets} for exact phrase - {Health Promotion}

Truncation & Wildcards

Truncation is useful if you want to include variations of a keyword, it allows you to simultaneously search for various word endings. Search using the stem of a word and an Asterisk * for example, therap* to find therapy, therapies, therapist, therapeutic.

Wildcards are useful to searching for with various spellings – which is usually a question mark ? to substitute a letter of a word. For example, “organi?ation” will give you “organisation” and “organization” in the search results.

Tip! Different databases use different symbols, check before searching.

Boolean Operators

To create an effective search, you need to combine your keywords together into a string, linking them together to construct your search. You can link the keywords using Boolean Operators AND, OR, NOT to construct string to expand or narrow your results. They are used in Capital letters as they are instructions to the database as to how you want the keywords to be searched for.

AND - Use AND to focus your search, an AND search returns both keywords in the results, for example, students AND “Higher Education”.

OR - Use OR to widen your search, using OR search returns either keywords in the results, for example, university OR education.

NOT - Use NOT to exclude keywords from your results, for example, “South Wales” NOT Australia.

This can help remove non-relevant results, but always use it at the end of the search string. Using NOT can filter out some useful results so it may be for some searches you add additional Keywords to focus the results instead.

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Reading critically, and writing using critical techniques, are crucial skills you need to apply to your academic work.  If you need to engage with published (or unpublished) literature such as essays, dissertations or theses, research papers or oral presentations, this proven guide helps you develop a reflective and advanced critical approach to your research and writing.

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Professor Haijiang Li

Professor - Chair in BIM for Smart Engineering

School of Engineering

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Professor HaiJiang LI (BSc, MSc, PhD, FHEA, FBCS, FICE)

Chair in BIM for Smart Engineering Head of Research Group - Computational Mechanics and Engineering AI (CMAI) Head of Cross-cutting Group – InSilico Digital Twins and Virtual Environments Director of BIM for Smart Engineering Centre, Lab & MSc Programme Cardiff University, United Kingdom

Editor-in-Chief : Construction Innovation (Impact Factor: 3.3, CiteScore 6.0, Scopus Q1 top 10%)  

Associate Editor : Automation in Construction (Impact Factor: 10.3, CiteScore 16.7, Q1 top 10%)  

Vice Chair of EG-ICE - European Group of Intelligent Computing in Engineering

Standards Committee Technical Executive – buildingSMART

FICE: Fellow of Institution of Civil Engineers

FBCS:  Fellow of British Computer Society

Research Areas - For more than 20 years, Prof. Li has been working towards a new generation smart computational engineering platform underpinned by super power computing, big data and machine learning, inter-linked domain knowledge, artificial intelligence algorithms and BIM based standardization across sectors throughout project life cycle, to support large scale engineering data / information / knowledge processing, smart engineering optimization and holistic decision making to help to achieve sustainable and resilient infrastructure system and built environment. Prof. Li has been intensively working in civil, structural, hydraulic and maritime engineering, through digital twinning along with smart design, modelling, analysis, simulation, reasoning, optimization & management in support of smart energy in buildings, district and cities; water distribution and urban water management; sustainable and resilient cities and built environment development including emergency response and management.

Research Focuses -

(1) Fundamental life cycle and across domains complex data, information and knowledge processing  (2) Large scale data driven engineering computing, data analytics and optimization (3) Knowledge based and artificial intelligence supported holistic and systematic decision making

Funding and Team: Prof. Li has secured significant research funds from UK, EU and China, as a Principal/Co-Investigator, the total project value is about £40M (£9M as PI, funding sources include EPSRC, NERC, EU FP7/H2020, InnovateUK, WEFO and industry funding). He has established the BIM for Smart Engineering research theme in Cardiff University since 2006, leading the BIM for Smart Engineering  Research Group , Centre , Lab (focusing on HPC, BIM, VR/AR/MR, Digital Twins) and MSc programme , working with a team of more than 60 research fellows/associates/PhDs (and >60 MSc project students) in total since 2006. Prof. Li has secured more than £2M industry investment to support BIM and Smart Engineering related research projects.

Academic Impact - Prof. Li has produced more than 200 publications (papers, books, patents and official reports), and currently is the Editor-in-Chief for the Journal of Construction Innovation (Impact Factor: 3.3 CiteScore 6.0, Scopus Q1 top 10%), and associate Editor for the Journal of Automation in Construction (Impact Factor: 10.3 CiteScore 16.7, Q1 top 10%); He also serves as editorial board members for other 5 international journals; and reviewers for EPSRC (UK), NSERC (Canada), EU, China, Singapore funding applications and 50+ international journals and conferences (as scientific committees / chairs); delivered 50+ invited / keynote speeches in UK, EU, China and USA. He is a Fellow of British Computer Society, member of EPSRC Peer Review College. He has actively been engaging with most of the major international associations regarding BIM and ICT in AEC domain, e.g. EG-ICE, ICCCBE, CIBW78, ECPPM and ASCE. He has been leading/participating UK, EU FP7 / H2020 research projects intensively and created a significant international base for academic and industry collaboration; he is the Vice Chair for EG-ICE: European Group of Intelligent Computing in Engineering, which is a highly established international academic association in BIM and intelligent computing area.

International BIM standards & policy - Prof. Li has been working with open BIM buildingSMART since 2010, serving first as a committee member of BuildingSMART UK technical group, together with BRE (Building Research Establishment), advising the UK government on their BIM policy making and industry implementation agenda; and now as a Standards Committee Technical Executive (SCTE) – buildingSMART international, overseeing international open BIM standards developments and personally leading IFC Ports & Waterways standards development project. In China, Prof. Li serves as a guest BIM scientist for China State Construction Engineering Group & China Communications Construction Company. A BIM policy book was published in 2019 - "CHINA, USA & UK BIM STANDARDS AND POLICY" (China Construction Industry Publisher) to comprehensively introduce and compare the BIM standards and policies in China, USA and UK.

NEWS - We Computational Mechanics and Engineering AI (CMAI) group is recuriting another new Lecturer, if you are interested, please contact me... 

NEWS - We Computational Mechanics and Engineering AI (CMAI) group is recuriting a new Lecturer, if you are interested, please contact me...  (position offered)

NEWS - Cardiff University (Prof. Haijiang Li) works with UCL (Prof. Tim Broyd; Dr. Qiuchen Lu) to host EG-ICE 2023 in London - please visit the website for more information - 

Publication

• Ling, J., Li, X., Li, H., An, Y., Rui, Y., Shen, Y. and Zhu, H. 2024. Hybrid NLP-based extraction method to develop a knowledge graph for rock tunnel support design . Advanced Engineering Informatics 62, article number: 102725. ( 10.1016/j.aei.2024.102725 )
• Gao, Y., Xiong, G., Li, H. and Richards, J. 2024. Exploring bridge maintenance knowledge graph by leveraging GrapshSAGE and text encoding . Automation in Construction 166, article number: 105634. ( 10.1016/j.autcon.2024.105634 )
• Jiang, Y., Yang, G., Li, H., Zhang, T. and Khudhair, A. 2024. Physics-informed knowledge-driven decision-making framework for holistic bridge maintenance . Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 150(9), article number: 402410. ( 10.1061/JCEMD4.COENG-13593 )
• Cui, T., Kulasegaram, S. and Li, H. 2024. Design automation of sustainable self-compacting concrete containing fly ash via data driven performance prediction . Journal of Building Engineering 87, article number: 108960. ( 10.1016/j.jobe.2024.108960 )
• Xu, Q., Duan, Z., Yan, H., Geng, D., Du, H., Yan, J. and Li, H. 2024. Deep learning-driven topology optimization for heat dissipation of integrated electrical components using dual temperature gradient learning and MMC method . International Journal of Mechanics and Materials in Design 20, pp. 291-316. ( 10.1007/s10999-023-09676-3 )
• Liu, H., Su, H. and Li, H. 2024. Study on digital twin technologies for watershed information modeling (WIM): a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis . Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering 31(1), pp. 263-289. ( 10.1007/s11831-023-09977-y )
• Gao, Y., Li, H., Fu, W., Chai, C. and Su, T. 2024. Damage volumetric assessment and digital twin synchronization based on LiDAR point clouds . Automation in Construction 157, article number: 105168. ( 10.1016/j.autcon.2023.105168 )
• Jiang, Y., Li, H., Yang, G., Zhang, C. and Zhao, K. 2024. Machine learning-driven ontological knowledge base for bridge corrosion evaluation . IEEE Access 11, pp. 144735-144746. ( 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3344320 )
• Wang, B., Ren, G., Li, H., Zhang, J. and Qin, J. 2024. Developing a framework leveraging building information modelling to validate fire emergency evacuation . Buildings 14(1), article number: 156. ( 10.3390/buildings14010156 )
• Chai, C., Gao, Y., Li, H. and Zhu, X. 2024. Corrosion SAM: adapting segment anything model with parameter-efficient fine-tuning for structural corrosion inspection . Presented at: 31st EG-ICE International Workshop on Intelligent Computing in Engineering, Vigo, Spain, 3-5 July 2024.
• Xiong, G., Gao, Y. and Li, H. 2024. Graph embeddings-based link prediction for bridge maintenance knowledge . Presented at: EG-ICE 2024, Vigo, Spain, 8th July 2024.
• Chen, K., Chai, C. and Li, H. 2024. Universal decision-making system for life cycle maintenance of bridge based on deep reinforcement learning . Presented at: 31st EG-ICE International Workshop on Intelligent Computing in Engineering, Vigo, Spain, 3-5 July 2024.
• Zhu, X. and Li, H. 2024. Ontology-driven flexible BIM maturity assessment framework . Presented at: European Group for Intelligent Computing in Engineering, Vigo, Spain, 3-5 July 2024.
• Yan, J., Geng, D., Xu, Q. and Li, H. 2023. Real-time topology optimization based on convolutional neural network by using retrain skill . Engineering with Computers 39, pp. 4045-4059. ( 10.1007/s00366-023-01846-3 )
• Khudhair, A., Li, H. and Ren, G. 2023. Knowledge-based OpenBIM data exchange for building design . Automation in Construction 156, article number: 105144. ( 10.1016/j.autcon.2023.105144 )
• Goonetillake, J. F., Ren, G. and Li, H. 2023. An integration of business processes and information management for improving the efficiency and reliability of infrastructure . Applied Sciences 13(24), article number: 12974. ( 10.3390/app132412974 )
• Gao, Y., Li, H. and Fu, W. 2023. Few-shot learning for image-based bridge damage detection . Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 126(PartC), article number: 107078. ( 10.1016/j.engappai.2023.107078 )
• Zhu, X., Li, H. and Su, T. 2023. Autonomous complex knowledge mining and graph representation through natural language processing and transfer learning . Automation in Construction 155, article number: 105074. ( 10.1016/j.autcon.2023.105074 )
• Gao, Y., Chai, C., Li, H. and Fu, W. 2023. A deep learning framework for intelligent fault diagnosis using AutoML-CNN and image-like data fusion . Machines 11(10), article number: 932. ( 10.3390/machines11100932 )
• Geng, D., Yan, J., Xu, Q., Zhang, Q., Zhou, M., Fan, Z. and Li, H. 2023. Real-time structure topology optimization using CNN driven moving morphable component method . Engineering Structures 290, article number: 116376. ( 10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.116376 )
• Zhu, J., Shi, Q., Li, Q., Shou, W., Li, H. and Wu, P. 2023. Developing predictive models of construction fatality characteristics using machine learning . Safety Science 164, article number: 106149. ( 10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106149 )
• Sun, L. and Li, H. 2023. Editorial: Digital twin of interwoven urban systems: A new approach to future resilient and sustainable cities . Applied Sciences 13(17), article number: 9696. ( 10.3390/app13179696 )
• An, Y., Lin, X., Li, H. and Wang, Y. 2023. Sandpile-simulation-based graph data model for MVD generative design of shield tunnel lining using information entropy . Advanced Engineering Informatics 57, article number: 102108. ( 10.1016/j.aei.2023.102108 )
• Cui, T., Kulasegaram, S. and Li, H. 2023. Prediction of mechanical properties of steel fibre-reinforced self-compacting concrete by machine learning algorithms . Presented at: International RILEM Conference on Synergising expertise towards sustainability and robustness of CBMs and concrete structures, 14-16 June 2023 SynerCrete 2023, RILEM Bookseries , Vol. 44. Cham, Switzerland: Springer pp. 703-711., ( 10.1007/978-3-031-33187-9_65 )
• Goonetillake, J. F., Ren, G., Li, H. and Yao, J. 2023. A prototype tool to embed digital exchange information requirements in construction projects . Presented at: EG ICE 2023, UCL London, 3-7 July 2023.
• Xiang, L., Li, G. and Li, H. 2023. Automatic generation of structural models from BIM models using semantics and machine learning . Presented at: EG ICE 2023, UCL London, 3-7 July 2023.
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• Petri, I. et al. 2014. Cloud supported building data analytics . Presented at: 2014 14th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing (CCGrid), Chicago, IL, USA, 26-29 May 2014 Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing (CCGrid), 2014 14th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on . IEEE pp. 641-650.
• Dibley, M. J., Li, H., Rezgui, Y. and Miles, J. C. 2013. Software agent reasoning supporting non-intrusive building space usage monitoring . Computers in Industry 64(6), pp. 678-693. ( 10.1016/j.compind.2013.03.008 )
• Li, H., Rezgui, Y. and Rana, O. F. 2013. Editorial for special issue: Cloud computing and distributed data management in the AEC - architecture, engineering and construction industry [Editorial] . Advanced Engineering Informatics 27(2), pp. 158-159. ( 10.1016/j.aei.2013.04.002 )
• Wang, B., Li, H. and Rezgui, Y. 2013. Intelligent Building Emergency Management Using Building Information Modelling and Game Engine . ICIC Express Letters - An International Journal of Research and Surveys 7(3(B)), pp. 1017-1023.
• Alqahtany, A. M., Rezgui, Y. and Li, H. 2013. A proposed model for sustainable urban planning development for environmentally friendly communities . Architectural Engineering and Design Management 9(3), pp. 176-194. ( 10.1080/17452007.2012.738042 )
• Beach, T. H., Kasim, T., Li, H., Nisbet, N. and Rezgui, Y. 2013. Towards automated compliance checking in the construction industry . Presented at: DEXA 2013: International Conference on Database and Expert Systems Applications, Prague, Czech Republic, 26-29 August 2013 Presented at Decker, H. et al. eds. Database and Expert Systems Applications: 24th International Conference, DEXA 2013, Prague, Czech Republic, August 26-29, 2013. Proceedings, Part I , Vol. 8055. Springer pp. 366-380., ( 10.1007/978-3-642-40285-2_32 )
• Alshehri, S., Rezgui, Y. and Li, H. 2013. Community resilience factors to disaster in Saudi Arabia: The case of Makkah Province . In: Brebbla, C. A. ed. Disaster Management and Human Health Risk III: Reducing Risk, Improving Outcomes . WIT Transactions on the Built Environment Vol. 133. Southampton: WIT Press, pp. 359-368., ( 10.2495/DMAN130321 )
• Dibley, M. J., Li, H., Rezgui, Y. and Miles, J. C. 2012. An ontology framework for intelligent sensor-based building monitoring . Automation in Construction 28, pp. 1-14. ( 10.1016/j.autcon.2012.05.018 )
• Dibley, M., Li, H., Rezgui, Y. and Miles, J. 2012. Cost effective and scalable sensor network for intelligent building monitoring . International Journal of Innovative Computing, Information and Control 8(12), pp. 8415-8433.
• Meesapawong, P., Rezgui, Y. and Li, H. 2012. The AHP-based decision making on innovation trajectories in public research and development organisations . Presented at: IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Hong Kong, China, 10-13 December 2012. IEEE
• Wang, B., Li, H. and Rezgui, Y. 2012. Intelligent building emergency management using building information modelling and game engine . Presented at: The Seventh International Conference on Innovative Computing, Information and Control (ICICIC2012), the Fifth International Symposium on Intelligent Informatics (ISII2012), Shanghai, China, 4-6 November 2012.
• Meesapawong, P., Rezgui, Y. and Li, H. 2012. Assessing value-based plans in public R&D using the analytic hierarchy process . Presented at: PRO-VE 12: 13th IFIP Working Conference on Virtual Enterprises, Bournemouth, UK, 1-3 October 2012 Presented at Camarinha-Matos, L. M., Xu, L. and Afsarmanesh, H. eds. Collaborative Networks in the Internet of Services . IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology Vol. 380. Berlin: Springer pp. 310-317., ( 10.1007/978-3-642-32775-9_32 )
• Dibley, M. J., Li, H., Rezgui, Y., Miles, J. C. and Wang, B. 2012. Multi-agent system for real time building monitoring . Presented at: EG-ICE 2012, Munich, Germany, 4-6 July 2012.
• Kasim, T., Li, H. and Rezgui, Y. 2012. BREEAM: Based Dynamic Sustainable Building Design Assessment . Presented at: EG-ICE 2012, Munich, Germany, 4- 6 July 2012.
• Alshehri, S. A., Rezgui, Y. and Li, H. 2012. Public perception of the risk of disasters in a developing economy: The case of Saudi Arabia . Natural Hazards 65(3), pp. 1813-1830. ( 10.1007/s11069-012-0445-5 )
• Li, H., De Wilde, P. and Rafiq, Y. 2011. A methodology of using High Power Computing for building energy simulation . Presented at: EG-ICE 2011, University of Twente, Netherlands, 6- 8 July 2011.
• Dibley, M. J., Li, H., Miles, J. C. and Rezgui, Y. 2011. Towards intelligent agent based software for buildings related decision support . Advanced Engineering Informatics 25(2), pp. 311-329. ( 10.1016/j.aei.2010.11.002 )
• Hopfe, C. et al. eds. 2010. Natural Language Processing and Information Systems: 15th International Conference on Applications of Natural Language to Information Systems, Cardiff, UK, June 2010, proceedings . Lecture Notes in Computer Science / Information Systems and Applications Vol. 6177. Berlin: Springer.
• Rezgui, Y., Wilson, I. E. and Li, H. 2010. Promoting sustainability awareness through energy engaged virtual communities of construction stakeholders . Presented at: 11th IFIP WG 5.5 Working Conference on Virtual Enterprises, PRO-VE, St. Etienne, France, 11-13 October 2010 Presented at Camarinha-Matos, L., Boucher, X. and Afsarmanesh, H. eds. Collaborative Networks for a Sustainable World . IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology Vol. 336. Berlin: Springer-Verlag pp. 142-148., ( 10.1007/978-3-642-15961-9_16 )
• Li, H., Rezgui, Y., Miles, J. C. and Wilson, I. 2010. Low carbon ontology development using information retrieval techniques . Presented at: European Conference on Product and Process Modelling 2010, Cork, Republic of IReland, 14-16 September 2010 Presented at Menzel, K. and Scherer, R. J. eds. eWork and eBusiness in architecture, engineering and construction . London: Taylor and Francis pp. 215-221., ( 10.1201/b10527-37 )
• Meesapawong, P., Rezgui, Y. and Li, H. 2010. Perceiving societal value as the core of innovation management in public research and development organizations . Presented at: 5th IEEE International Conference on Management of Innovation and Technology, Singapore, 2-5 June 2010 The 5th IEEE International Conference on Management of Innovation and Technology . Piscataway, N.J.: IEEE pp. 312-317., ( 10.1109/ICMIT.2010.5492708978-1-4244-6565-1 )
• Dibley, M., Li, H., Miles, J. C. and Rezgui, Y. 2010. The application of intelligent agency in a software model for buildings . Presented at: EG-ICE 2010 - 17th International Workshop on Intelligent Computing in Engineering, Nottingham, UK, 30 Jun - 2 Jul 2010 Proceedings of The XVII Workshop for Intelligent Computing in Engineering . Nottingham University Press
• Dibley, M. J., Li, H., Miles, J. C. and Rezgui, Y. 2010. The application of intelligent agency in a software model for buildings . Presented at: EG-ICE 2010 - 17th International Workshop on Intelligent Computing in Engineering, Nottingham, UK, 30 Jun - 2 Jul 2010.
• Dibley, M. J., Li, H., Miles, J. and Rezgui, Y. 2009. Towards a synchronized semantic model to support aspects of building management . Presented at: IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics, Cardiff, UK, 23-26 June 2009 INDIN 2009 7th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics, 2009 . Piscataway, N.J.: IEEE pp. 307-312., ( 10.1109/INDIN.2009.5195822 )
• Li, H., Miles, J. C., Stevenson, G. and Poulter, R. 2008. Web enabled 3D collaborative conceptual design and facility management . Presented at: Intelligent Computing in Engineering (ICE08), Plymouth, UK, 2-4 July 2008 Presented at Rafiq, Y. and Sternad, M. eds. Intelligent Computing in Engineering 2008 conference . Plymouth: American Society of Civil Engineers pp. 250-259.

Book sections

Conferences.

COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING AI GROUP I am the Group Head for Computational Mechanics and Engineering AI (CMAI) in Cardiff Engineering School. CMAI has established their international stands on developing next generation smart computational engineering solutions to enable the digital transformation for built environment. CMAI’s physics and mechanics informed Engineering AI, which is data-driven, enabling smart materials, structure and digital twin development, aligns well with major funding priorities. The research substantializes domain-oriented AI algorithms, to make a breakthrough towards generic, responsible and explainable AI, to enable human-centered digitalization for the built environment.

CMAI focuses on three main areas:  

• Computational models for advanced smart materials 
• Computational models for advanced structures and meta-structures 
• Advanced BIM and Physics informed Digital Twins 

The first one, in short, Smart Materials, involves state of the art topics such as modelling of micro- and nano-structured materials and composites, electroactive materials, biological materials (*), quasicrystals (*) and architected meta-materials (*), which means we can produce bespoke manmade new materials to help achieving net-zero sustainable built environment.  

Regarding the second, in short, Smart Structures, the topics are composite aerospace structures, finite elements method for multiscale problems (*), robust aircraft design optimisation, uncertainty quantification and management in engineering applications (*), smoothed-particle hydrodynamics for modelling flow of particulate composites, modelling of meta-structures for elastic waves (*), structural dynamics (*), dynamical systems, elastic waves propagation and absorption (*), structural optimization, topological mechanics (*), which means we can understand and produce novel and sustainable structural at all scales to help achieving long lasting and sustainable built environment. 

The third area, Digital Twins,  focuses on the pioneering physics informed data driven engineering AI and their applied smart engineering applications,  including Symbolic Mathematics, Game Playing, Neutral Networks, Expert Systems, Fuzzy Logic, Robotics and Natural Language Processing (*); multi-dimensional BIM data, information and knowledge processing (*); Large scale smart engineering computing, data analytics and optimization (*); and Knowledge based / cognitive modelling and artificial intelligence supported holistic decision making (*), which means we can understand super complex engineering issues and produce holistic and systems approach to enable human centred digitalization.  

In all those topics the group is present at a level recognised as at least internationally excellent. Those indicated with the (*) are trendy topics that are attracting most of the attention of the world-leading research centres. 

RESEARCH PROJECTS 

Prof. Haijiang Li has been playing the leading role for promoting BIM research, teaching & training in Cardiff since 2006. BIM has been enabling a revolutionary way of working for the worldwide construction industry since it was first coined in 2003. It now triggers a worldwide tipping point to completely transform the oldest while still with the lowest productivity construction industry. At present, there are urgent demands for BIM graduates at all levels from UK & worldwide in AEC (Architecture, Engineering and Construction) industry. 

In 2018, Prof. Li developed a MSc programme - BIM for Smart Engineering  to welcome master students all over the world who are interested in BIM in Engineering. The programme has put Cardiff into the front tier for BIM training and education in UK and worldwide. Module Leader for three BIM core modules: BIM Computing and Information Processing (ENT516) Building and Infrastructure Information Modelling (ENT768) Building and Infrastructure Information Modelling (EN4308)

Other modules involved: Integrated Building/Infrastructure Design (ENT510 & EN4102) Engineering Case Study (ENT725) Dissertation (Civil, Structural, Geo-environmental, Water) (ENT509)

Supervisions

OPPORTUNITIES...  PhD research scholarships - Study - Cardiff University

There are several research associate / assistant roles and several fully funded PhD scholarships available (from industry / China Scholarship Council) for applications in the area of BIM supported Smart Engineering. If you are interested, email  [email protected] , and application link is - click to submit your PhD application

Research Assisstants/Associates/Fellows (15)     

• Guanyu Xiong - BIM and Digital Twins in support of Smart Bridge Structural Surveying
• Ali Khudihair - Smart Structural Health Minitoring for critical structures
• Alex Bradley - IFC Ports & Waterways Standard and Platform Development 
• Alan Rawdin - AutoBIM - BIM processes automation 
• Guoqian Ren - Digital Twins - for Cities and Harbours Project
• Kai Zhao - Physics-informed AI Digital Twins supported Smart Bridge Structural Safety (completed)
• Tom Bower - MetaBIM - Smart BIM Certification Project (completed)
• Ioan Petri - SCRIPT & SPORTE2 Projects (completed)
• Baris Yuce - SPORTE2 Project (completed)
• Tom Beach - REGBIM Project (completed)
• Jean-Laurent Hippolyte - RESILIENT Project (completed)
• Yang Liu - WANDA Project (completed)
• Wanqing Zhao - REACH Project (completed)
• Michael Dibley- KNOWHOIEM Project (completed)
• Ian Wilson - SCRIPT Project (completed)

PhD Researchers

• Multi-time scale planning based on multi-autonomous agent systems, Yujia Zhao (2024)
• Intelligent real-time monitoring and early warning system for underground engineering based on cloud platform technology, YAN HongChuan (2023.9)
• Seismic performance indices of double-column piers for evaluating post-earthquake reparability of bridges based on digital twin, DENG HaiRong (2023.9)
• Real-time risk assessment of bridge system based on data-knowledge-driven method, LIU JiuCai (2023.9)
• Micro-services based Digital Twin supporting smart bridge maintenance, CHAI Chengzhang (2023.1)
• Damage identification and maintenance decision optimization of bridges based on Digital Twin, YANG Siyao (2023)
• Self-compact concrete experimentatino and machine learning, Abdulaziz Omar F Aldawish (2023.1)
• BIM4H&E: Using BIM to enhance construction safety GAO Shang (2023)
• Connected Digital Twins And Explainable Ai Supporting Collaborative Emergency Response, CHEN Kehong (2022.10)
• Mechanics informed Digital Twins for bridge design and maintenance, SONG Honghong (2022)
• Ontological BIM supporting smart bridge design and analysis, JIANG Yali (2022)
• Smart building Energy, Oguzhan Gulaydin (2022.1)
• Smart Compliance Checking based on NLP and LLM, LIU Xiaoyu (2022.1)
• IoTs for Digital bridge Infrastructure surveying, XIONG Guanyu (2021.1)
• Machine learning supproted self-compact concrete performance prediction, CUI Tianyi (2021.1)
• Knowledge-based AI to supporting parametric railway tunnel design and optimization, LING Jiaxin (2021-2022) 
• Overheating risk reduction in UK buildings, Mousa Alrasheed (2020.10)
• BIM & Digital Twins for smart bridge asset management, GAO Yan (2020.1)
• MetaBIM – smart BIM compliance Checking and supporting platform development, ZHU Xiaofeng (2020.1)
• Theoretical framework on Information Processing, AN Yi (2019.10)
• BIMChain - BIM & Blockchain, ARTHUR Steven (2019)
• Ontology modelling for road maintenance, ZHANG Rujie, 2019-2020
• Holistic design for Pile system, MENG Kun, 2019-2020
• BIM4QA - Governance Framework Supporting Multi-facet Project and Organization Quality Assurance RAWDIN Alan, 2018-2022
• BIM Supported Smart Manufacturing for Construction Digitalization, SU Tengxiang, 2018-2022
• Holistic design based on knowledge processing and surrogate modelling, KHUDHAIR Ali, 2018-2022
• Machine learning and Knowledge engineering in support of comprehensive comfort building design, BIE Sisi, 2017
• BIM supported Sustainable Structure Design, ZHANG Jisong, 2017-2018
• Data governance network for life cycle BIM execution, Mohamed Binesmael 2017-2022
• Resilient and sustainable urban infrastructures CERE Giulia, 2016-2020
• Zero carbon housing in Iraq SHALLAL Balsam Alwan, 2015-2019
• Govern-BIM: BIM execution governance across lifecycle and supply chains, GOONETILLAKE Jaliya, 2015-2019
• BIM based Collective Decision Support for Value for money evaluation in PPP, REN Guoqian,2015-2019
• Governance and assessment framework for BIM based highway asset management, LAMB Simon, 2015-2021  
• Knowledge mining for holistic design decision making by leveraging information models for crowd behaviour analysis, BOJE Calin, 2014-2018 
• Ontological representations for integrated smart cities modelling & data analytics HOWELL Shaun, 2013-17
• The Development of Urban Sustainability Assessment Framework for Iraqi cities AMEEN Raed, 2013-17
• Dynamic Cloud computing platform development for engineering optimization LI Zhaojun, 2013-2014
• Infrastructure-BIM: A Contractor’s perspective of Infrastructure Information Modelling, BRADLEY Alex, 2013-18
• A Proposed Framework for Resilience to Biological Disasters; The Case of Mers-COV Threat in Transient Mass Gathering Event ALSHEHRI Saud, 2012-2016
• BIM based combined optimization and reasoning for smart building and district energy management JAYAN Bejay, 2012-2016
• HPC / Cloud computing based engineering optimization YANG Chunfeng, 2012-2014
• BIM for structural Engineering, Scott Knight (2012)
• A Consensus-based Framework for The Sustainable Urban Planning Development of The City of Riyadh ALI Alqahtany, 2011-2015
• End User Oriented BIM Enabled Multi-Functional Virtual Environment Supporting Building Emergency Planning and Evacuation WANG Bin, 2011-2015
• BIM-Based Smart Compliance Checking to Enhance Environmental Sustainability KASIM Tala, 2011-2014
• A Strategic Decision-Making Framework for Organisational BIM Implementation CHEN keyu, 2011-2015
• BIM based holistic approach for multi-objective integrated design using ontology HOU Shangjie, 2011-2015
• Managing Innovation in Public Research and Development Organisations Using A Combined Delphi And Analytical Hierarchy Process Approach MEESAPAWONG Pawadee, 2009-2013
• A Comparative Study of Operating Theatre Management Systems, AL OJAIMI Abdulkarim, 2009-2012
• Digital building - From conceptual design through to life-long management DIBLEY Michael, 2007-2011

BIM MSc (63)

Current supervision

Chengzhang Chai

Graduate Demonstrator

Research student

Xiaofeng Zhu

Kehong Chen

Tengxiang Su

Ktp Associate

Honghong Song

Alan Rawdin

Mousa Al-Rasheed

Oguzhan Gulaydin

Abdulaziz Aldawish

Tommy Gillard

External profiles.

• BIM for Smart Engineering

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Towards a contemporary social care ‘prevention narrative’ of principled complexity: an integrative literature review

Prevention has become increasingly central in social care policy and commissioning strategies within the United Kingdom (UK). Commonly there is reliance on understandings borrowed from the sphere of public health, leaning on a prevention discourse characterised by the 'upstream and downstream' metaphor. Whilst framing both structural factors and responses to individual circumstances, the public health approach nonetheless suggests linearity in a cause and effect relationship. Social care and illness follow many trajectories and this conceptualisation of prevention may limit its effectiveness and scope in social care. Undertaken as part of a commissioned evaluation of the Social Services and Wellbeing Act (2014) Wales, a systematic integrative review was conducted to establish the key current debates within prevention work, and how prevention is conceptually framed, implemented and evaluated within the social care context. The databases Scopus, ASSIA, CINAHL and Social Care Online were initially searched in September 2019 resulting in 52 documents being incorporated for analysis. A further re-run of searches was run in March 2021, identifying a further 14 documents, thereby creating a total of 66. Predominantly, these were journal articles or research reports (n = 53), with the remainder guidance or strategy documents, briefings or process evaluations (n = 13). These were categorised by their primary theme and focus, as well as document format and research method before undergoing thematic analysis. This highlighted the continued prominence of three-tiered, linear public health narratives in the framing of prevention for social care, with prevention work often categorised and enacted with inconsistency. Common drivers for prevention activity continue to be cost reduction and reduced dependence on the care system in the future. Through exploring prevention for older people and caregivers, we argue for an approach to prevention aligning with the complexities of the social world surrounding it. Building on developments in complexity theory in social science and healthcare, we offer an alternative view of social care prevention guided by principles rooted in the everyday realities of communities, service users and caregivers.

Cited times time in Google Scholar . View in Google Scholar

Cited times time in Web of Science . View in Web of Science .

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Literature Reviews

• What is a Literature Review?
• Steps for Creating a Literature Review
• Providing Evidence / Critical Analysis
• Challenges when writing a Literature Review
• Systematic Literature Reviews

Structuring Literature Reviews

Structuring/writing a literature review.

There are several common approaches when structuring a literature review:

• Chronological: This approach traces the development of the topic over time, analyzing patterns and key debates that have shaped the field.
• Thematic: Organizing the review around recurring central themes or aspects of the topic. For example, a review on migrant health outcomes might be divided into subsections on healthcare policy, language barriers, cultural attitudes, etc..
• Methodological: This structure compares results and conclusions from different research approaches, such as qualitative vs. quantitative studies or empirical vs. theoretical scholarship.
• Theoretical : This approach discusses various theories, models, and definitions of key concepts related to the topic.
• Funnel approach: Moving from broad to specific, this structure starts with the wider context and gradually narrows down to the specific focus of your research.

Regardless of the chosen structure, a literature review typically includes:

• An introduction that outlines the purpose and scope of the review.
• A main body that presents, analyzes, and synthesizes the existing research.
• A conclusion that summarizes key findings and identifies gaps or areas for future research.

When grouping literature into subsections or themes, it's important to:

• Identify patterns and connections between different sources.
• Critically evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of existing research.
• Highlight controversies or debates within the field.
• Show how your research relates to or addresses gaps in the existing literature.

The best structure depends on your specific topic and goals. Generally, you want to group related studies together and present information in a logical flow, moving from broad to narrow focus. Use clear topic sentences and transitions between sections to guide the reader. It's important to synthesize findings across studies rather than just summarizing each one. Critically analyze the literature to identify key themes, debates, and gaps. Your own voice and analysis should come through as you evaluate the existing research. Remember to keep the focus on how the literature relates to your research questions or objectives. The structure should help tell the "story" of the current state of knowledge and how your work fits in.

Academics often use an "hour-glass structure" to describe the relationship between a literature review and a discussion section, with the review beginning broad, then focusing on the influence of previous research.

In your literature review, focus on relevant research that helps you understand your own investigation. Avoid referencing everything in the same depth, and prioritize recent studies. Older, dated studies should be highlighted briefly before discussing more accurate methods. This helps refine your understanding of wider issues and identify relevant research for your investigation.

Brown University Library (2024) Organizing and creating information . Available at: https://libguides.brown.edu/organize/litreview (Accessed: 31 July 2024).

Newcastle University (2024) Structuring the literature review . Available at: https://www.ncl.ac.uk/mediav8/academic-skills-kit/file-downloads/Structuring%20a%20literature%20review.pdf (Accessed: 31 July 2024).

Royal Literary Fund (2024)  The structure of a literature review. Available at:  https://www.rlf.org.uk/resources/the-structure-of-a-literature-review/ (Accessed 23 July 2024).

University of Westminster (2024) Literature reviews: structure . Available at: https://libguides.westminster.ac.uk/literature-reviews/structure (Accessed: 31 July 2024).

Further Reading:

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English Literature BA (Hons)

Want to know what it's like to study this course at uni? We've got all the key info, from entry requirements to the modules on offer. If that all sounds good, why not check out reviews from real students or even book onto an upcoming open days ?

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Bachelor of Arts (with Honours) - BA (Hons)

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English literature at Cardiff has long enjoyed an international reputation for its teaching and research. Our dynamic, flexible degree programme allows you to study literature from different periods and cultures, and across the range of principal literary genres. You will not be restricted to studying the printed word: we are intrigued by the connections between literature and film, art, history, technology, language, and everyday life, and our teaching reflects these interests. You will learn how literature addresses social, environmental, and economic concerns with the aim of creating a better, more inclusive world and developing sustainable solutions for the future of the planet.We are also interested in the relationship between the critical and the creative, and you will have the option to try your hand at creative writing.You will be taught by leading researchers in English literature in modules that work at the cutting edge of the discipline. The focus throughout the degree is on your becoming a careful and informed reader and writer who can communicate precisely, stylishly, and effectively. You will become a versatile, highly employable researcher who is both critically independent and collaborative.

Choose from modules across a range of periods and genres.·

Learn how literature addresses social, environmental, and economic concerns with the aim of creating a better, more inclusive world.·

Develop in-demand employability skills, enhancing your career prospects in a wide range of fields.·

Opportunities to study abroad in Europe and beyond, fostering independence and resilience.·

Develop employability skills and experience in presenting your ideas in speech and writing.

Literature in English

Average salary, £18,000, what students say.

student rooms are quiet and easy to book, help is always given when asked. it can be improved by more compulsory.. Read more

Great location library’s so close. Good library facilities. Good writing support however not always availability with the writing support team as it gets booked up quickly.. Read more

Modules (Year 1)

Modules (year 2), modules (year 3).

ABB - AAB Grades / Points required

Extended Project:

A Grades / Points required

International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme:

32 - 34 Grades / Points required

Pearson BTEC Level 3 National Extended Diploma (first teaching from September 2016):

Not currently available, please contact university for up to date information.

Welsh Baccalaureate - Advanced Skills Challenge Certificate (first teaching September 2015):

including Creative Writing, English Language and Literature, or English Literature.

For applicants taking the EPQ qualification, an A in the EPQ can be recognised to lower the entry requirements by a single grade. For example, an AAB offer would be "AAB from 3 A-levels or ABB from 3 A-levels and a grade A in the EPQ". Please note that any subject specific requirements must be met.

34-32 overall or 666-665 in 3 HL subjects. Must include grade 6 in HL English Language and Literature, English Literature, or English Literature and Performance.

DD in a BTEC Diploma in Humanities and Social Science subjects, and grade B in A-level Creative Writing, English Language and Literature, or English Literature.

Acceptance of T Levels for this programme will be considered on a case-by-case basis by the Academic School. Consideration will be given to the T Level grade/subject and grades/subjects achieved at GCSE/Level 2.

The Welsh Baccalaureate Skills Challenge Certificate will be accepted in place of one A-level at the A-level grades specified, excluding any subject specific requirements.

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£22,700 per year

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Create an impactful CV that is tailored, structured and relevant.

A CV (curriculum vitae) is a document, typically 2 sides of A4, used to apply for jobs, work experience and postgraduate courses, that outlines your education, work experience and skills. We recommend looking at your CV not simply as a factual overview of what you’ve done but more as a marketing tool with a clear purpose – to promote your suitability for the specific position you have applied for. As such, it’s really important that you invest time and effort into writing your CV, ensuring that it really showcases your potential and is appropriately tailored to each opportunity.

Please note that advice within this page applies to the UK – CV conventions vary all round the world. If you are a current Cardiff University student, you can access the GoinGlobal platform for CV templates for different countries.

Types of CV

Chevron right chronological cv.

A chronological CV is arguably the most traditional and commonly used CV. Information is simply presented in reverse-chronological order so within each section, your most recent education, work experience, achievements etc come first and then the oldest last. Education is usually the first section, followed by experience, skills and interests.

It's best to use a chronological CV when you have experience that is relevant to what you're applying for or when you're applying for a role or opportunity that is in the same field as your degree subject.

Chevron right Skills-based CV

A skills-based CV is very similar to a chronological CV but the key difference is that it places more emphasis on your  skills. 

If you are applying for a role where you don't have relevant experience or a role that is in a different field to your degree subject, then a skills-based CV is more suitable for you . Focus on evidencing the key skills needed for the role - as a result, your skills section will be longer than in a chronological CV and will likely be included before other sections.

Chevron right Creative CV

In some industries, your CV is also an opportunity to visually showcase your creativity, as well as your digital, design and branding skills.

Creative CVs are becoming increasingly common in the following roles:

• Media - including producers, script writers, film makers, photographers and engineers
• Content writers and journalists
• Digital advertising, public relations, sales and marketing
• Architecture
• IT roles - including web development and design, information architecture, UX design and front end development
• Apparel specialists - including stylists, garment technologists, visual merchandisers and fashion marketers
• Designers - fashion, textiles, 3D and interior
• Illustrators and animators
• Artists, makers and performers

Consider how appropriate a non-traditional CV would be for your chosen sector and the specific employer you are applying to. A highly visual, creative CV might impress an illustration company or a digital advertising agency but could seriously put off a law firm!

Use resources such as CV Parade , Guru , the Guardian and the Creative CV Guide to inspire your creative CV.

Chevron right Academic CV

An academic CV is used to apply for positions in academia  after  completion of a PhD.

It will likely be longer than a CV used to apply for most other positions - up to 4 pages is fine for an academic CV, but entirely unsuitable for most job roles. An academic CV will place more emphasis on research, academic and teaching experiences and could have additional sections such as teaching experience, research experience, publications, conferences and funding, prizes and scholarships. It's also a good idea to include your references within your academic CV, especially as they are likely fellow academics in your chosen field.

Vitae has excellent advice on creating academic CVs.

Chevron right Video CV

To stand out from the crowd, you may choose to submit a video CV alongside your application in order to apply for a role. It is a short video that outlines your suitability for the position, whilst also showing the employer your personality.

As with creative CVs, you should consider how appropriate a video CV is for the type of role you are applying for. It will be more suited to creative and customer-facing roles for example.

Read Prospects' and Indeed's advice on creating a video CV.

What to include in your CV

Your CV is likely to include the following information:

• Personal details – provide your name, phone number and email address. You may also want to include a link to your LinkedIn profile or other relevant online profiles showcasing your skills and work. You don’t have to include your address, date of birth or photo
• Education – include your GCSEs (or equivalent), A levels (or equivalent) and current degree. For qualifications gained outside of the UK, it can be helpful to mention within your CV what UK qualification level it is equivalent to
• Employment and work experience – provide details of any jobs and work experience you have undertaken or are currently doing. Highlight achievements, as well as duties and responsibilities
• Skills – provide examples of where you have developed the skills needed for the specific role. Use the role description to help you do this
• Interests – employers are keen to understand who you are outside of work, so include examples of hobbies and interests, and explain how these have helped you to develop qualities and skills relevant to the role and employer
• References – it is common to simply state ‘References available on request’ at the bottom of your CV but you might choose to provide their details (name, job title and contact information) if they are prominent in your field (with their permission of course!)

Top tips for creating your CV

Remember the TLC acronym to create an effective CV:

• T –  Tailor  your CV
• L –  Format your CV with an effective  layout
• C –  Use  concise  language

Find out more about this below:

• Tailor your CV
• Use an effective layout
• Write concisely

Whilst we suggest developing a master template for your CV early on in your degree, you should always  tailor  it to the specific position you've applied for. An employer will be reviewing your CV with their specific requirements in mind so make it easy for them to see you've got the skills, experience and qualifications that they're looking for. Experienced recruiters can easily spot a generic, untailored CV, so make sure you give it the time and attention it deserves if you want to progress to the next stage of recruitment.

You can do this through:

• The language and wording you use -  include wording used in the role description
• How you present the information - present your CV in order of importance and make sure an employer sees relevant experiences first
• Including a personal profile - your personal profile should be a very focused summary highlighting how you are the right fit for the role and expressing a clear career goal (or goals) which align with the role
• Skills - provide clear examples of where you have demonstrated the specific skills the employer is looking for in a Skills section

Some employers also use  Applicant Tracking Software  (ATS), electronic software which scans your CV, usually alongside the requirements of the job. It will be detecting how good a fit you are for the role, based on the information provided in your CV. In either case, whether it's a human recruiter or ATS system, it's vitally important your CV is well tailored to the role.

Your CV should be easy for an employer to scan quickly as you may only have a matter of seconds to make a good impression. A CV with a clear and effective layout makes it easy for the employer to read and process the most relevant information.

• Aim for  2 sides of A4,  no more (unless you are using an academic CV). You could use 1 side of A4 if an employer requests it or if you don't have much experience yet
• Use a clear template, like one of the ones we have included below. Simple formatting is better, unless you are applying for an industry where your CV template is an opportunity to showcase design skills (see our advice on creative CVs above). When using a template, be sure to personalise all information
• Use a simple font and aim for a font size no greater than 11
• Avoid tables - they are hard to follow and are hard to process by ATS systems
• Use bullet points to break up sentences, so employers don't have chunky paragraphs of text to read through

Use positive and active language to save space and highlight your achievements and impact. Do this by starting sentences with verbs (such as developed, analysed, created, reported, investigated, implemented, changed and achieved). It is common to write your CV without any  personal pronouns  - for example, instead of saying ' I developed  my  research skills by conducting a thorough literature review', you could write 'Developed excellent research skills by conducting a thorough literature review.'

As with all applications, make sure your CV has no spelling or grammar mistakes!

Use the CV templates and examples below for inspiration for your CV, but remember your CV is your own document! Change all wording and adapt the template to work for you.

Get feedback on your CV

• Use our online CV checker  to get feedback on your CV, which you can access as a Cardiff University student and recent graduate
• Book a careers appointment via your Student Futures Account for feedback on your CV

Common CV queries

Chevron right what if i don't have much experience to include in my cv.

Don't worry! This is common, especially if you are in the earlier stages of your degree. Remember university is a great time to gain experiences which will help you develop important skills, as well as build your CV. It's also vital for competitive roles, such as internships and graduate jobs. Read our advice on how to develop skills whilst at university, as well as how to get work experience , and consider joining the Cardiff Award to enhance your employability. In the meantime, consider using a skills-based CV,  where you can expand on the skills you have gained through your degree and interests, while you gain further experience.

Chevron right How do I deal with gaps in my CV?

It's important not to leave anything to doubt in your CV - make sure there aren't gaps or that any gaps are explained and in as positive a way as possible. Don't worry about summer holidays and small periods of time between different education courses, for example, from finishing your A levels to starting your university degree - these aren't considered gaps! We have additional advice about this if you have a gap on your CV due to a disability or a health condition .

Chevron right How can I tailor my CV if there isn't much information in the role description or advert?

Sometimes you don't get much information about a role to help you tailor your CV. Use the job profiles on websites like Prospects and TargetJobs to give you an idea of the skills often required for that role. You could also look up similar roles on jobs websites and see what other adverts say about what is required.

Further resources

Use the below resources to explore this topic further:

• Prospects advice on how to write a CV and how to write an impactful personal profile at the top of your CV
• TargetJobs detailed guide to creating a CV

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Last updated: 06/08/2024 16:30

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