freedom of religion in malaysia essay

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Freedom of religion in malaysia: debates on norms and politico - legal issues.

Abdul Hamed Shah, Dian Diana and Mohd Sani, Mohd Azizuddin (2011) Freedom of religion in Malaysia: Debates on norms and politico - Legal issues. In: Breaking the silence. Human Rights in Southeast Asia 1 . Southeast Asian Human Rights Studies Network (SEAHRN), Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 75-101. ISBN 978-974-11-1567-9

Malaysia takes great pride in being a melting pot of different cultures, races and religions, co-existing under the purportedly “moderate Islamic nation” model. Yet, populations remain divided along racial and religious lines. Race and religion are not only politically salient; they are also jealously guarded to protect inter-ethnic sensitivities. Nevertheless, the vibrant development of human rights awareness and advocacy introduced an additional element into the dynamics of pluralism in Malaysia. Human rights have become standard talking points even amongst those in the vanguard of cultural, political, and religious conservatism. In Malaysia, cases invoking the right to religious freedom in the past decade have garnered widespread attention and caused considerable public uproar in the Muslim-majority nation. They involve (though not limited to) apostasy, child conversions, and persecution against non-mainstream religious doctrines. These cases raise pertinent questions about the parameters of religious freedom for Muslims and non-Muslims alike, especially when pitted against particular religious rules, societal norms, as well as the bigger idea of collective social responsibility and national stability. This paper offers a critical insight into the fundamental right to religious freedom in Malaysia. It examines several controversial cases which tackle the essential question of whether the Malaysian conception and practice of religious freedom is consistent with international human rights standards and entrenched constitutional rights. This paper demonstrates that while religious freedom is constitutionally guaranteed in Malaysia, there are other significant political, legal, and social dimensions to its exercise. It is hoped that this piece will prompt further discourses in drawing an acceptable idea of religious freedom informed by universal views of human rights, whilst maintaining aspects of common cultural values.

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Malaysia, a Multi-ethnic and Multi-religious Country

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Published: Nov 7, 2018

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Freedom of religion, article 12(4) of the federation constitution, conversion of minor in malaysia.

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• > Freedom of Religion in Malaysia
• > Freedom of Religion in Malaysia: The Situation and Attitudes of “Deviant” Muslim Groups

Book contents

• Frontmatter
• Freedom of Religion in Malaysia: The Situation and Attitudes of “Deviant” Muslim Groups
• Acknowledgement

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 June 2023

INTRODUCTION

In Malaysia, Islam is often regarded as the religion of the federation. However, it should be noted that the 1957 Report of the Federation of Malaya Constitutional Commission, also known as the Reid Commission Report 1957, clearly states that:

we have considered the question whether there should be any statement in the Constitution to the effect that Islam should be the State religion. There was universal agreement that if any such provision were inserted it must be made clear that it would not in any way affect the civil rights of non-Muslims. In the memorandum submitted by the Alliance it was stated the religion of Malaysia shall be Islam. The observance of this principle shall not impose any disability on non-Muslim nationals professing and practising their own religions and shall not imply that the State is not a secular State. There is nothing in the draft Constitution to affect the continuance of the present position in the States with regard to recognition of Islam or to prevent the recognition of Islam in the Federation by legislation or otherwise in any respect which does not prejudice the civil rights of individual non-Muslims (1957, p. 75).

The White Paper of the report further emphasizes:

and we recommend that freedom of religion should be guaranteed to every person including the right to profess, practise and propagate his religion subject to the requirements of public order, health and morality, and that, subject also to these requirements, each religious group should have the right to manage its own affair, to maintain religious or charitable institutions including schools, and to hold property for these purposes. We also recommend provisions against discrimination by law on the ground of religion, race, descent, or place of birth and discrimination on those grounds by any Government or public authority in making appointments or contracts or permitting entry to any educational institutions, or granting financial aid in respect of pupils or students (ibid, p. 72).

Article 3(1) of the Federal Constitution states that “Islam is the religion of the Federation; but other religions may be practised in peace and harmony in any part of the Federation” (Laws of Malaysia Federal Constitution 1957, p. 11).

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Apostasy and Freedom of Religion in Malaysia

Joshua Neoh, ‘Apostasy and Freedom of Religion in Malaysia’, in Paul Babie, Neville Rochow and Brett Scharffs (eds), Freedom of Religion or Belief: Creating the Constitutional Space for Fundamental Freedoms (Edward Elgar Press, 2020)

24 Pages Posted: 11 May 2020

Joshua Neoh

Australian National University

Date Written: May 3, 2020

This paper will argue that the constitutional space for the freedom of religion in Malaysia is best carved out by drawing on constitutional law, international law and the common law. The governing principles in the constitutional space should be drawn from the constitutional text, read in the light of international law norms and internal common law values. Art 11 of the Malaysian Constitution states, in direct and simple terms, that ‘every person has the right to profess and practise his religion’. There are many facets to the provision of art 11. This paper will focus only on the facet relating to the right of Muslims to convert out of Islam, or to use the more emotionally charged phrase, the right of Muslims to apostatize. Does the freedom to profess and practise one’s religion include the right to convert out of a religion? Following the case of Lina Joy v Islamic Religious Council [2007] 4 MLJ 585, the short answer is ‘no’, at least as far as Muslims are concerned. Art 11, as interpreted by the Federal Court, does not grant Muslims the right to convert out of Islam. While this is the binding ratio, the correctness of it is a different enquiry. To evaluate this decision, this paper will first look outward to the international law of human rights before looking inward to the common law tradition which is part of the Malaysian legal heritage. It will conclude by looking forward to the future. A more principled constitutional space will result in a more robust constitutional law for the protection of the freedom of religion.

Keywords: Constitutional Law, Common Law, International Law, Human Rights, Malaysia, Apostasy, Lina Joy, Islam, Art 3, Art 11, Freedom of Religion

Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation

Joshua Neoh (Contact Author)

Australian national university ( email ).

Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200 Australia

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Malaysia’s Constitutional Fundamentals – No. 1 of a Series of Essays by The Tun Hussein Onn Chair in International Studies

OUR CONSTITUTION – OUR DOCUMENT OF DESTINY

Emeritus Prof Datuk Dr Shad Saleem Faruqi Holder of the Tun Hussein Onn Chair Institute of Strategic and International Studies, Malaysia

More than other fields of law, a Constitution reflects the dreams, demands, values and vulnerabilities of the body-politic. A Constitution that will endure must not depart too far from the spirit of the people as well as their social and economic needs. At the same time – and herein lies the challenge- it must be transformative and hitch itself to the stars. 

THE CONSTITUTION: ITS MEANING AND SIGNIFICANCE

Constitutions are born to mark stages in progression towards self-government, to establish the foundations of a newly independent state or to start afresh after a revolutionary or ideological upheaval.

A Constitution is a body of fundamental law which describes the manner in which the state is organized, government carried on and justice administered. A Constitution is like a political architect’s master-plan for the nation. It provides the legal foundation on which the structure of the state rests.

A Constitution is the highest law of the land. It is the apex of the legal pyramid.  It is of superior legal validity to all other laws of the land whether passed by the Federal Parliament, State Assemblies or local authorities.

At the structural or organisational level, a Constitution creates the various branches and institutions of the state. It allocates powers and functions to the executive, [1] the legislature, [2] the judiciary [3] and other constitutional institutions like the Auditor-General, the Election Commission and the Attorney-General.

Besides creating the various organs of the state, the Constitution describes the powers and functions of these institutions. It also prescribes the procedures that must be followed when allocated powers are to be exercised.

The Constitution prescribes rules about the relationship of the various branches and institutions with each other and with the citizen.  For example, it describes the relationship between the Conference of Rulers and the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and the Prime Minister, [4] the PM and the Cabinet, the Cabinet and Parliament, the Dewan Rakyat and Dewan Negara, the political executive and the civil service.

At the political level, a Constitution concerns itself with the location of authority in the state. It tells us who can do what and subject to what procedure.

In the matter of human rights, the Constitution confers some basic rights on all citizens and imposes limits on state power to restrict these rights. Generally, the scheme of the Constitution is that officials of the state are not empowered to impose restrictions on human rights in their whims and fancies. The restrictions they impose must be derived from and permitted by the Constitution and laws. Human rights are inherent. It is power that needs legal justification.

In order to secure liberty and preserve the democratic ideal of “limited government” and yet at the same time to secure order and security, the Constitution (i) guarantees some human rights, (ii) specifies the permissible limits that may be imposed by law and (iii) provides remedies whenever rights are infringed. Every balanced Constitution seeks to provide for a government sufficiently strong and flexible to meet the needs of the nation, yet sufficiently limited to protect the rights of citizens. A Constitution provides a balance between society’s need for order and the individual’s right to freedom. The might of the state and the rights of the citizens are sought to be balanced. Controlling the government without crippling it is an important goal of constitutional law.

At the philosophical level, a Constitution supplies the fundamental or core values on which society is founded. These values are political, religious, moral, cultural and economic. They may be contained in a stirring preamble to the Constitution or may be implicit in the glittering generalities of the Constitution’s Articles.

BALANCING IDEALISM WITH REALISM

A Constitution is not just a legal document. It is linked with philosophy and politics.  It has as its backdrop the panorama of history, geography, economics and culture. A Constitution is the vehicle of the community’s legal and social life.

A Constitution mirrors societal realities : More than other fields of law, a Constitution reflects the dreams, demands, values and vulnerabilities of the body-politic. A Constitution that will endure must not depart too far from the values and spirit of the people and the social and economic needs of society.

A Constitution contains ideals and hopes : While reflecting social, political and economic realities, most Constitutions hitch themselves to the ideals and values of the age. Herein lies the great challenge: a Constitution must reflect the existentialist realties of society. At the same time it must be idealistic, aspirational and transformative.

A Constitution balances stability with change : A Constitution must contain within it seeds of change for a just, new social order. It must balance continuity and stability with the need for social change.

MAIN FEATURES OF OUR CONSTITUTION

Some of the features discussed below reflect the social, historical and economic realities of Malaya in 1957 and 1963. However, other features were imports from abroad and reflected contemporary ideals of constitutionalism, rule of law, social justice and good governance.

Supremacy of the Federal Constitution: This feature is a break from the past. In 1957, the choice was (i) to restore the sovereignty of the Malay Rulers as in Malay history; (ii) to adopt a supreme Parliament as in the UK; (iii) to move towards the  supremacy of the Shariah to reflect the popular feeling of the rural Malays; and (iv) to draft and adopt a supreme Constitution as in India, the USA and hundreds of other “constitutional states” some of which were in Asia and Africa.

Malaya adopted the fourth alternative. Unlike the United Kingdom where there is no written Constitution, Malaya in 1957 adopted a written and supreme charter. Articles 4(1) and 162(6) affirm the supremacy of the basic law over all pre and post-independence legislation.  The Constitution is the supreme law of the federation. It is the law on which all other laws rest. It is the apex of the legal hierarchy, and no law can violate its prescriptions.  Parliament is not supreme. There are procedural and substantive limits on Parliament’s powers. State Assemblies are, likewise, limited in their legislative competence. We all have a right to go to the courts if a legislative, executive or judicial act infringes the glittering provisions of the Constitution.  Courts have the power to nullify federal and state legislation if there is inconsistency with the supreme constitution. On at least 20 occasions since Merdeka, this power of judicial review was exercised with telling effect. Likewise, executive actions can be tested in the courts for their constitutionality.

Existence of 13 State Constitutions : This feature was a “concession to history”. It was meant to preserve the position of the Malay Sultans in their territories.

Along with a written and supreme Constitution at the federal level, the Federation of Malaya permitted written Constitutions in the states of the Federation. However, state Constitutions exist subject to the supremacy of the Federal Constitution throughout the land. [5] The State Constitutions are supreme in the respective states but subject to the primacy of the Federal Constitution. [6] All State Constitutions are required to contain some “essential provisions” prescribed by the Federal Constitution’s Eighth Schedule.

Islam as official religion: As Islam is a core feature of Malay identity and the Malays give to Islam a central place in their moral, personal and social life, the Constitution in Article 3(1) declares Islam to be the religion of the Federation. Schedule 9 List II Para 1 allows State Assemblies to create Shariah courts and to vest them with jurisdiction on 24 matters, mostly of personal laws. Muslims are compulsorily subjected to the Shariah and to the jurisdiction of the Shariah courts in the enumerated areas.

The Shariah law that is applicable in Malaysia is largely of the Shafie school of Islam with influences of Malay adat (custom) .

It must be noted that despite Article 3(1)’s declaration that Islam is the religion of the Federation, the formulation and enforcement of Islamic law is not centralized and is left in the hands of individual States. This was to accommodate the historical position of each Malay Ruler as the head of Islam in his own region. Each State enacts Muslim laws for its own territory. The three federal territories of Kuala Lumpur, Putra Jaya and Labuan have a separate Act drafted by the federal Parliament.

It must also be noted that Article 3(1) on Islam takes full note of the multi-religious nature of Malaysian society.

• Despite the adoption of Islam as the religion of the Federation, there is protection for believers of all other faiths. Article 3(1) states that all other religions may be practised in peace and harmony .
• Non-Muslims cannot be subjected to Islam because their freedom of religion is guaranteed by Article 11.
• There is explicit provision in Schedule 9 List II Para 1 that Shariah courts have jurisdiction only over persons professing the religion of Islam.
• Though Islam is the religion of the Federation, Malaysia is not a theocratic, Islamic state. The Federal Constitution is the highest law. Islamic law applies compulsorily to all Muslims but only in 24 areas (primarily of family law) enumerated in Schedule 9 List II Para 1. In all other areas like crime, contract and tort, Muslims are governed by secular laws enacted by elected assemblies.

A secular concept of law: Article 160(2) of the Federal Constitution supplies an authoritative definition of law. It states that “law” includes written law, the common law in so far as it is in operation in the Federation or any part thereof, and any custom or usage having the force of law in the Federation or any part thereof.

From the above definition, at least three categories of rules qualify as law in this country:

(i) Written law.  This category includes the Federal Constitution, Acts of the Federal Parliament, Emergency Ordinances by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) under Article 150, federal subsidiary legislation, 13 State Constitutions, Enactments and Ordinances of State Assemblies, State subsidiary legislation and local authority bye-laws. In the context of Sabah and Sarawak, British statutes at cut off dates may be applied as law if there is no local legislation. In the field of commercial law, British statutes at cut off dates may be applied throughout the country if there is no local legislation.

(ii) English common law and Malaysian judicial precedents.  Unlike in the civil law system in Europe, judicial precedents formulated by Malaysian and UK judges in the course of deciding cases have the force of law and are honoured by a system of stare decisis or binding judicial precedent .

(iii) Customs or usages. These become law if recognised by statute or common law.

It is noteworthy that under Article 160(2) religion, ethics, morality and custom are not law on their own strength or quality. Neither is there legal recognition for social practices, rules of international law and private law unless these are incorporated into or derived from a recognized source of law. However, religion, ethics, morality, custom, social practices, rules of international law and private law may be admitted into law by incorporation, adoption or being posited or formalized into a statute or a judicial precedent.

In practice statutory recognition of custom or religious precepts is quite frequent. In West Malaysia it is quite common to see Muslim family law statutes containing a clause to the effect that “the law on this point shall be the law of the Shafie school of Islam and Malay adat ”. In Sabah and Sarawak, a great deal of native custom is codified.

Though judicial practice is not always consistent, there is no dearth of cases in which judges give judicial recognition to Malay and Chinese customs and native law in Sabah and Sarawak. Since the nineties, superior courts are increasingly incorporating principles of Islamic jurisprudence into their judicial decisions.

It must be noted, however, that since the eighties, a policy of Islamisation is in effect and some areas of federal legislation (like banking, insurance, loans) are being influenced by Shariah principles that are being enacted into legislation applicable to all persons.  There is increasing assertiveness by the Shariah establishment in many areas of social life that affect Muslims [7] as well as non-Muslims. [8]   Some very painful and intractable conflict of jurisdiction cases between civil and Shariah courts remain unresolved. [9]

Legal pluralism: The Malaysian legal system consists primarily of secular Codes drafted by legislative authorities. But there are Shariah laws for Muslims in 24 or so personal law matters enumerated in the Constitution. In addition, customs of the Malays and customs of the people of Sabah and Sarawak are part of our law. At one time, Chinese and Hindu customs were recognised in family law relations. But due to the passage of the Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act 1976 family law for non-Muslims has now been codified.

There is legal pluralism in that there are different systems of law and different systems of courts which operate within their assigned spheres. We have a hierarchy of civil courts, a different hierarchy of Shariah courts and another hierarchy of native courts in Sabah and Sarawak. Unfortunately, conflict of laws between civil courts and Shariah courts in West Malaysia and native courts and Shariah courts in Sabah and Sarawak is endemic and increasingly the various streams of law compete with each other for ascendency.

Federal system: In order to preserve the position of the Malay Rulers in their regions, Malaya in 1957 adopted a federal system. This is quite different from the unitary system in the UK and Singapore where the whole country is under one central government which has supremacy over all matters. Instead, Malaya/Malaysia adopted a federal (or dual) form of government. In some respects, the federal system in 1957 was inspired by the experience of the Federation of Malaya 1948. The Federation of Malaya had replaced the unpopular Malayan Union of 1946 with very strong centralized and unitary tendencies.

In the Federal Constitution, there is division of legislative, executive, judicial and financial powers between the Centre and the States though the weightage is very heavily in favour of the Centre.  This division is protected by the Constitution. Judicial review is available if federal or state agencies exceed their powers.

Special rights of Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore: If in a country there are regions, states or provinces that exhibit significant differences from the rest of the land, then the Constitution must recognize their uniqueness, accept legal pluralism and maintain unity in diversity by granting special autonomy to such regions.  For this reason, when in 1963 the Federation of Malaya merged with Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore to constitute the new and vastly enlarged nation of Malaysia, the three new states were admitted on terms and conditions that were far more favourable than were offered to the peninsular states in 1957.  The issue of the special rights of Sabah and Sarawak in the Malaysian federation is a matter of some constitutional controversy. But it is hardly a unique phenomenon. Quebec in Canada, Kashmir in India (till mid-2019), Aceh in Indonesia and Mindanao in the Philippines are beneficiaries of special constitutional arrangements.

In 1963 Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore agreed to join the Federation of Malaya to transform it into a new nation by the name of Malaysia. Extensive changes were made to the 1957 Constitution to accommodate the special position of the new States. The East Malaysian regions of Sabah and Sarawak enjoy some executive, legislative, judicial and financial autonomy not available to the 11 Peninsular states. This asymmetrical arrangement for special treatment is entrenched in the 1963 amendments to the Constitution. [10]

Singapore: In 1965 Singapore was allowed to separate and become a separate independent nation.

Fundamental rights: In response to the humanitarianism of the era, the Constitution, in Articles 5 to 13 and elsewhere, protects a large number of political, civil, cultural and economic rights.  It seeks to protect fundamental freedoms and to reconcile the irreconcilable conflict between the might of the state and the rights of the citizens.  The chapter on fundamental liberties, the existence of an independent judiciary, the provision for judicial review, the institution of popular elections and representative parliament are clearly meant to create a democratic and responsible government under the law.

In his Proclamation of Independence, former Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman encapsulated the constitutional dream beautifully: ”This nation shall be founded upon the principle of liberty and justice and ever-seeking the welfare and happiness of its people.”

The Constitution in Articles 5-13 confers a number of civil and political liberties, among them the right to life and liberty, abolition of slavery and forced labour, protection against retrospective criminal laws and repeated trials, equality before the law, freedom of movement and protection against banishment, freedom of speech, assembly and association, freedom of religion, rights in respect of education, and right to property. Elsewhere in the Constitution, there is a right to vote and to seek elective office, protection for public servants, and some protection for preventive detainees. A number of ordinary statutes confer rights on women, children, workers, pensioners, consumers, trade unionists etc.

However, it must be noted that fundamental rights are not absolute and are subject to extensive regulation by Parliament on grounds (like public order, national security and morality) permitted by the Constitution. So significant is Parliament’s power to restrict fundamental liberties that their description as “fundamental” poses problems in political philosophy.

Emergency powers: The communist insurgency cast a dark shadow on constitutional development. The forefathers of the Constitution, through Articles 149 and 150, armed Parliament and the executive with overriding powers to combat subversion and emergency.  These special powers have been employed extensively to restrict many fundamental rights.

Judicial review : The supremacy of our Constitution is supported by judicial review. The Constitution in Articles 4(1), 4(3), 4(4), 128(1) and 128(2) is explicit about the power of the superior courts to examine the constitutionality of all executive [11] and legislative actions. As in many other countries, Malaysian courts are reluctant to employ the instrument of unconstitutionality to dissect state actions. Nevertheless, a fair amount of case law has developed on constitutional challenges.

In the area of federal-state division of powers we have the case of Mamat Daud v Government of Malaysia (1988). In this case 298A of the federal Penal Code was held to be a trespass on the State List because it was about Islamic crimes which are within the jurisdiction of the States. [12]

In relation to unlawful interference with fundamental rights there are hundreds of applications to the courts. One prominent case is that of Fathul Bari Mat Jahya v Majlis Agama Islam NS (2012). [13]   The Plaintiff was prosecuted for lecturing on Islam without a letter of authority ( tauliah ) from the State authorities. He submitted, unsuccessfully, that the requirement of a prior permit was a violation of his freedom of speech and freedom of religion. [14]

On violation of constitutional amendment procedure there are cases like The Government of Kelantan v The Government of the Federation of Malaya and Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj (1963) 29 MLJ 355. In this case Kelantan argued but unsuccessfully that in admitting Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore into the Federation of Malaya to constitute the new Federation of Malaysia, the consent of all states including Kelantan should have been obtained. [15]

On the exercise or abuse of emergency powers we have the Privy Council case of Teh Cheng Poh v PP [1979] 1 MLJ 50, 2 MLJ 238, [1980] AC 458 and Abdul Ghani Ali @ Ahmad v PP [2001] 3 MLJ 561.

On the Attorney-General’s exclusive power under Article 145 to commence prosecutions we have a dozen or so cases including Subramaniam Gopal v PP [2010] 2 MLJ 525.

Constitutional monarchy: We have a constitutional monarchy at both the federal and state levels. The unique aspects are that (i) we have not one but nine Rulers – one at the federal level and nine hereditary Sultans/Rajas at the state level. Four states without hereditary rulers have State Governors. (ii)  The federal monarchy is elected and rotational. The King is elected by his nine brother Rulers for a fixed period of five years. This procedure was inspired by the unique system of rotation in Negeri Sembilan and Perak. (iii) The King can be dismissed by the Conference of Rulers. (iv) The King and his brother Rulers are not immune from civil or criminal proceedings. However, any proceeding against them must commence in a Special Court under Articles 182-183.

The Yang di-Pertuan Agong and the State Rulers are required by federal and State constitutions to act on the advice of the elected government in the whole range of their constitutional functions, except in a small area where personal discretion has been conferred.  Even in this area, constitutional conventions limit royal discretion. In the overall scheme of the Constitution, the monarchs are required to reign, not to rule.

Conference of Rulers: The primary function of this unique institution is to elect and remove the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) , elect the Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong (Deputy King), consent or refuse to consent to constitutional amendments in ten areas, and to offer advice on some appointments.

Affirmative action: One of the unique features of the Constitution is that affirmative action policies in favour of Malays and the natives of Sabah and Sarawak are entrenched in the basic law.

Special amendment procedures : Unlike ordinary laws which can be amended or repealed by simple majorities of legislators present and voting, most constitutional provisions are entrenched against easy repeal.  Special two-thirds majorities are required. In respect of some provisions, the consent of the Conference of Rulers or of the Governors of Sabah and Sarawak is also mandated.  However, unlike Australia, the amendment procedure does not require the consent of the people at a referendum.

Parliamentary government: Unlike the system of independent government in the United States  that  is built on a rigid, institutional separation between the executive and  the legislature,  in Malaysia the government is part of Parliament, is answerable,  accountable and responsible to it, and can be  dismissed on a vote of no-confidence by the  Lower House.  We emulated the British, Westminster style of parliamentary government at both federal and state levels.

Elected parliaments : Popularly elected assemblies exist at both the federal and state levels. At the federal level, the Parliament is bicameral but with preponderance of power in the House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat) over the Senate (Dewan Negara). All 13 State Assemblies are unicameral.  The Constitution mandates periodic elections, universal adult suffrage (right to vote) and an independent Election Commission.

The Constitution and laws provide the main electoral principles. We have a single member constituency system. Every citizen of age 18 who has registered as a voter in a constituency is eligible to vote unless he/she suffers from an electoral disqualification. Right to seek elected office is likewise protected and no racial, religious, gender, educational or income criteria apply. Victory in a constituency is on a “simple plurality” vote and there is no proportional representation.  There are no reserved seats for the army, [16] police or any race or religion in the elected House of Representatives. A unique feature of the electoral landscape is that rural constituencies may have less than half of the population of urban constituencies.

The federal Senate is, however, mostly appointed. It has 44 appointed members and 26 indirectly elected Senators – two from each State indirectly elected by the 13 State Assemblies.

Regrettably we have no local authority elections though these did exist in the early years of independence.

Independent judiciary: The superior courts are separate from and independent of the executive and the legislature. The constitutional position of judges is that they are not regarded as civil servants and enjoy many special safeguards in matters of appointment and dismissal. Their terms and conditions of service cannot be altered to their detriment.  They are insulated from politics. They have power to punish for contempt of court.  In the performance of their functions they enjoy absolute immunity.

Impartial public service: Civil servants are required to maintain a reserve in politics.  Their term in office is unaffected by the rise and fall of governments. Under Article 135, they enjoy many procedural safeguards against arbitrary dismissal or reduction in rank.

Democratic system : The legal system has most of the formal attributes of a democracy – elections to choose the federal and state governments; a bicameral Parliament at the federal level; a unicameral Assembly in each of the States; a well-developed electoral system; a system of political parties; a judiciary with safeguards for judicial independence; and constitutional protection for enumerated human rights in Articles 5-13. But unfortunately, there is also constitutional permission for executive detention without trial; laws about sedition, treason, and official secrets; prior restraints on free speech through licensing and permits for the media; police control over assemblies and processions; and censorship and banning of books and publications.

Access to the courts: In theory, the right of access to the courts for the enforcement of rights is regarded by some judges as part of the constitutional guarantee of personal liberty.

According to Justice Gopal Sri Ram, JCA as he was then, the right to go to courts is part of the constitutional right to personal liberty.

Regrettably, for 70% of the accused in lower courts who are often unrepresented, the right of access is unenforceable because of the high cost of litigation and the infancy of legal aid and advice.  In Malaysia, lawyers are not allowed to seek contingency fees, give rebates or advertise their services. These rules impact adversely on citizens’ ability to seek legal redress.

Indigenous features: In a fragmented and ethnically divided society (as Malaya was in 1957 and even more so in 1963) the Constitution must seek to weld people together into one common nationality.  That is why in 1957 the Constitution walked the middle path of compromise, moderation and accommodation between the special needs of Malays and the legitimate interests of the minorities who made Malaya their abode.

Though the 1957 Constitution was drafted by a foreign Commission appointed by the British, it worked closely with the then political leaders of Malaya and the multiracial Alliance to incorporate into the basic law some unique and indigenous features of the Malay archipelago, among them:

• the unique system of multiple Malay monarchs united by a Conference of Rulers;
• the system of Malay Reserve Lands;
• Islam as the state religion but freedom of religion for all other religions;
• affirmative action provision to preserve the special position of the majority Malay community (and in 1963 of the natives of Sabah and Sarawak);
• Protection for Malay customs (and in 1963 for native law and custom of Sabah and Sarawak);
• Bahasa Melayu as the national language;
• weightage for rural areas (which are predominantly Malay) in the drawing up of electoral boundaries;
• reservation of some top posts in the State executive for Malays, and
• legal restrictions on preaching of other faiths to Muslims and apostasy by Muslims.

However, the Malay-Muslim features are balanced by other provisions suitable for a multi-racial and multi-religious society. The Constitution is replete with safeguards for the interest of other communities. Notable features are as follows:

• Citizenship rights are granted on a non-ethnic and non-religious basis. The concept of jus soli (citizenship by birth in the country) was part of the Constitution in 1957 and was used to grant citizenship to 1.2 million non-Malays. However, jus soli was removed from the Constitution in 1963. Now the requirements of citizenship are more complex.
• The electoral process permits all communities an equal right to vote and to seek elective office at both federal and state levels. Race and religion are irrelevant in the operation of the electoral process.
• The chapter on fundamental rights (with some exceptions) grants personal liberty, protection against slavery and forced labor, protection against retrospective criminal laws and repeated trials, right to equality, freedom of movement, protection against banishment, right to speech, assembly and association, freedom of religion, rights in respect of education and right to property to all citizens irrespective of race or religion.
• At the federal level, membership of the judiciary, the Cabinet of Ministers, Parliament, the federal public services and the special Commissions under the Constitution are open to all irrespective of race or religion.
• Education is free at the primary and secondary levels and is open to all.
• University education is subjected to strict quotas. However, to open up educational opportunities for non-Malays, private schools, colleges and universities are allowed. Foreign education is available to whoever wishes to seek it. Government education scholarships are given to many non-Malays though this is an area where a large discontent has developed over the proportions allocated.
• Even during a state of emergency under Article 150, some rights like citizenship, religion and language are protected by Article 150(6A) against easy repeal.
• The spirit of give and take between the races, regions and religions is especially applicable in relation to Sabah and Sarawak.
• Even where the law confers special rights or privileges on the Malays and the natives of Sabah and Sarawak, there is concomitant protection for the interests of other communities. For example, though Islam is the religion of the Federation, Malaysia is not an Islamic state. The Shariah does not apply to non-Muslims.
• All religious communities are allowed to profess and practice their faiths in peace and harmony. State support by way of funds and grant of land is often given to other religions. Missionaries and foreign priests are allowed entry into the country. Every religious group has the right to establish and maintain religious institutions for the education of its children.
• Though Bahasa Melayu is the national language for all official purposes there is protection for the formal study in all schools of other languages if 15 or more pupils so desire, legal protection for the existence of vernacular schools and legal permission to use other languages for non-official purposes.
• Though Article 89 reserves some lands for Malays, it is also provided that no non-Malay land shall be appropriated for Malay reserves and that if any land is reserved for Malay reservations, an equivalent amount of land shall be opened up for non-Malays. Alienation of or grant of Temporary Occupation Licence (TOL) over state land to non-Malays is not uncommon.
• Article 153 on the special position of Malays is hedged in by limitations. First, along with his duty to protect the Malays, the King is also enjoined to safeguard the legitimate interests of other communities. Second, the special position of the Malays applies only in the public sector and in only four prescribed sectors and services. Third, in the operation of Article 153, no non-Malay or his heir should be deprived of what he already has. Fourth, no business or profession can be exclusively assigned to any race. Fifth, Article 153 does not override Article 136. Quotas and reservations are permitted at entry point but once a person is in the public service he should be treated equally.

No immunity for government: Most remarkably, the King and the Malay Rulers are subject to the civil and criminal law and can be tried in a special court. The government is not immune from civil proceedings in contract or tort. [17] However, it enjoys some procedural advantages: the time limit in contract and tort to sue the government is reduced from 6 years to 36 months. Evidence may be withheld in the public interest. Facts may be suppressed under the Official Secrets Act. Some remedies like injunction and specific performance are not available against the government. In some situations, the government may even have total immunity.

Constitutional Commissions: The Constitution and laws have created a number of independent Commissions and Councils that are supposed to oversee particular aspects of governance. There is the Election Commission, Armed Forces Council, Judicial and Legal Services Commission, Pubic Services Commission, Police Force Commission, Education Service Commission, Anti-Corruption Commission and the Human Rights Commission. In addition, we have the Auditor General and the Attorney-General. Whether these Commissions and institutions act with integrity and independence or whether they are under the control of an omnipotent executive is a matter of opinion.

Powerful federal police force:  The Police Force is a federal force and is charged with the responsibility of maintaining security, public order and investigating crime. However, the power to launch a prosecution lies with the Attorney-General who doubles up as the government’s chief lawyer as well as the Public Prosecutor.  

Civilian control over the forces : Even during the communist insurgency (1957-1989) or during racial riots in 1969 or during the emergency (1964-2012) there has been civilian control over the army and the police. We have had no coup d’etats or “stern warnings” from the armed forces. Separation of the police force from the armed forces and a parity between the top echelons of the army and the police achieves an admirable check and balance between the two.

No preamble : It is noteworthy that unlike most Constitutions of the world, the Malaysian Constitution does not contain a Preamble – an opening statement encapsulating the values and ideals of the nation’s document of destiny. These ideals and values do exist, of course, but have to be seen and felt in the glittering generalities of the 183 Articles of the Constitution.

All in all, our Constitution reflects the realities of the past as well as the ideals of the present. It is indigenous in many provisions yet it borrows the best practices from many other jurisdictions. Its politics, economics and philosophy charter a middle path. Despite many flaws, it is a masterpiece of compassion, compromise and moderation.

The challenge for Malaysian citizens is to revive the spirit of the Merdeka Constitution and to bridge the gap between theory and reality.

[1] The executive is the largest branch. At the federal level it consists of the Conference of Rulers, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (the federal King), the Prime Minister, the cabinet, the civil service, the police and the armed forces. It includes many specialised constitutional Commissions, Councils and offices existing under the Constitution.  Amongst these are: the Attorney General, the Auditor General, the National Land Council, the National Council for Local Government, the National Finance Council, the Armed Forces Council, the Election Commission, the Judicial and Legal Service Commission, the Public Services Commission, the Police Force Commission and the Education Service Commission. At the state level, the executive consists of the State Sultans in the nine Malay states, the Governors of Penang, Malacca, Sabah and Sarawak, the state Chief Ministers, their State Executive Councils and local authorities.

[2] The federal legislature consists of the Federal Parliament (the Dewan Rakyat and the Dewan Negara). At the State level, there is a unicameral Legislative Assembly in each state.

[3] The judicial branch at the federal level consists of the Federal Court, the Court of Appeal, the High Court in Malaya and the High Court in Sabah and Sarawak. In addition, we have Sessions Courts, Magistrates Courts and scores of tribunals created by ordinary law.  At the state level, each state has a hierarchy of Syariah Courts to adjudicate on 24 topics of Islamic law specified in Schedule 9, List II, Paragraph 1. In Sabah and Sarawak Native Courts exist to resolve disputes in areas assigned to the Native Courts by state laws.

[4] Article 40(1) and 40(1A) inform us that the King must act on the advice of the Prime Minister and the federal cabinet except in those areas where the Constitution confers personal discretion.

[5] Gobind Singh Deo v Yang Dipertua Dewan Rakyat [2010] 2 MLJ 674; ZI Publications v Kerajaan Negeri Selangor [2016] 1 MLJ 153; Gan Boon Aun v PP [2016] 4 MLJ 265; Tuan Mat Tuan Wil lwn Kerajaan Kelantan [2016] 7 MLJ 704.

[6] Federal Constitution, Article 71(4) and Part I of the Eighth Schedule.

[7] YB Khalid Samad v Majlis Agama Islam Selangor [2016] MLJU 338; Tuan Mat Tuan Wil v Kerajaan Kelantan [2016] 7 MLJ 704; State Govt. of NS v Muhammad Juzaili Mohd Khamis [2015] 6 MLJ 736; Fathul Bari Mat Jahya v Majlis Agama Islam NS [2012] MLJU 427;

[8] Titular Roman Catholic Archbishop v Menteri [2014] 4 MLJ 765; Berjaya Books v Jabatan Agama Islam WP [2014] 1 MLJ 138, [2015] 3 MLJ 65; Majlis Agama Islam WP v Victoria Jayaseele Martin [ 2016] 2 MLJ 309;

[9] Pathmanathan Krishnan (Muhammad Riduan Abdullah) v Indira Gandhi a/p Mutho [2016] 4 MLJ 455; Kelantan v Wong Meng Yit [2012] 6 MLJ 57; Indira Gandhi v Pengarah Jabatan Agama Islam [2013] 5 MLJ 352.

[10] Robert Linggi v The Government of Malaysia [2011] 2 MLJ 741; Fung Fon Chen@ Bernard v The Government of Malaysia [2012] 6 MLJ 724.

[11] Persatuan Aliran v Minister [1988] 1 MLJ 442; Arunamari Plantations v Lembaga Minyak Sawit [2011] 1 MLJ 705; Berjaya Books v Jawi [2014] 1 MLJ 138; ZI Publications v Selangor [2016] 1 MLJ 153;

[12] [1988] 1 MLJ 119. For other instances, see The Government of Kelantan v The Government of the Federation of Malaya and Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj (1963) 29 MLJ 355; The City Council of George Town v The Government of the State of Penang [1967] 1 MLJ 169; Government of Malaysia v Government of the State of Kelantan [1968] 1 MLJ 129; Abdul Karim Abdul Ghani v Legislative Assembly of Sabah [1988] 1 MLJ 171; Ketua Pengarah Jabatan Alam Sekitar v Kajing Tubek [1997] 3 MLJ 23; Robert Linggi v The Government of Malaysia [2011] 2 MLJ 741; Dato’ Ting Cheuk Sii v Datuk Hj Muhammad Tufail Mahmud [2009] 1 CLJ 899; and Fung Fon Chen@ Bernard v The Government of Malaysia [2012] 6 MLJ 724.

[13] [1988] 1 MLJ 119

[14] Some other prominent cases are: PP v Yee Kim Seng [1983] 1 MLJ 252; Che Ani Itam v PP [1988] 1 MLJ 113; Tye Ten Phin v Menteri Hal Ehwal Dalam Negeri [1989] 2 CLJ 877; Pihak Berkuasa Negeri Sabah v Sugumar Balakrishnan [2002] 4 CLJ 105; Yii Hung Siong v PP [2005] 6 MLJ 432; Ooi Kean Thong v PP [2006] 3 MLJ 389; Muhammad Hilman Idham v Kerajaan Malaysia [2011] 6 MLJ 507; Nik Noorhafizi Nik Ibrahim v PP [2013] 6 MLJ 660; Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad v PP [2014] 4 MLJ 157; Berjaya Books v Jabatan Agama Islam WP [2014] 1 MLJ 138; Mat Shuhaimi Shafiei v PP [2014] 2 MLJ 145; Titular Roman Catholic Archbishop of Kuala Lumpur v Menteri Dalam Negeri [2014] 6 CLJ 541; PP v Azmi Sharom [2015] 6 MLJ 751; State Government of Negeri Sembilan v Muhammad Juzaili Mohd Khamis [2015] 8 CLJ 975, [2015] 6 MLJ 736; PP v Yuneswaran Ramaraj [2015] 9 CLJ 873; Pathmanathan Krishnan v Indira Gandhi Mutho [2016] 1 CLJ 911; ZI Publications v Kerajaan Negeri Selangor [2016] 1 MLJ 153; Majlis Agama Islam WP v Victoria Jayaseele Martin [2016] 2 MLJ 309; Maria Chin Abdullah lwn Pedakwa raya [2016] 9 MLJ 601; Y B Khalid Abdul Samad v Majlis Agama Islam Selangor [2016] MLJU 338; and Khairuddin Abu Hassan v Kerajaan Malaysia [2016] MLJU 990.

[15] See also Robert Linggi v The Government of Malaysia [2011] 2 MLJ 741.

[16] Contrast this with Myanmar where 25% of the seats in Parliament are reserved for the armed forces.

[17] Kerajaan  Malaysia v Ambiga Sreenevasan [2016] 5 MLJ 721

Shad Saleem Faruqi

COP29 masterclass

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CARE ECONOMY CONFERENCE

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• (9:30am–11:00am) Session 1: Policy papers, initiatives, legislations and regulations in Malaysia
• (11:00am–12:30pm) Session 2: Issues in governance: federal-state relations, public, private and voluntary sectors, urban-rural divide and lessons from the Global South
• (12:30pm–2:00pm) LUNCH
• (2:00pm–3:30pm) Session 3: Older persons
• (3:30pm–5:00pm) Session 4: Persons with disabilities – Program Pemulihan Dalam Komuniti, PDK
• (9:30am–11:00am) Session 5: Children in need
• (11:00am–12:30pm) Session 6: People with mental health concerns
• (2:00pm–3:30pm) Session 7: Professional standards and training for the social care industry
• (3:30pm–5:00pm) Session 8: Care economy as a growth sector

Digital lifestyle and China-ASEAN cultural exchange seminar

Senior Fellow for Southeast Asia Military Modernisation IISS Asia Singapore

Dr Evan A. Laksmana is Senior Fellow for Southeast Asia Military Modernisation at the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) and editor of the Asia-Pacific Regional Security Assessment. He previously held senior research positions at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy of the National University of Singapore and the Centre for Strategic and International Studies in Jakarta, Indonesia. He has also held non-resident affiliations with Carnegie China, the Lowy Institute for International Policy, ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute, the National Bureau of Asian Research, Sydney University, German Marshall Fund of the United States, and the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies. He earned his doctorate from the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University as a Fulbright Presidential Scholar.

Senior Fellow ISIS Malaysia

Arividya specialises in WTO and EU laws and has more than 20 years’ experience in trade negotiations. She is a former senior director for strategic negotiations at MITI and chief negotiator for numerous high-stakes free trade agreement negotiations, including the CPTPP, for which she led the ratification and implementation for Malaysia.

Ambassador US Embassy in Malaysia

Ambassador Kagan was most recently the Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for East Asia and Oceania at the National Security Council. He previously served as Deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S. embassies in New Delhi and Kuala Lumpur, Deputy Assistant Secretary in the State Department’s Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, Consul-General at the U.S. Consulate-General in Mumbai, and Deputy Director of the Washington Office of the U.S. Mission to the United Nations. He is a recipient of the Presidential Meritorious Award and numerous other State Department performance awards.

Director Social Wellbeing Research Centre (SWRC) Universiti Malaya

Prof Norma has held the SWRC director post since 2013. She has served as an adviser and consultant to various organisations, including the United Nations Development Programme, World Bank, International Labour Organisation, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, European Union, Asian Development Bank and numerous Malaysian public agencies. She is also the author of numerous books and journal articles on public and social policy, aging and social protection. She is a fellow of the Academy of Sciences Malaysia and president of the Malaysian Economic Association.

UNICEF Deputy Representative

Saranovic has more than 20 years of UNICEF experience in several regions (Europe and Central Asia, Middle East and North Africa and Southeast Asia). Her expertise lies in building and leading programme teams in public and private partnerships, integrated policy development, programme analysis and evaluation. She is dedicated and committed to advancing the rights of children, youth and adolescents in humanitarian and development contexts, upper middle- and high-income contexts.

Visiting Expert Social Wellbeing Research Centre (SWRC)

Dr Amjad is a social security economist with experience across many countries at different stages of development. Prior to joining SWRC, he was the chief technical adviser (CTA) on social security for the International Labour Organisation office in Iraq. He had earlier served as social security adviser to the Employees Provident Fund (EPF).

Social Policy Specialist UNICEF

Farqani Mohd Noor’s background is in economic policy. Having worked with the Social Security Organisation (PERKESO) for six years, he has been researching, advocating, and implementing social protection policies at the national level. He led negotiations with the Ministry of Finance to implement the wage-subsidy programme to cushion the economic shocks and prevent retrenchment during the Covid-19 pandemic.

National Project Coordinator Labour Law and Industrial Relations Reform project International Labour Organisation

As a labour lawyer, Chau works closely with the project’s Chief Technical Adviser Natsu Nogami and specialists from the ILO Decent Work Team from Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (ROAP) to align Malaysian labour law framework with international labour standards, as well as the strengthening the labour inspection and dispute-resolution system. He collaborates closely with the Ministry of Human Resources, and workers’ and employers’ organisations to resolve labour issues, including freedom of association/collective bargaining, working conditions, occupational safety and health, discrimination, wage policies and platform work.

Senior Economist World Bank

Dornan is a Senior Economist with the World Bank Malaysia office, and is part of the World Bank’s Social Protection and Jobs Global Practice. He works on social protection, skills and labor market policy, and on migration and labor mobility. Matthew’s previous assignment was in Papua New Guinea and in various Pacific island countries, where he established and implemented projects supporting active labor market policies, TVET and skills development, international labor mobility, and social protection responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Matthew was previously the Deputy Director of the Development Policy Centre at the Australian National University, and prior to that worked for the Australian Government.

Senior Analyst Institute of Strategic & International Studies (ISIS) Malaysia

Lee is a senior analyst in the Social Policy and National Integration programme at the Institute of Strategic & International Studies (ISIS) Malaysia. Her research interests centre around issues of social inclusivity, primarily gender equality, welfare, care economy, aging, labour protections, urban poverty and planning.

Vice-President Malaysian Trades Union Congress (MTUC)

Balasubramaniam has been a trade unionist for more than 40 years, having undergone advanced trade union studies in New Delhi, finance management education in Manila and leadership training in Prague.

Deputy Director (Research) Institute of Strategic & International Studies (ISIS) Malaysia

Harris directs the institute’s research to advance Malaysia’s strategic interests. He works on the interplay between technology, human rights and democracy, with a focus on policy responses to mis- and disinformation and social media platform governance.

Fellow Institute of Strategic & International Studies (ISIS) Malaysia

Calvin is a fellow in the Economics, Trade and Regional Integration programme. His research interests span issues in applied economics, centring around jobs, social protection, economic development and the design of social transfer programmes.

Senior Director, MYCentre4IR Director Strategic Communications MyDIGITAL Corporation

Director, Legal, Corporate & Government Affairs, ASEAN and New Markets Microsoft

Jasmine has extensive experience in legal, policy, regulatory engagement and communications. She is the first Malaysian appointed to the Internet Governance Forum multistakeholder advisory group and was honoured with the inaugural WIM’s Tan Sri Napsiah Omar women leaders’ award. She is currently an adjunct professor at Unitar International University and has received an honorary doctorate for her leadership in and contributions to public policy and governance.

Secretary-General Ministry of Digital

Fabian is the former chief executive officer for the Strategic Change Management Office and given the mandate to drive change management and ensure the successful delivery of the Malaysia Digital Economy Blueprint.

Deputy Secretary-General (Digital Development) Ministry of Digital Malaysia

Ma started his public service as an administrative and diplomatic officer in 1996, serving in the Ministry of Finance in various roles. As head of tax, he was instrumental in implementing GST and SST, and contributed to national budgets, tax policies, and investment incentives. In 2021, he joined the Ministry of Communications and Digital, handling postal and telecommunication policy, cybersecurity and the digital economy. He played a key role in the 5G rollout, the national fibre and connectivity plan and overseeing the Malaysia Digital Economy Blueprint. In his current role, Ma shapes and ensures the execution of the ministry’s digital strategy.

Deputy Secretary-General (Technology Development) Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation

Dr Nor Azman oversees the policies and development of science, technology and innovation ecosystem as the catalyst for socio-economic development of the country. His has worked in higher education, the power sector and technological development, including industrial-related technologies, such as renewable energy, advanced materials and manufacturing, biotechnology and nanotechnology. He has had extensive engagements with the industry, including start-ups and SMEs, particularly on communicating policies and programmes related to STI.

Visiting Senior Fellow, Institute of Strategic & International Studies (ISIS) Malaysia; Head of Secretariat, All-Party Parliamentary Group Malaysia for Sustainable Development Goals (APPGM-SDG)

Denison holds a PhD in sociology from Oxford Brookes University, United Kingdom and was a Chevening scholar. He is the head of the secretariat for the All-Party Parliamentary Group Malaysia on Sustainable Development Goals (APPGM-SDG). He is also a member of the Shared Prosperity Action Council, National Unity Advisory Council, National Science Council, EPU poverty circle and SDG national steering council.

Assistant Representative of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)

Tengku Aira manages the UNFPA Malaysia country programme, under the leadership of its Representative. She brings with her 20 years of experience in the field of population, gender, and sexual and reproductive health in Malaysia. Her technical areas of expertise include policy and programme analysis, programme design and management, monitoring and evaluation; in the areas related to gender equality and women’s empowerment, sexual and reproductive health and rights, and addressing population ageing. She currently serves as the UN Malaysia Gender Results Group Coordinator.

President Malaysian Association of Social Workers (MASW)

Dr Teoh Ai Hua is a senior lecturer at the School of Applied Psychology, Social Work, and Policy, Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM). His research interests centre on public social services, professionalisation of social work, case management and care in the community. He also serves as the president of the Malaysian Association of Social Workers (MASW) and vice-president of the National Council on Welfare and Social Development Malaysia (MAKPEM). He holds a PhD in Social Work (UUM), an MA in Social Work Studies from the University of Kent at Canterbury and a bachelor’s in public administration from UUM.

Farlina is a fellow in the Cyber and Technology Policy programme. She graduated from S Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University with an MSc (Strategic Studies). She was involved in crafting various dialogues and forums on cybersecurity, radicalisation and Malaysia-Korea relations. Her work and comments have appeared in the local and international media, such as New Straits Times and South China Morning Post. She was a part of SEARCCT’s Experts on Violent Extremism and Community Engagement (EVOKE) Council (2018-2019).

Executive Director Centre for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS); 2024 Chair of the ASEAN-ISIS Network Indonesia

Dr Yose’s research activities focus on international trade, regional integration and the globalisation of value chain. He also maintains a keen interest in examining the political economy aspects of international economic governance and the multilateral trading system. He is the author of numerous academic articles on these subjects and is currently directing his attention towards the implications of major-power rivalries on the global and regional economic landscape. He is active in many networks of research institutes in East Asia, such as in Asia-Pacific Research Network on Trade, ERIA Research Institutes Network and Think 20, the think-tank network of G20 countries. Currently, he serves as the Co-Chair of the Indonesia National Committee of Pacific Economic Cooperation.

Senior Lecturer Universiti Malaya Malaysia

Dr Su is a Research Fellow at UM’s Malaysian Centre of Regulatory Studies. She joined UM’s Faculty of Law in 2021 where she went on to secure grants for projects entitled ‘Formulating a legal and regulatory framework for protection of submarine cables in Malaysia’ and ‘Maritime cybersecurity: formulating a legal and risk management framework in Malaysia’. She is also an Associate Member of UM’s Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES); an Adjunct Professor at Woxen University; and a member of the Special Interest Group on the Ocean Thermal Energy Driven Development for Sustainability at the Academy of Sciences Malaysia. Her research interests lie in AI and maritime security, cybersecurity in the maritime domain and submarine cables governance.

Director-General Institute for Foreign Policy & Strategic Studies Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam (DAV)   Dr Vu is a former Minister-Counsellor and Chief Political Officer at the Vietnam Embassy to the United States. After the Washington stint in 2018, he was appointed as Deputy Director-General at the National Secretariat for ASEAN 2020 and Department of American Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He was an Eisenhower Fellow and participated in the American Jewish Committee’s seminar for US-based diplomats in Israel in 2016.

Head of Research University of Bonn Germany

Dr Umbach heads the research arm of the European Cluster for Climate, Energy and Resource Security at the Centre for Advanced Security, Strategic and Integration Studies (CASSIS), University of Bonn. He also holds the post of Senior Lecturer at the same university and Adjunct Senior Fellow at the S Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS). He serves as a consultant on international energy and climate security, raw material supply security, geopolitical risks (management), cybersecurity and critical (energy) infrastructure protection, and security policies in Europe/Eurasia and Asia-Pacific. He is the author of more than 600 publications, including the study ‘Strengthening Energy Security and Building Resilience in the Asia-Pacific’.

Director-General National Security Council Malaysia

Raja Dato’ Nushirwan began his career as an administrative and diplomatic officer in 1994, attached to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He has extensive experience in public service, specialising in international relations. Throughout his years of service in the ministry, he has been responsible for tasks involving the economy, human rights and security. In 2014, he served as Ambassador to Iran before returning to assume the responsibilities as the Deputy Secretary-General for Bilateral Affairs. He was appointed as Ambassador to China in 2019. He was awarded with an honorary professorship by Tianjin University in recognition to his efforts in strengthening Malaysia-China bilateral relations despite the challenges posed by Covid-19. He assumed his current post in May 2023.

Vice-President Institute for Political & International Studies  (IPIS) Iran

Dr Shirgholami works at IPIS – the most prominent think-tank in Iran in international politics and foreign policy. He is also adviser to Iran’s Special Envoy for Afghanistan. He is a former adviser to the Deputy Foreign Minister, Consul-General of Iran in Guangzhou, and Head of Economic Relations at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He is the author of three books and numerous articles.

Director Regional Programme Energy Security and Climate Change Asia-Pacific (RECAP) Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS) Hong Kong SAR

As Managing Director of Episteme Consultants, Dr Kliem helps international stakeholders from businesses and civil society to get on the ESG ladder, identify political risks and implement ESG projects. He is also an Adjunct Fellow at the S Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS) in Singapore. He works on sustainability, ESG issues, political risks in Asia and Europe as well as on mitigation of and adaptation to climate change.

Special Representative for Indo-Pacific Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Korea

HE Chung was appointed to the post in February. Prior to the appointment, he served as Ambassador to the Kingdom of Morocco. He joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1993 and served as Director-General of Climate Change, Energy, Environment and Scientific Affairs; Director of Governance at the Global Green Growth Initiative (GGGI); Minister-Counsellor in Washington.

Liberal Arts Chair Professor Peking University China

Dr Yao currently serves as the Director of China Centre for Economics Research (CCER); Executive Dean of Institute of South-South Cooperation and Development; and Editor of CCER’s journal China Economic Quarterly . He was the Dean of the National School of Development. Dr Yao also serves as Chairman of China Economic Annual Meetings and Foundation of Modern Economics. He is a member of China Economist 50 Forum. His research interests include economic transition and development in China. He has published more than 100 papers in international and domestic journals, including China Social Sciences, American Economic Review and American Political Science Review.

Minister of Foreign Affairs Malaysia

Dato’ Seri Utama Haji Mohamad was appointed to the post last December. He was the Defence Minister and Menteri Besar of Negeri Sembilan. Mohamad is also the Deputy President of UMNO. He started as a banker and was the CEO of Cold Storage Malaysia and MD of Cycle and Carriage Bintang. He was a Board Member of Khazanah Nasional Berhad; Chairman of FIMA Berhad Group; and Board of Sepang International Circuit.

Ambassador of the People’s Republic of China to Malaysia

HE Ouyang arrived in Malaysia in December 2020. He previously served as Director of the Office of the Foreign Affairs Commission of the CPC Central Committee; Deputy Director-General and subsequently Director-General of the Department of Boundary and Ocean Affairs. HE Ouyang has held various positions in the Department of Treaty and Law, including as Counsellor.

High Commissioner of Australia to Malaysia

HE Heinecke is a senior career officer with the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and served as First Assistant Secretary, Pacific Melanesia division. She has previously served overseas in Timor-Leste, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. She was named the High Commissioner-designate last year.

Climate Activist Loss & Damage Youth Coalition Nepal

Prakriti holds a master’s degree in environmental science, specialising in climate change. She is a member of the Loss and Damage Youth Coalition. She has been following international climate change negotiations since 2021.

Director of Special Projects  Institute of Strategic & International Studies (ISIS) Malaysia 

Shahriman’s research interests include Malaysian foreign and defence policies, Southeast Asian maritime security affairs, and Malaysia-China relations, including in the context of the South China Sea. He also manages the Institute’s China engagement initiative, which promotes Track II dialogue between Malaysia and China. He was a consultant to the Defence Ministry on Malaysia’s inaugural Defence White Paper, specifically on budgeting and implementation issues. He is a member of the Malaysian chapter of the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific (CSCAP).

President Bangladesh Institute of Peace & Security Studies

Gen Muniruzzaman’s career in the army spanned 38 years at all levels of command, staff and faculty. An experienced UN peacekeeper, he headed the post-election UN Mission in Cambodia that oversaw the transition from conflict to peace. He is also the chairman of the Global Military Advisory Council on Climate Change, an international expert body that works on the security dimensions of climate change. He has worked and published extensively on climate security and gave the first international call on the link between climate-change impacts and security at COP15 in Copenhagen. He was named as one of the top 25 strategic voices on climate change by the Weather Channel.

Analyst Institute of Strategic & International Studies (ISIS) Malaysia

Meena’s research focuses on Indian foreign policy, the geopolitics of South Asia and Malaysia and ASEAN’s relations with the region. She also looks at the various Indo-Pacific strategies in the region, focusing on the approaches of ASEAN, the European Union, Australia and the Republic of Korea. She is also interested in understanding how inter/intra-regionalism, mini-lateralism and multilateralism function in the Global South and the larger Indo-Pacific. Her writings have appeared in The Diplomat, The Interpreter, Asia Times and Financial Express.

Head of the Department of International Relations   Centre for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS)  Indonesia 

Dr Lina heads CSIS, one of Indonesia’s oldest think-tanks and provides leadership for a wide range of policy debates in the country and across ASEAN. She is also the coordinator for the CSIS Myanmar Initiative Programme. Her research interests include Indonesian foreign policy, conflict resolution, human rights and non-traditional security issues in Southeast Asia.

Assistant Professor   Institute for Defence & Strategic Studies  S Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS) Singapore

Dr Raska’s research and teaching focus on defence and military innovation, including the effects of emerging technologies, such as AI, on force planning and future warfighting concepts, and next-generation hybrid conflicts and digital warfare. He is the author of Military Innovation and Small States: Creating Reverse Asymmetry and co-editor of the AI Wave in Defence Innovation . He is a member of the Expert Advisory Group in the Global Commission on Responsible Artificial Intelligence in the Military Domain.

Vice-President Studies & Foreign Policy Observer Research Foundation India

Pant is a professor of International Relations with King’s India Institute at King’s College London. He is also Director (Honorary) of Delhi School of Transnational Affairs at Delhi University. His current research focuses on Asian security issues. His most recent books include  India and Global Governance: A Rising Power and Its Discontents ;  Politics and Geopolitics: Decoding India’s Neighbourhood Challenge ;  America and the Indo-Pacific: Trump and Beyond ; and New Directions in India’s Foreign Policy: Theory and Praxis ; India’s Nuclear Policy, among others. He is a regular contributor to various Indian and international media outlets, including Japan Times , The Wall Street Journal , The Hindustan Times and The Telegraph .

Research Professor Research Centre for Politics  National Research & Innovation Agency (BRIN)  Indonesia    Prof Dewi is an academic at the Indonesian Academy of Sciences, Board Chairman of the Habibie Centre, and Co-Founder of the Foreign Policy Community of Indonesia. She is a former Distinguished Visiting Professor at the S Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS), Singapore, and School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), Johns Hopkins University. She has also served as Deputy Secretary to the Indonesian Vice-President. She has written widely on Indonesia’s foreign policy, and ASEAN regional political and security issues.

Senior Fellow Institute of Security & International Studies (ISIS) Thailand

Dr Thitinan is professor of International Relations at Chulalongkorn University. He has held visiting positions at Johns Hopkins University, Stanford University, University of Victoria in New Zealand and Yangon University. He serves on several editorial boards of academic journals, including Journal of Democracy . He has also produced more than 1,000 opinion articles in mass media, such as Project Syndicate , The Bangkok Post, The Straits Times, Nikkei Asian Review, South China Morning Post, International New York Times and Financial Times . His current work focuses on the comparative politics and geopolitics/geoeconomics of ASEAN and the Indo-Pacific in view of the US-China rivalry and competition.

Vice-President Centre for China & Globalisation

Gao is Chairman of China Energy Security Institute; Chair Professor of Soochow University; and adviser and director to many companies and institutions in China and abroad. He has extensive experience in government, diplomacy, securities regulation, legal, investment banking, PE, corporate management and media.  He was also Deng Xiaoping’s English interpreter in the 1980s. He served as the China policy adviser at the Hong Kong Securities and Futures Commission in 1999 and 2000.  His prior investment banking experience include senior positions with Morgan Stanley, CICC, Daiwa Securities, and as General Counsel and SVP of CNOOC Limited.

Co-Founder & Senior Fellow East Asian International Relations (EAIR) Caucus Malaysia

Dr Hoo is the co-founder of the EAIR Caucus, a Malaysia-based multi-stakeholder networking platform. She is concurrently a member of the Asia-Pacific Nuclear Advisory Panel hosted by the British American Security Information Council (BASIC) and Editorial Board Member of the Amsterdam University Press IR and Politics Series. She was a Senior Lecturer at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia and Adjunct Lecturer in Defence Studies at the Malaysian Armed Forces’ Defence College. While her main research focus is on Korean peninsula security, she also works on the security-economic nexus of power competition in East Asia, and the intersection of nuclear weapons and other domains, including maritime, emerging technologies and conventional defence.

Senior Fellow The Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research Japan

Dr Fukushima was a professor at School of Global Studies and Collaboration, Aoyama Gakuin University, and Director of Policy Studies at the National Institute for Research Advancement (NIRA). She is also a member of the International Advisory Board of the Hague Journal of Diplomacy and non-resident fellow of the Lowy Institute. She has served on Japanese government committees. She is the author of Japanese Foreign Policy: The Emerging Logic of Multilateralism and Multilateralism Recalibrated .

Visiting Professor  Institute of South Asian Studies  National University of Singapore    Prof Raja Mohan is the founding director of Carnegie India and the Asia Society Policy Institute in Delhi. He was professor of South Asian Studies at Jawaharlal Nehru University and S Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS), Singapore. He has published widely on India’s foreign and security policies, Asian geopolitics, maritime strategy, and the global governance of new technologies.  He is working on a book about India and the Asian balance of power. He is associated with several think-tanks in India, including the Council for Strategic and Defence Research, Observer Research Foundation, Centre for Policy Research, and Institute of Defence Studies and Analyses. 

Senior Economist Natixis   Hong Kong SAR    Nguyen covers emerging Asia at Natixis CIB. She produces forward-looking insights that serve fixed income, equity and FX markets, and analyses comparative economic developments at the local, regional and global level, taking into account the impact of geopolitical events on economic growth and assets. She is also a non-resident scholar at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, whose global network provides a unique opportunity to think deeply about complex trends and share them among policymakers, investors and corporate leaders. She is a former consultant at the World Bank, conducting research on foreign direct investment and indicators for country-specific labour market trends and patterns.

Director European Centre for International Political Economy (ECIPE) Belgium

Lee-Makiyama’s academic work spans across trade diplomacy, global economic governance, and economic security. His advice is often sought after by European Union institutions and member states, G7/20 governments, and all the principal organisations on economic cooperation, including APEC, ASEAN, OECD, World Trade Organisation and various UN agencies. He is also affiliated with the London School of Economics and other leading academic institutions. He is a regular commentator on the BBC, Financial Times , Nikkei , Al Jazeera, Chinese state media, CNBC and CNN. Before academia, he was posted to the UN and WTO as a diplomat for Sweden and served as a commercial attaché.

Founder  Foreign Policy Community of Indonesia

Dr Dino was appointed as Special Staff of the President for International Affairs in 2004. In that capacity, he assumed many roles, including presidential spokesperson, foreign policy adviser to the Indonesian president and speech writer. He is also the former Indonesian Ambassador to the United States and Vice-Minister for Foreign Affairs. In 2012, he won the prestigious ‘Marketeer of the Year’, the same award won by President Joko Widodo. Dino is the founder of the Foreign Policy Community of Indonesia, the largest foreign policy association in the country.

Secretary-General Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (PECC) Singapore

Pedrosa leads PECC’s flagship annual report, the State of the Region. He has edited several books, including Towards Balanced and Sustainable Growth Strategies for Post-Crisis Asia with Masahiro Kawai, Tan Khee Giap and Grace Aw; and An APEC Trade Agenda: The Political Economy of a Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific with Charles Morrison. He has also written extensively on economics and trade issues. He is a member of the advisory board of the World Economic Forum’s Global Risk Report. Before moving to Singapore, he was the coordinator of the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung’s Southeast Asia cooperation programme based in Manila and co-editor of its journal on regional economics and politics. He has also worked for the Economist Intelligence Unit and the Philippine government.

President Emirates Policy Centre United Arab Emirates

Dr Al-Ketbi is a professor of Political Science at the UAE University. She is also a consultative commission member of the Gulf Cooperation Council, adviser to the Global Commission for Post-Pandemic Policy, and advisory board member of T20 International. She sits on the board of the Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington, Observer Research Foundation in India, and Middle East Institute in Washington. She is the author of four books: The UAE’s Role in Empowering Religious Diplomacy ; The UAE Power Building Model: Mohamed bin Zayed’s Vision; The UAE Power-Building Model and Foreign Policy Shifts; and Iran and the Biden Administration: A Potential Return to Negotiations.

Vice-President Asia Pacific Pathways to Progress Foundation, Inc The Philippines

Raquiza is professor of Southeast Asian Studies and Philippine Development Studies at the Asian Centre, University of the Philippines. She is also the convenor of the political economy programme of UP Centre for Integrative and Development Studies and Chair of the Consortium for Southeast Asian Studies in Asia, a regional network of leading area studies and research institutions. Her current research is on the US-China competition and its implications for the Philippines and regional security while past works focused on comparative political economy, politics and governance. She is the author of State Formation and Economic Development in Southeast Asia: the political economy of the Philippines and Thailand.

Director of Centre for Strategic Studies Victoria University of Wellington New Zealand

Dr Capie’s research interests focus on conflict and security issues, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region, and New Zealand’s foreign and defence policy. He has held visiting positions at the Weatherhead Centre for International Affairs at Harvard University and at LUIS Guido Carli in Rome. He is currently regional Co-Chair of the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific (CSCAP) and was a member of the ASEAN Regional Forum Experts and Eminent Persons Group from 2012 to 2019.

Secretary-General ASEAN

HE Dr Kao is the 15th Secretary-General of ASEAN. Prior to assuming this position in January 2023, he served as a two-term Minister Delegate attached to the Cambodian Prime Minister and Secretary of State of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. Dr Kao’s career has focused on strengthening Cambodia’s international relations, particularly in ASEAN, driving policy advocacy and promoting research, education, and development. He has authored dozens of books and articles on Cambodia and ASEAN.

Executive Deputy Chairman S Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS)   Singapore 

HE Ong is concurrently director of the Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies and head of International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research at RSIS. He remains as Ambassador-at-Large at the Singapore Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He is also Singapore’s non-resident High Commissioner to Pakistan and non-resident Ambassador to Iran. He was the Chairman of the Singapore International Foundation from 2015 to 2023. His previous postings include High Commissioner to Malaysia and India, ASEAN Secretary-General and Ambassador to Nepal.

Ambassador of the European Union to ASEAN   

HE Seam is a career diplomat, starting at the legal directorate of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1998, before serving eight years in Brussels at the European Commission and the Permanent Representation of France to the EU. Upon his return to Paris in 2009, he was promoted to Assistant Director for Food Security and Deputy Director for Development and Global Public Goods at the ministry. He has served as Consul-General of France in Houston, US; Ambassador to Fiji; and Ambassador of the EU for the Pacific, based in Suva. He is also an Honorary Colonel in the French Army Citizen Reserve.

Director of Research Lowy Institute   Australia   

Lemahieu manages the Institute’s globally recognised team, focusing on China, Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands. Given his expertise in economic, security and development issues, he developed the Asia Power Index , an annual data-driven assessment that maps the changing distribution of power in the region. He oversees other innovative multi-year research projects, including the Global Diplomacy Index , Southeast Asia and Pacific Aid Maps and Lowy Institute Poll . H e also provides commentary in international media, advises at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy and conducts strategic dialogues. He has worked at IISS and Oxford Analytica, contributing to geopolitical-risk analyses in Asia.   

Senior Fellow Stimson Centre United States

Sun is the Director of the China Programme and Co-Director of the East Asia Programme at the Stimson Centre. Her expertise is in Chinese foreign policy, US-China relations, and China’s relations with neighbouring countries and authoritarian regimes. She was a visiting fellow at the Brookings Institution, where she focused on Chinese national security decision-making processes and China-Africa relations. She was a China analyst for the International Crisis Group (ICG) based in Beijing, specialising on China’s foreign policy towards conflict countries and the developing world. Prior to ICG, she worked on US-Asia relations in Washington for five years.

Chairman Institute of Strategic & International Studies (ISIS) Malaysia

Datuk Prof Faiz leads the institute’s policy development and Track-Two diplomacy, including through the ASEAN Institutes of Strategic and International Studies (ASEAN-ISIS) and the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (PECC). He is also the Malaysian representative to the ASEAN Regional Forum Experts and Eminent Persons (ARF EEP) meeting and Co-Chair of the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific (CSCAP). His diverse career spans media, law enforcement, education, corporate law and public interest litigation, as well as strategic and international affairs advisory to federal and state governments. He is the founding dean of Selangor Business School (UNISEL) and the author of books on jurisprudence, public policy and strategic management.

Deputy Executive Director (Academic and Student Affairs) Asia-Europe Institute Universiti Malaya

Dr Nurliana is a senior lecturer at the East Asian Studies Department, Faculty of Arts and Social Science, Universiti Malaya. She is also a fellow at the Centre for ASEAN Regionalism, AEI .  Her recent publications include books Southward Bound: Examining the Regional Policies of Taiwan and South Korea and The New Normal and Its Impact on Society: Perspectives from ASEAN and the European Union . She was a recipient of the Korea Foundation ASEAN Fellowship and POSCO TJ Park Foundation Asia Fellowship. Her research interest s include int ernational security and development with a focus on East Asia and specifically Malaysia-Korea r elations.

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Chancellor  Korea National Diplomatic Academy  Ministry of Foreign Affairs       

Prior to the appointment as KNDA chancellor, Dr Park was professor and director of the Institute for Japanese Studies and Institute of International Affairs at the Graduate School of International Studies (GSIS), Seoul National University. In 2022, he served as a senior staff at the Subcommittee on Foreign Relations and Security of the Presidential Transition Committee. He is one of the key members of President Yoon’s foreign policy team. Park is a board member at several think-tanks, including Asan Institute for Policy Studies, Sejong Institute, East Asia Foundation, and Maureen and Mike Mansfield Foundation. He is the author of several books, including LDP Politics and the Transformation of Postwar Japanese Regime .  

Sir Roland Wilson Scholar (Economic Security & Statecraft) Crawford School of Public Policy Australian National University

Mitchell does targeted research to help solve national policy challenges. Her research explores economic security and statecraft in a new global order – one in which Australia faces sharper trade-offs between sovereignty, security and prosperity. She is also an economic security non-resident fellow at the US Studies Centre where she has published a report that defines what ‘economic security’ is and how to achieve it. She is an economist and former diplomat, having served in New York, South Africa and Mexico. Most recently, she was one of a cadre of senior experts providing strategic advice to the prime minister and the Australian government.

Adjunct Senior Fellow S Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS) Singapore

An award-winning, two-time Pulitzer Prize and European Press Prize finalist, Dr Dorsey is a veteran columnist and foreign correspondent who covered politics, including multiple transitions from autocracy to democracy, elections, military coups, revolutions, popular uprisings, and ethnic and religious conflict.  His blog – The Turbulent World – is widely read and listened to by government officials, policymakers, business executives, journalists, editors, opinionmakers and analysts. His book, The Battle for the Soul of Islam , describing the competition for religious soft power in the Muslim world between Indonesia, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, is set for publication next month.

Research Fellow Institute for Foreign Policy and Strategic Studies Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam

Dr Ngo’s current research focuses on international security issues, such as the impact of AI on international security and implications for national security; how states deploy strategic narratives in their foreign policy; and territorial conflicts. His works have appeared in East Asia , Journal of Strategic Security , and he is a frequent contributor to international platforms like The Diplomat, East Asia Forum and The Interpreter by the Lowy Institute.

Chairman Singapore Institute of International Affairs

Prof Tay is a public intellectual and adviser to major corporations and policymakers. He is currently an associate professor at the National University of Singapore Faculty of Law, senior consultant with WongPartnership, a leading regional law firm, and board member to the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore. He has taught at Harvard Law School and Yale University, and served on boards of leading global companies, including MUFG Bank of Japan, Toyota Japan and Deutsche Boerse (Asia). He has also served as chairman of the National Environment Agency and a nominated MP.

Distinguished Fellow United Services Institution of India

Lt-Gen Panwar served the Indian Army Corps of Signals for four decades, during which he commanded two logistics formations – an electronic warfare brigade and a communications regiment. He is presently a distinguished fellow at the United Services Institution of India, the oldest defence think-tank in India, and is engaged in evolving strategic thought in the areas of information operations, network-centric warfare and disruptive military technologies. Since 2021, he has been an active participant in Track II diplomatic efforts to achieve consensus on principles and good practices for responsible AI development in the military domain, involving experts from the US, China, EU, Russia and India.

Research Fellow Melbourne Climate Futures & Melbourne School of Population and Global Health University of Melbourne Australia

Dr Workman is a social scientist developing healthier climate and energy policies. As a deputy director of the Climate Collaborative Action for Transformative Change in Health and Healthcare (CATCH) Lab, she is leading a project to co-design climate policies, collaborating with government policymakers to develop resources that support the inclusion of health into cross-sectoral policies. She is also supporting the Indo-Pacific Climate Hub, an initiative to accelerate transformative climate-resilient development and ignite change for a sustainable future in the Indo-Pacific.

Senior Lecturer School of Politics and International Relations Australian National University

Dr Lim is the host of the ‘Australia in the World’ podcast. He researches in the field of international relations at the intersection of economics, security, and global governance. His major research interests focus on geoeconomics (including economic coercion and technology competition), grand strategy and international order, and Australian foreign policy. Initially trained in law and economics, he previously worked as associate to the Chief Justice of the Federal Court of Australia, a corporate lawyer and researcher at International Crisis Group in Brussels.

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Pro Vice-Chancellor University of Tasmania

Prof Farrelly specialises in the analysis of political conflict and social change in mainland Southeast Asia, with a long-term focus on Myanmar. He was the founding Director of the Australian National University’s Myanmar Institute and has researched Myanmar politics for more than 20 years. The second edition of his co-edited book , Myanmar: Politics, Economy and Society , was published by Routledge in 2023 and is accessible online.

Senior Lecturer Department of International and Strategic Studies, Universiti Malaya

Dr Passeri was a research fellow and adjunct professor at the Department of Political and Social Sciences of the University of Bologna and visiting research fellow at the Institute of Malaysian and International Studies (IKMAS) of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. His interests are on nationalism in East Asia, small-power diplomacy and political developments in Myanmar.

Fifth holder of the Tun Hussein Onn Chair in International Studies, ISIS Malaysia

Prof Zakri is a founding director and professor at the International Institute for Science Diplomacy & Sustainability at UCSI University. He is chairman of Atri Advisory,a consulting company advising governments and international organisations on sustainable development.

Zakri is also pro-chancellor of two universities – Universiti Perguruan Sultan Idris (UPSI) and Multimedia University.  He is the joint chairman of the Malaysian Industry-Government Group for High Technology (MIGHT), chairman of the Business Council on Sustainable Development and chairman of the National Biodiversity Roundtable. He was the science adviser to the prime minister and former director of the Institute of Advanced Studies, United Nations University.

His professional interests include crop science, biodiversity and science diplomacy. Among his awards are Fulbright-Hays fellowship; ISSAAS Matsuda award; Zayed International Prize for the Environment; Midori Prize for Biodiversity; Asean Biodiversity Hero; United Nations Malaysia award; and Anugerah Akademik Negara.

Zakri has had three species named after him: beetle ( Paleosepharia zakrii ), cicada ( Pomponia zakrii ) and pitcher plant ( Nepenthes zakriana ).

Adviser to chairman, Sunway Berhad

Raman has served more than 40 years in the communications industry, initially as a journalist and later in the private sector. He began his journalism career with the New Straits Times, before moving to The Star. Subsequently, he occupied senior editorial positions at The Atlanta-Journal Constitution newspaper and CNN International. Upon his return to Malaysia in 2008, he served as group communications head at AirAsia before setting up shop as a consultant.

Japan-Asean roundtable (Survey Form)

Ambassador of Japan to Asean

Amb Kiya joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1987 and served in various capacities in countries ranging from Nigeria to Belgium. He has also worked in the Defence Ministry as former consul-general of Japan in Sydney, Australia. He is the author of “Why Should we Act for International Cooperation? Looking beyond Humanitarian and National Interest Considerations” and “Challenges of Japan’s Policy towards the United Nations – A Practitioner’s View”.

Asia-Europe Institute Universiti Malaya

Assoc prof Furuoka has lived in Malaysia since 1987. From 1991 to 1999, he worked as a senior assistant at the Consulate-General of Japan in Penang. He then moved to academia and has taught economics for 25 years at three Malaysian public universities – Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Universiti Malaysia Sabah and Universiti Malaya. Furuoka specialises in Asian economy, with a focus on Japanese foreign direct investment and official development assistance in Asean.

Ambassador Embassy of Japan in Malaysia

Prior to his appointment as ambassador to Malaysia, Amb Katsuhiko was attached with Japan’s embassies in Iraq and Saudi Arabia and served at the permanent mission to the United Nations. He was also director-general of the Middle Eastern and African Affairs Bureau of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

School of Social Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore

Dr Koga is an associate professor at NTU and heads the Public Policy and Global Affairs Programme. Concurrently, he is a non-resident fellow at the National Bureau of Asia Research (NBR), the US; and a member of the research committee, Research Institute for Peace and Security (RIPS), Japan. He has published on East Asian/Indo-Pacific security, US and Japanese foreign policies, the US-Japan alliance and Asean.

Senior Lecturer Department of East Asian Studies Universiti Malaya

Dr Geetha is an expert on East Asian international relations, teaching courses related to East Asian regional affairs. She teaches, researches and publishes on inter-Korean issues and East Asian international relations. She was a participant in the Study of the United States Institute exchange programme and Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan, academic exchange.

Researcher Institute of Strategic & International Studies (ISIS) Malaysia

Angeline’s research covers East Asia’s international relations, with a particular focus on China. She is interested in China’s foreign policy, Japan’s strategic approaches to Southeast Asia and the impact of the US-China tech rivalry on the region. She contributed to “Focus in Continuity: A Framework for Malaysia’s Foreign Policy for a Post-Pandemic World” published by the Foreign Affairs Ministry in 2021. She was a visiting research fellow at the Japan Institute of International Affairs (JIIA) in 2023.

Izzah’s research areas look into foreign policy and security developments in the Asia-Pacific, including the ongoing unrest in Southern Thailand and Southern Philippines and regional security cooperation in Asean. Her o ther research interests include nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament, peacebuilding and conflict resolution, and civil-military relations. She is also part of the Secretariat for the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia – Pacific (CSCAP).  

Capacity Building Officer All-party Parliamentary Group Malaysia on SDGs

Hirzawati is a former research fellow at the East Asian International Relations and is co-writing a chapter on the Korean Peninsula. She was a presenter at a seminar series on the comparison between Malaysia and South Korea’s post-Covid policy. She is also a frequent attendee of seminars and forums on topics related to Korean Peninsula affairs.

Deputy Executive Director Internationalisation, Research, Value Creation & Enterprise Asia-Europe Institute Universiti Malaya

Dr Rogers has taught at the Malaysian Armed Forces Staff College and the Malaysian Defence Armed Forces College. His area of specialisation includes political science, international relations and history (China and Central Asia). His research interests are government and politics of the Central Asian republics in Xinjiang.

Deputy Director-General Asean Bureau Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Korea

Lee joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade in 1999 and is now overseeing the Asean bureau. His stints include first secretary, Southeast Asian division; director, South Asian and Oceanian affairs; coordinator of the New Southern Policy; and director for planning and finance.  

Associate Professor Department of International Relations Yonsei University

Dr Kim is a former senior lecturer in the Southeast Asian Studies Department, Universiti Malaya. He is currently serving as vice-president of the Korean Association of Southeast Asian Studies. His research focuses on Asean and regionalism in East Asia. Some of his major outputs include ‘Asean Socio-Cultural Community and Human Security’, East Asia Research, 2022; ‘The Crisis in Myanmar and the Continuity and Change of Asean Norms’, Southeast Asian Studies, 2020; ‘The Network of East Asian Think-Tanks: Socialising China into an East Asian Community?’, Asian Survey 57:3, 2017.

Senior Fellow Centre for Regional Studies Asan Institute for Policy Studies

Dr Lee is a former visiting professor at the Institute of Foreign Affairs and National Security (IFANS), Korean National Diplomatic Academy (KNDA). His research focuses on Southeast Asian politics and international relations, East Asian regional cooperation, and non-traditional and human security issues.

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Ambassador ROK Embassy in Malaysia

Yeo was appointed as ambassador of the Republic of Korea to Malaysia in October. Prior to the appointment, he served as deputy minister for political affairs in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which he joined in 1990. Yeo has held postings in China, Norway, Afghanistan and New Zealand. He had also served as foreign policy adviser to the prime minister.

Undersecretary International Relations Division (Culture) Ministry of Tourism Arts and Culture

Yeo assumed her current post in April 2020 and has been at the forefront of cultural diplomacy efforts to promote Malaysia’s diverse arts, culture and heritage overseas. Her experience includes serving in various capacities across central agencies and ministries, with a focus on interdisciplinary advisory, research and policy development. Yeo is a founder member of Talent Corp, which spearheaded public-private partnership to deliver facilitative immigration instruments.

Teaching Fellow Monash University Malaysia

Koh’s research interests are in history, political and national identity formation. He has lectured and tutored extensively in the Monash School of Arts and Social Sciences as a sessional staff and briefly in Sunway University’s School of Arts. He also taught Global Studies and Contemporary Issues in the Monash Foundation Year in Sunway College. Today, he assists in the Global Studies major under the School of Arts and Social Sciences. Koh’s introduction to the Korean Wave was through early variety programmes and films that got him through his master’s.

Chair, Brunei Darussalam Institute of Strategic Studies (BDIPSS); 2023 Chair of Asean-ISIS Brunei Darussalam

Ambassador of the European Union to Malaysia

Rokas has 26 years’ experience in the field of foreign affairs, having joined the European Commission External Relations Directorate General in 1994. His previous postings included chargé d’affaires a.i. and head of EU Delegation to New Zealand, first secretary of the European Commission’s Office in Hong Kong and Macau and head of the China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan and Mongolia division at the European External Action Service.

Maurice A. Deane Distinguished Professor of Constitutional Law & Interim Dean Hofstra University United States

Ku’s primary research interest is the relationship of international law to domestic laws and foreign policy. He has also conducted research on a wide range of topics, including international dispute resolution, international criminal law and the impact of international law on US-China relations. He has been a visiting professor at the College of William & Mary Marshall – Wythe School of Law in Williamsburg, Virginia; a Fulbright distinguished lecturer in law at East China University of Political Science and Law in Shanghai, China; and a fellow at National Taiwan University, Taipei. He is a member of the New York Bar and a graduate of Yale College and Yale Law School.

Prime Minister of Malaysia

Dato’ Seri Anwar Ibrahim is the 10th Prime Minister of Malaysia, sworn in on 24 November 2022. He was Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia from 1993 to 1998, also serving as Minister of Finance from 1991 to 1998, Minister of Culture, Youth and Sports in 1983; Minister of Agriculture in 1984; and Education Minister in 1986.  

For championing the cause of the poor and taking a principled stance against corruption and abuse of power, he endured years of incarceration. Anwar is viewed as one of the forefathers of the Asian Renaissance. He has held visiting professorships at St Anthony’s College at Oxford, the School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, and at the School of Foreign Service in Georgetown University. He is a sought-after speaker on governance and accountability, geopolitics, the relationship between Islam and democracy, the need for greater civilisational dialogue and contemporary politics in Malaysia and Southeast Asia.

Executive Director Azure Forum for Contemporary Security Strategy Republic of Ireland

Heinl’s work focuses on conflict-prevention strategies related to international cybersecurity policy, strategic technologies, regional security architectures and the Asia-Pacific/Southeast Asia/EU. She recently served on the Irish government’s Commission on the Defence Forces and continues her work as an expert within flagship EU cyber diplomacy and Indo-Pacific security cooperation initiatives.

Senior Fellow Institute of Strategic & International Studies (ISIS) Malaysia

Thomas’ interests lie in the security/strategic challenges and impacts of major power dynamics on Asean and its member states, the South China Sea dispute, and Malaysia’s national security and foreign policies. He also looks at the policy implications of refugees, asylum seekers and other displaced people in Malaysia, and the government’s refugee policy of “not having a policy”.

Visiting senior official, Australian High Commission  

Barraclough is a career diplomat with a strong background in Southeast and South Asia.  He has served two postings in Jakarta, his most recent as economic minister counsellor during Australia’s negotiation of the Indonesia-Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement. He has also been posted to Brussels and Noumea. Barraclough was awarded the Devahuti prize by the Indian government in 1991. He has also worked in education in Pakistan and Australia.

Member of the Executive Board Federation of German Industries (BDI) Germany

Niedermark has wide experience in Asia-Pacific, having served as regional manager of the German Asia-Pacific Business Association in India to secretary-general of the Korean-German Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Seoul. From 2006, he worked for the chemical company BASF and was appointed head of the Berlin office in 2009. In his capacity as corporate communications vice-president, he was responsible for the company’s government relations in Berlin and Brussels. In 2020, he was appointed an executive board member of BDI, Berlin.

Researcher Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam Vietnam

Vu is also an alumnus of the ocean law and policy programme, Centre for International Law – National University of Singapore. His expertise includes international law, law of the sea, international environmental law with a geographical focus on Southeast Asia and the South China Sea. He has broad experience in legal service, diplomacy, civil service and academia.

Jimbo is also managing director of International House of Japan.  He served as special adviser to the former defence minister and senior adviser at the National Security. His main research fields are in international security, Japan-US security relations, Japanese foreign and defence policy, multilateral security in Asia-Pacific and regionalism in East Asia. He was a former policy adviser for various Japanese governmental commissions and research groups, including National Security Secretariat, Defence Ministry and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. His policy writings have appeared in NBR, The RAND Corporation, Stimson Centre, Pacific Forum CSIS,  Japan Times, Nikkei, Yomiuri, Asahi  and  Sankei Shimbun.

Department of Political Science Doshisha University Japan

Terada was assistant professor at the National University of Singapore and professor at Waseda University, Tokyo. He also served as a visiting fellow at University of Warwick, a Japan scholar at Woodrow Wilson Centre, Washington and an adviser for the US-Japan Institute. His areas of specialty include international political economy in the Indo-Pacific, theoretical and empirical studies of Asia-Pacific integration, and Japanese politics and foreign policy. His latest works include ‘Politics on TPP/CPTPP: turning Japan into one of the world’s major FTA powers’ in  Critical Review of Abe Administration  and ‘The evolution of Japan-Asean relations: core moves for Japan’s initiatives in Asian Regionalism beyond Southeast Asia’ in  The Oxford Handbook of Japanese Politics .

Vice-president China Foreign Affairs University China

Sun is the secretary-general of China National Association for International Studies, and deputy editor-in-chief of  Foreign Affairs Review . She has published and translated books, and written articles and papers on international relations, China’s foreign policy and international political linguistics in journals, such as  World Economics and Politics ,  Foreign Affairs Review ,  International Studies  and  Journal of International Studies . She is the author of  Language, Meaning and World Politics – the Language of the Bush Administration and the Iraq War .

Faculty of Law and Justice University of New South Wales Sydney Australia

Klein is an Australian Research Council future fellow. She is currently president of the Australian branch of the International Law Association and a trustee for the UK-based charity, Human Rights at Sea. Her research focuses on law of the sea and international dispute settlement. She was previously dean of Macquarie Law School and acting head of the Department for Policing, Intelligence and Counterterrorism at Macquarie University. She worked at Debevoise & Plimpton LLP for the government of Eritrea and in the office of legal affairs at the United Nations. She is a fellow of the Australian Academy of Law.

Executive Director Cambodian Institute for Cooperation and Peace Cambodia

Sothirak also serves as adviser to the government, having held the post of secretary of state of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, ambassador to Japan, MP and minister of industry mines and energy. He was the visiting senior research fellow at the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS) in Singapore and has written extensively on issues confronting the development of Cambodia and the region.

Council Secretary & Senior Research Fellow Singapore Institute of International Affairs (SIIA) Singapore

Yeo Lay Hwee is director of the EU Centre, vice-chair of AseanCham-EU, senior fellow at the Singapore Institute of International Affairs and adjunct senior fellow at the S Rajaratnam School of International Studies. She also teaches at the National University of Singapore and Singapore Management University. She is an expert in EU-Asean/Asia-Europe relations and has an interest in regionalism, multilateralism and global governance. She sits on several academic advisory boards, including Centre for European Studies at the Australian National University, Leiden Asia Centre in Leiden University and Asian Vision Institute in Cambodia. She co-edited Asean-EU Partnership: the Untold Story.

Chairperson, Department of Political Science University of the Philippines-Diliman Philippines

Arugay’s research interests are civil-military relations, comparative democratisation, security sector governance, and foreign policy. He is also editor-in-chief of Asian Politics & Policy . He manages the Philippine studies project of the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies-Yusof-Ishak Institute (Singapore) as a visiting fellow. Arugay is a trustee of the Foundation for the National Interest, Inc, a new independent think-tank based in Manila. He was a visiting scholar in the Carter Centre, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Chulalongkorn University, University of Sydney, Jeju Peace Institute, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor and National Institute of Defence Studies (Japan).

Deputy Executive Director for Research Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) Indonesia

Shafiah joined CSIS in December 2000 and her research interests include issues of regional security in the Indo-Pacific, Asean, maritime security, Indonesia’s foreign policy, and development cooperation. In 2017, she joined the S Rajaratnam School of International Studies Singapore as a senior fellow at the Maritime security programme. She was the chief editor of The Indonesian Quarterly , an academic journal published by CSIS, doctoral fellow at the Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy in Hamburg and recipient of various scholarships and research grants. She served in the panel of jury for the 2022 and 2021 Adam Malik Award.

Distinguished Professor De La Salle University Philippines

De Castro is the holder of the Dr Aurelio Calderon chair in Philippines-American relations. He was a visiting fellow at the National Institute for Defence Studies, Japan, and visiting researcher at the Japan Institute of International Affairs. He also served as a consultant to the National Security Council during the Aquino administration. He consults on courses on international relations, strategic and security studies at the National Defence College, Special Intelligence Training School, General Staff and Command College of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, and the Foreign Service Institute.  As a member of the Albert Del Rosario Institute of Strategic and International Studies board of trustees, he writes monthly opinion columns for the Philippine Star and Business World .

Deputy Director & Visiting Professor Tama University Japan

Glosserman is also a senior adviser (non-resident) at Pacific Forum, Honolulu, where he served for 13 years as executive director. He is author of Peak Japan: The End of Grand Ambitions and co-author of The Japan-South Korea Identity Clash . He has just completed a manuscript on “the new national security economy”, examining the geopolitical intersection of national security and high technology. He is a member of the editorial board of the Japan Times and where he writes a weekly column on geopolitics and technology. He is an adjunct lecturer at the Management Centre of Innsbruck.

Founder and President Center for China and Globalization (CCG) China

Wang is also the vice-chairman of the China Association for International Economic Cooperation and dean of the Institute of Development Studies of Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu. As a thought leader on global relations, international business, global governance, global investment and trade, he has published more than 100 books in Chinese and English.

Chairman of the Board China-Southeast Asia Research Center on the South China Sea China

Wu is also chairman of Huayang Centre for Maritime Cooperation and Ocean Governance; and founding president and chairman of the academic committee of China’s National Institute for South China Sea Studies. He serves as chairman of the advisory board of Institute for China-America Studies, adjunct professor of Nanjing University and chair professor of Xiamen University. His research interests cover the South China Sea, maritime delimitation, maritime economy, international relations and regional security. He has published widely in academic journals on South China Sea, regional security issues, international relations and the development of Hainan Free Trade Port.

Director, Cybersecurity and Critical Technologies Pacific Forum United States

Manantan leads the cyber Asean initiative, and the US Cyber, Technology and Security partnerships with Japan, Australia, Taiwan and South Korea. He is also a non-resident fellow at the Centre for Southeast Asian Studies, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, and a former research consultant at the Asia Society Policy Institute, Washington. He has held visiting fellowships at the Japan Foundation, Centre for Rule-Making Strategies at Tama University in Tokyo, Japan, and the East-West Centre, Washington.

Senior Fellow, Asia Program Carnegie Endowment for International Peace United States

Elina focuses on developments in Southeast Asia, particularly the impact and implications of technology reshaping power dynamics, governance, and nation-building in the region. She was the former director of political-security affairs and deputy director of the Washington office at the Asia Society Policy Institute. She spent most of her career at the Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS) Malaysia, where she last held the position of director, foreign policy and security studies. Elina was also formerly with the Brookings Institution’s project on US relations with the Islamic world.

Head of School, Social Sciences University of Tasmania Australia

For more than 20 years, Farrelly has researched political, social and economic issues across Southeast Asia. In 2006, he founded New Mandala, a website which remains a prominent public forum in Southeast Asian studies. He previously held a range of academic positions in the ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, including as deputy director of the Coral Bell School of Asia-Pacific Affairs and as founding director of the ANU Myanmar Research Centre. He also served as associate dean in the ANU College of Asia and the Pacific. In 2020 he was appointed to the board of the Australia-Asean Council.

Executive Director Philippine-American Educational Foundation Philippines

Amador is CEO of Amador Research Services, interim president of the Foundation for the National Interest, and founder and trustee of the non-profit FACTS Asia. He regularly participates in Tracks 1.5 and 2 events and writes on national security and foreign affairs for various publications. He was a civil servant for more than a decade and worked on foreign affairs and national security issues. He co-edited A Handbook on Philippine Public Diplomacy and co-authored the monograph ‘Reviewing Philippine-US Bilateral Defence Relations: The Legal, Military, and Diplomacy Perspectives’. Amador is involved in designing executive education programmes on foreign affairs and national security for defence, military, and private training and educational institutions.

Fellow & Coordinator, Myanmar Studies Programme ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute Singapore

Moe joined ISEAS in 2008, serving as a lead researcher in the Asean Studies Centre up to August 2019. Prior to ISEAS, Moe spent 10 years at the Asean Secretariat, where she headed the human development unit. A former diplomat, she is researching Burma’s foreign policy implementation for her PhD at the National University of Singapore. Moe has contributed to several compendia on Asean/Southeast Asia and on Myanmar. She co-authored Myanmar: Life After Nargis and co-edited Urbanisation in Southeast Asia: Issues and Implications and Asean and India: The Way Forward .

Director, Institute of Security & International Studies (ISIS) Thailand; Assistant Dean, Faculty of Political Science, Chulalongkorn University Thailand

Pongphisoot is also an assistant professor and assistant dean of the faculty of political science, Chulalongkorn University.  His research interests focus on great power competition in Southeast Asia, Thailand’s foreign policy, and norms and identity in international relations. He is working on several projects, including the normative constructs influencing Thailand’s strategic choices between the US and China, and geopolitics of great power competition in the Indo-Pacific, especially the Mekong subregion. He served as an analyst at Thailand’s Office of the National Security Council before embarking on his academic career.

Senior Fellow & Co-founder Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) Indonesia

Jusuf is the vice-chairman of the board of trustees CSIS Foundation. He served as vice-chair of the Indonesian National Committee for the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council, co-chair of the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council and co-chair of the Council of Security Cooperation in Asia-Pacific. He is also publisher of The Jakarta Post . A lawyer by training, Jusuf was assistant professor of law at the University of Indonesia and has served in various national and international organisations. He has edited a number of books on political and security developments in the Asia-Pacific region. His memoir, Shades of Grey , was published in 2013.

Executive Director Asia New Zealand Foundation New Zealand

Draper has extensive international background in negotiation and relationship management. He joined the Asia New Zealand Foundation in September 2015, coming from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade where he had worked in various roles since 1991. These included director United Nations, Human Rights and Commonwealth Division, which saw him driving New Zealand’s successful campaign for a UN Security Council seat. Since joining the Asia New Zealand Foundation, he has enhanced its international focus and created new opportunities for New Zealanders to experience Asia first-hand. He is a commentator on Asia and has a long-running fortnightly column published in newspapers across New Zealand and on Stuff.co.nz, one of the country’s biggest news media sites.

Former Executive Director & Senior Fellow National Maritime Foundation (NMF) India

After 35 years as a missile warfare specialist and commanding two warships, Gurpreet retired from the Indian Navy in January 2023 as professor, Naval War College Goa. He formulated seminal doctrinal documents for the navy: Indian Maritime Doctrine, Handbook on Law of Maritime Operations and Indian Maritime Security Strategy. He is the author of three books and numerous academic papers on geopolitics, maritime strategy and naval operations. As executive director of NMF, he represented India in IORA, EAS and CSCAP, and contributed to drafting the National Maritime Policy. He is member of an international committee of experts at US Naval War College Newport for drafting the new manual on law of naval warfare.

Head of Center for Asean-Indian Studies Institute of Foreign Affairs and National Security Republic of Korea

Choe leads the Korea National Diplomatic Academy’s research on Southeast Asia, South Asia and the broader Indo-Pacific. His current research focuses on the role of Korea in the geopolitical dynamics and regional architecture in the Indo-Pacific. Among his most recent writings are South Korea’s New Southern Policy: The Limits of Indo-Pacific Geopolitics; The ROK’s Indo-Pacific Strategy under President Yoon: Key Elements and Strategic Implications; The Quest for Strategic Balance and South Korea’s Indo-Pacific Conundrum.

Team Leader, Centre for Intelligence and Security Studies (CISS) Bundeswehr University Munich Germany

Stumbaum is a frequent speaker on Asia-Pacific security issues and advises the European Union and the German government. Working at the intersection of academia and politics, she has worked as a lecturer/visiting fellow at European, American, Asian and Chinese think-tanks, universities and government agencies, including the European External Action Service and the German Ministry of Defence. She is the former director of the EU’s Asia-Pacific Research and Advice Network and NFG Research Group; senior research fellow/executive director at Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI); and Fritz Thyssen fellow, WCFIA, Harvard University.

Assistant Professor, Regional Security Architecture Programme S Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS) Singapore

Teo’s research interests include multilateral security and defence cooperation in Asean and Asia-Pacific, middle powers in the Asia-Pacific and international relations. Her latest book is Middle Powers in Asia Pacific Multilateralism: A Differential Framework . She is the co-author of Security Strategies of Middle Powers in the Asia Pacific and the co-editor of Minilateralism in the Indo-Pacific: The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue , Lancang-Mekong Cooperation Mechanism, and Asean . Her articles have appeared in International Theory, The Pacific Review, Asia Policy and various commentary platforms.

Associate Professor of War Studies University of Potsdam Germany

Rieck also teaches international relations at Humboldt-Universität in Berlin and Universidad Rey Juan Carlos in Madrid. His research focuses mostly on German and European defence policy, comparative regional integration and regional powers. He has worked at the foreign policy institute at the Konrad Adenauer Stiftung in Berlin, European foresight programme at the tech think-tank Stiftung Neue Verantwortung and Latin American Institute of the German Institute for Global and Area Studies GIGA. He was a former DAAD Carlo Schmid fellow at the United Nations in Mexico City.

Executive Director of Policy, Asia Society Australia Senior Fellow, Asia Society Policy Institute Australia

Maude has more than 30 years’ experience in foreign policy and national security and has served in Singapore, the United States and Malaysia. He is the former deputy secretary, Indo-Pacific Group, in the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and a senior official to the East Asia Summit. In 2017, Maude headed a task force, which supported the Australian government’s foreign policy white paper. He was also the director-general of the Office of National Assessments and senior adviser on foreign policy and national security issues to prime minister Julia Gillard.

Senior Fellow Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) Indonesia

Rizal was Indonesia’s ambassador to the United Kingdom, Ireland and the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) from 2016 to 2020. He joined CSIS in 1990 as a researcher and assumed the role of executive director in 2009 until 2015. He has worked extensively on issues, such as Southeast Asian security, Asean, Indonesia’s defence and foreign policy, military reform, Islam and politics, and domestic political changes in Indonesia. He was the first Indonesian to receive the Nakasone Award in July 2005 and named as one the 100 Global Thinkers in 2009 by Foreign Policy magazine.

President Emeritus & WSD-Handa Chair in Peace Studies Pacific Forum United States

Cossa is president emeritus and worldwide support for development-Handa Haruhisa Chair in Peace Studies at the Honolulu-based Pacific Forum. He is senior editor of the Forum’s electronic journal, Comparative Connections, and co-author of its regional overview. He is a member and former international co-chair of the Asean Regional Forum Experts and Eminent Persons Group, and a founding member and former co-chair of the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific. He is a former military officer, who served as a special assistant to two US Pacific Command commanders.

President & Senior Research Fellow Shanghai Institutes for International Studies (SIIS) China

Chen specialises in the studies of the United Nations, China’s foreign policy and China-US relations. He has led numerous research projects commissioned by the China National Foundation of Social Sciences Studies and Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He is the chief editor of China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies , a flagship English journal on China’s diplomacy. He is also the adjunct professor of SIIS. He is adviser to the Independent Team of Advisory for ECOSOC Dialogue on longer-term positioning of UN Development System, a member of Asean Regional Forum’s Expert and Eminent Person and senior adviser on economic diplomacy to China’s Foreign Ministry.

Secretary-general, Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Amran started his career at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1992, and his stints include multilateral diplomacy. He has served in missions in New York, Geneva and Jakarta before being accredited as ambassador to Turkey in 2014. This was followed by appointed as a permanent representative of Malaysia to the United Nations and other international organisations in Geneva in 2016. He returned to Putrajaya in 2019 to head the Department of Bilateral Affairs and was appointed the ministry’s 17th secretary-general in 2022.

Prof Emeritus, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Tham is also a visiting senior fellow at ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute. She was formerly director and professor of international trade at Institute of Malaysian and International Studies (IKMAS), UKM. Her research interests cover trade in goods and services as well as foreign direct investment (FDI). She sits on several editorial boards for international journals and board of Global Development Network (GDN). She is also a member of the task force appointed to review the new industrial master plan 2030. She is currently working on BRI projects in Malaysia, trade in higher education services and digital trade in Asean.

CEO, Strand Aerospace Malaysia

Naguib is also president of Malaysia Aerospace Industry Association (MAIA). Naguib holds a BEng aerospace engineering from UMIST and a MSc from Cranfield. He began his career growing a UK aerospace start-up, and then returned to Malaysia to build Strand Aerospace Malaysia into an organisation leading the design and analysis engineering services industry. In 2021, Naguib founded Advanced Manufacturing & Robotics Accelerator Centre of Excellence (Amrace) dedicated to accelerating the transformation to smart businesses with sustainable business practices. He speaks frequently on aerospace and other technology subjects at global events.

Professor of Law, School of Business and Economics, Universiti Putra Malaysia

Rozanah graduated with a bachelor’s and master’s in law and obtained her PhD from the International Islamic University, Malaysia. Her areas of interest and specialisation are industrial safety (OSH) law, employment law and business law. She is internationally recognised, holding the post of visiting associate professor, Tashkent-State-Technical-University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; visiting fellow at Alliance Manchester Business School, Lincoln International Business School and UWA Business School. She has carried out research and consultancy activities with public and private agencies, including the International Labour Organisation, World Bank Group, Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia, Department of Occupational Safety and Health , Legal Affairs Division (Prime Minister’s Department), and the National Valuation Institute.

Professor, Department of Economics, International Islamic University Malaysia

Aslam received his PhD from the School of Development Studies, University of East Anglia, UK. He led the ‘turn-around’ plan of the Department of Economics and established the Centre for Islamic Economics, IIUM, where he acted as coordinator of its strategic development plan. He is currently director of the academic development division, leading efforts to redevelop and revamp IIIT ESEA research and publication agenda. He has researched and published extensively in various areas of economics and development studies. He co-founded an Islamic microfinance programme, I-Taajir, which serves the B40 community.

Secretary-general, Ministry of Defence

Muez holds an honours degree in economics from University of Malaya, a public administration diploma from INTAN and a master’s degree in economics from Vanderbilt University, Tennessee. His career in public service is extensive, particularly in the economic, entrepreneurial and agricultural policy spaces. Prior to his current placement at the Ministry of Defence, he was the secretary-general of the Ministry of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs. He has also been actively involved in amending several laws related to trade. For example, he deposited Malaysia’s instrument of accession to the Madrid Protocol, which is primarily concerned with the country’s trademark system at the international level.

Deputy secretary-general (policy), Ministry of Finance

Johan is a chartered accountant (ICAEW) who graduated with an economics degree from the University of Cambridge. Since 2004, he has served in various roles, including deputy secretary-general (policy) and national budget director at the Ministry of Finance, deputy director-general of the Economic Planning Unit and CEO of Talent Corporation Malaysia. He was appointed secretary-general of the Ministry of Finance on 27 February 2023. Before joining the government in 2004, he worked in corporate finance and accounting roles.

Founder & Executive Director Asian Trade Centre Singapore

Elms is also president of the Asia Business Trade Association (ABTA) and the board director of the Asian Trade Centre Foundation (ATCF). She sits on the board of the Trade and Investment Negotiation Adviser (TINA) at the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia-Pacific (UNESCAP). She is on the international advisory council for APCO and was a member of the World Economic Forum’s trade and investment council. Prior to founding ATC/ATCF and the ABTA, she was head of the Temasek Foundation Centre for Trade & Negotiations (TFCTN) and senior fellow at the S Rajaratnam School of International Studies at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.

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Member of the board Institute of Strategic & International Studies (ISIS) Malaysia

Munir is chairman of the Asean Business Advisory Council, Malaysia, of CARI Asean Research and Advocacy, and president of the Asean Business Club. He also sits on the board of the honorary council of advisers for EUROCHAM Malaysia and is board chairman of the Institute for Capital Market Research Malaysia. He is an advocate of deeper Asean economic integration. He is an honorary fellow of LSE and visiting senior fellow at the Centre of International Affairs, Diplomacy and Strategy.

Deputy head of mission European Union Delegation to Malaysia

Goosmann joined the EU Delegation to Malaysia in September 2021. He served as a German diplomat between 2009 and 2021 and was posted to Quito and Jakarta. Prior to the diplomatic stint, Goosmann worked as business consultant, university lecturer and in a think-tank. He speaks English, Spanish, French and (some) Bahasa Indonesia.

Senior fellow Centre for Strategic and International Studies

Poling directs the Southeast Asia p rogram me and Asia m aritime t ransparency i nitiative at the Centr e for Strategic and International Studies. He is a leading expert on the South China Sea disputes and conducts research on US alliances and partnerships, democrati s ation and governance in Southeast Asia, and maritime security across the Indo-Pacific. He is the author of On d angerous g round: America’s c entury in the South China Sea .  

Southeast Asia programme director Lowy Institute

Patton is the project lead for the Asia Power Index , the Lowy Institute’s annual data-driven assessment that maps the changing distribution of power in the region. She has worked in various Southeast Asia-focused positions, including senior analyst in the Southeast Asia branch at the Australian Office of National Intelligence.  

Analyst Institute of Strategic & International Studies (ISIS) Malaysia

Qarrem’s primary research interests include international trade, political and institutional economics, wages & productivity growth and the development of local MSMEs. His recent work focused on government strategic plans for MSME development, formalisation of informal entrepreneurs and various sector-specific government development plans. He was a former consultant specialising in public sector economic advisory.

Senior analyst Institute of Strategic & International Studies (ISIS) Malaysia

Tashny’s research interests include domestic politics, labour migration, gender parity and equality, and the regional role and position of international human rights mechanisms. She is the founder of 50-50 Malaysia, a tool to connect policymakers, journalists and the public with female experts in, on or from Malaysia. Tashny also operates Kolektif BungaRaya, a support group for survivors of sexual harassment and assault.

Senior director (research) Institute of Strategic & International Studies (ISIS) Malaysia

Alizan is currently completing his PhD at Keio University on understanding the influence of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to address interlinkages across SDGs. His research area includes governance of and for sustainable development and global environmental governance. He was the lead author for the national readiness study to implement the SDGs for the Economic Planning Unit. His other areas of research include institutions for sustainable development and sustainable consumption and production.

Director Centre for Asean Regionalism Universiti Malaya (CARUM) Malaysia

Rahul specialises in politico-security affairs of the Southeast and East Asian region, Asean-EU regionalism, comparative regionalism and the role of major and middle powers in the Indo-Pacific, especially in the context of the China-US competition. His latest publications include Asia and Europe in the 21st century: new anxieties, new opportunities, and India’s Eastward Engagement from Antiquity to Act East Policy.

Department of Political Science   National University of Kyiv

OLEXIY HARAN is Professor of Comparative Politics at the National University of Kyiv Mohyla Academy (UKMA). Since 2002, he has served as founding director of the UKMA School for Policy Analysis and from 2015, research director at the Democratic Initiatives Foundation, a leading analytical and sociological think-tank.

He is the co-editor of Constructing a Political Nation: Changes in the Attitudes of Ukrainians during the War in the Donbas (2017 , Ukraine in Europe: Questions and Answers (2009) and Russia and Ukraine: Ten Years of Transformation (Moscow 2003) . His latest book is From Brezhnev to Zelensky: Dilemmas of Ukrainian Political Scientist (2021) . Haran was a member of the Council of ‘Maidan’ movement (2013-2014) and has also spent weeks at the frontline in Mariupol, Luhansk, Avdiivka and Donetsk airport.

Foreign Minister of Australia, 1988-1996 President and CEO of the International Crisis Group, 2000-2009 GLF Member

Evans was one of Australia’s longest serving foreign ministers (1988-1996), best known internationally for his roles in developing the United Nations peace plan for Cambodia, bringing to a conclusion the international Chemical Weapons Convention, founding the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum and Asean Regional Forum (ARF), and initiating the Canberra Commission on the Elimination of Nuclear Weapons. He has maintained strong academic and scholarly connections throughout his career and has written or edited nine books and journal articles on foreign relations, politics, human rights and legal reform.

Prime Minister of New Zealand, 1999-2008 Administrator, UNDP, 2009-2017 GLF Chair

Clark was elected prime minister of New Zealand in 1999, 2002 and 2005. She became administrator of the United Nations Development Programme in April 2009 and was the first woman to lead that organisation. She was also chair of the UN Development Group, a committee consisting of the heads of all UN funds, programmes and departments working on development issues. She now engages in public advocacy across a range of issues.

Attorney-General of Indonesia, 1999-2001 UN Special Rapporteur DPRK, 2010-2016 GLF Member

Marzuki served as attorney-general of Indonesia under the first democratically elected president, Abdurrahman Wahid. As AG, he led a wide-ranging corruption investigation into former president Suharto and family and prosecuted cases of corruption, mass murder and human rights abuses. In 2010, he was chair of the United Nations Secretary-General’s Panel of Experts on Sri Lanka and also served as special rapporteur for North Korea (2011-2016). Marzuki is currently chairman of the UN fact-finding mission to Myanmar.

Minister of Defence of South Africa, 1991-1992 Minster of Constitutional Affairs and Communication, 1992-1994 Minister of Constitutional Development and Provincial Affairs, 1994-1996 GLF Member

Meyer served as defence minister and minister of constitutional affairs and communication under president FW de Klerk. Together with Cyril Ramaphosa, chief negotiator for the African National Congress (ANC), Meyer negotiated the end of apartheid and helped pave the way to the first democratic elections in South Africa in 1994. Meyer subsequently served as minister of constitutional development in Nelson Mandela’s cabinet. He has also been involved in peace processes in Bolivia, Burundi, Central African Republic, Colombia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Guyana, Iraq, Israel/Palestine, Kenya, Kosovo, Myanmar, Rwanda, Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe.

Senior fellow for East Asia Lowy Institute   

Richard McGregor is senior fellow for East Asia at the Lowy Institute, Australia’s premier foreign policy think-tank.

McGregor is a former Beijing and Washington bureau chief for the Financial Times and the author of numerous books on East Asia.

His most recent book, Xi Jinping: The Backlash, was published in August 2019. His book on Sino-Japanese relations, Asia’s Reckoning: China, Japan and the Fate of U.S. Power in the Pacific Century (Penguin Books, 2017), won the prime minister of Australia’s literary award for non-fiction. He is also a senior associate at the Centre for Strategic and International Studies in the US.

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Research professor Center for Asean-India Studies Institute of Foreign Affairs and National Security Korean National Diplomatic Academy

Dr Cho is also a visiting professor teaching Asean regionalism and Asean & Oceania courses at Yonsei University. His main research topics consist of international relations of the Indo-Pacific region, especially the Mekong subregion and South Asia. His recent policy papers include reports on India’s Indo-Pacific Strategy and international cooperation in the Mekong region. His academic articles have appeared in Defence and Peace Economics, Pacific Focus, and other Korean international relations journals.

Associate professor Department of International and Strategic Studies Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences Universiti Malaya

Dr Varkkey’s areas of expertise include transboundary haze governance in Southeast Asia and global palm oil politics. Her monograph on The Haze Problem in Southeast Asia: Palm Oil and Politics was published by Routledge in 2016. Her latest book is a collection of essays on the politics of haze and the environment in Southeast Asia called The Forests for the Palms: Essays on the Politics of haze and the Environment in Southeast Asia published by ISEAS Singapore in 2021. She has almost two decades of experience in qualitative research, including conducting fieldwork and interviews among various government and non-government stakeholders, and has built up extensive research networks across Southeast Asia. She has edited and produced reports for the Academy of Sciences Malaysia, Unicef and the Asean Secretariat.

Senior executive (research) IDEAS

Prior to joining IDEAS, Jazreen had a brief stint in legal (particularly the e-commerce sector) and previously worked at an international chamber of commerce where he performed business research, market intelligence, international trade, and assisted SMEs. His interests include (but are not limited to) international political economy, sustainable developments, and global K-Pop diplomacy.

Deputy undersecretary Policy and Strategic Planning Division Ministry of Defence

Sahipulhijaimanis’ purview includes international defence cooperation, traditional and non-traditional security issues, defence policy and military capability development. He was the lead officer for the formulation of Malaysia’s first Defence White Paper and the civilian adviser for the National Military Strategy review. Prior to the posting at Ministry of Defence, he was at the Ministry of Transport where he was the director of policy and monitoring, Road Safety Department.

Coordinator for the Indo Pacific Strategy Task Force Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Korea

Lim Sang-woo is the Coordinator for the Indo-Pacific Strategy Task Force. He graduated from Georgetown University, Washington DC with a Master of Science in Foreign Service in 2003 and subsequently was posted in the US, Republic of Congo, Brazil and Madagascar. Under the Moon administration, Lim Sang woo has served as the Senior Assistant Secretary to the President for Foreign Policy in the Office of National Security and as Senior Advisor to Foreign Minister in the ROK MOFA. From Oct 2021, Lim Sang Woo helmed the North American Affairs Bureau as Director-General before shifting to play the role of Coordinator for the Indo-Pacific Strategy Task Force in 2022.

Senior lecturer Strategic Studies and International Relations Programme Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Dr Hoo’s main research interests include Korean Peninsula issues, international relations theory and relations between Southeast Asia and the two Koreas. She was editor of The New Southern Policy: Catalyst for Deepening Asean-ROK Relations (ISIS Malaysia, 2020) and co-editor of a forthcoming volume on North Korea-Southeast Asia relations.

Board of directors ISIS Malaysia

Sulaiman is chairman of the Malaysian Investment Development Authority (MIDA). He was the former director-general of the Economic Planning Unit and has held posts in the Finance Ministry and Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs Ministry. He is also a board member of ISIS Malaysia and CEO of the National Recovery Council (MPN).

Kato currently organises the Japan Future Leaders School, a summer school in Fukuoka, focusing on educating the future generation of leaders from not just Japan, but all Asia. She is also chair of AFS Intercultural Programme, an exchange programme for high school students.

Former prime minister of Malaysia

Dr Mahathir’s first term as prime minister ran from 1981 to 2003. During his first tenure, he opened up the country and developed Malaysia into a prosperous and dynamic economy in Southeast Asia. Among his many legacies are the home-grown automotive industry and the Look East Policy. He served as prime minister again from 2018 to 2020.

Associate Professor

Mochinaga is an associate professor at the Department of Systems Engineering and Science at Shibaura Institute of Technology. He focuses on global cybersecurity, technology policy and regulatory issues. As a consultant for the Japanese government, he has contributed to cybersecurity policy development, including technology development, critical infrastructure protection and technical standards.

Senior lecturer Queensland Centre for Population Research University of Queensland

Dr Bernard is a demographer at the University of Queensland. She works on internal migration in partnership with international organisations and government departments on a range of theoretical, methodological, and applied issues. Her contributions to formal demography include developing measurement and estimation techniques that facilitate large-scale international comparisons of migration levels, patterns and selectivity. She is currently chief investigator on two Australian Research Council’s Discovery Projects and a Linkage Project in partnership with the University of Melbourne, University of New England, Shanghai University, Australian Bureau of Statistics and Treasury’s Centre for Population. She serves as associate editor of the Journal of Population Research and will co-chair the IUSSP Scientific Panel on Lifetime Migration from 2023 to 2025.

CEO Malaysia Digital Economy Corporation (MDEC)

Prior to his appointment to MDEC, Mahadhir was co-founder and CEO of Futurise, an agency under the Finance Ministry mandated to drive the National Regulatory Sandbox. In 2020, Mahadhir was handpicked to be part of the founding team of the National Economic Implementation and Strategic Coordination Agency (Laksana) under the Finance Ministry. Mahadhir has a proven track record of over 20 years in various industries including financial services, energy, information technology and media, serving established global and local organisations such as Deloitte Consulting, Kodak, Petronas and AmInvestment Bank.

Personal data protection commissioner Communications and multimedia ministry

Mazmalek is actively involved in international organisations, such as the International Telecommunication Union and Asia-Pacific Telecommunity. He was the former director of the Malaysian Emergency Response Services 999 (MERS 999) and worked on the enactment of the Protection of Personal Data Protection Act 2010 (PDPA 2010) and rural development of ICT and related matters. He was a negotiator in the Malaysia-Australia FTA, Trans-Pacific Partnership on telecommunications and e-commerce and Malaysia-European Union FTA.

Co-founder Mereka

Ambika is co-founder and chief operating officer of Mereka, an education technology start-up. She joined the Biji-biji Group in 2014. She was the ex-CEO of Biji-biji Ethical Fashion, which won the United Kingdom’s common objective leadership award in 2019. As the head of sustainability, Ambika developed and implemented multiple award-winning campaigns and was an East-West Centre’s 2020 Changing Faces Women, 2018 YSEALI professional fellow and Malaysian Public Service Department scholar.

Faculty of Business and Economics Universiti Malaya

Devadason’s previous positions include Centre for Latin American Studies head and Faculty of Economics and Administration deputy dean (research and development). She received her Ph.D. (Economics) from Universiti Malaya in 2006 and M.Soc.Sci. (Economics) from the National University of Singapore in 1992. Her research focuses on international trade and regional integration and her research work has seen print in international journals such as World Development , The Pacific Review and Journal of Contemporary Asia . She currently serves as an editor in chief to the Institutions and Economies (Universiti Malaya) journal, associate editor to the International Journal of Social Economics (Emerald) and member to the editorial boards of the Journal of Contemporary Asia (Taylor & Francis) and the International Journal of Rural Management (SAGE) .

Senior fellow ISEAS Yusof Ishak  

Dr Lee was previously a senior lecturer in development studies at the Universiti Malaya and authored Affirmative Action in Malaysia and South Africa: Preference for Parity (Routledge, 2021) and has written various ISEAS perspective and trends articles on Malaysia’s affirmative action, inequality, education and labour.

Minister in the Prime Minister’s Department

Dato’ Sri Mustapa Mohamed is the Minister in the Prime Minister’s Department for the economic portfolio. He was appointed in March 2020, and has since been overseeing the nation’s overall medium and long-term socioeconomic development planning.

Born in 1950, Dato’ Sri Mustapa Mohamed holds a first-class honours degree in economics from the University of Melbourne as well as a master’s degree in economic development from Boston University. He was first elected as a Member of Parliament in 1995. He has since held a number of senior positions in the Malaysian government, including Minister of International Trade and Industry, Second Finance Minister, Minister of Agriculture and Agro-industry, Minister of Higher Education, Minister of Entrepreneur Development, Deputy Finance Minister, and Executive Director at the National Economic Action Council.

Head of Policy and Climate Change WWF Malaysia

Head of research Women’s Aid Organisation

Sharifah Shazana Agha is currently Head of Research at Women’s Aid Organisation, a Malaysian non-profit organisation working to improve gender equality and end violence and discrimination against women.

In the last 10 years, she has actively been a part of various research and advocacy initiatives advancing gender equality and children’s rights in Malaysia. In particular, she has contributed towards several projects focused on increasing and retaining the participation of women in the labour force and at decision-making levels.

Currently, she is a co-principal researcher for a research study focused on strengthening paid and unpaid care work policies in Malaysia in the context of endemicity. Shazana graduated from Monash University and holds a Master of Arts from University of Malaya in the area of Gender Studies.

Regional head, group economics & market analysis CIMB

Intan Nadia Jalil is the Regional Head, Group Economics and Market Analysis for CIMB Bank Berhad. Her previous appointments include CEO of PNB Research Institute, associate director of economics at the Malaysian Aviation Commission and deputy director of research at Khazanah Research Institute. Nadia has 17 years’ experience in macroeconomics research, and in developing comprehensive economic development policies, strategies, and plans in Malaysia and Southeast Asia, including a term as Malaysian economist for the World Bank. Nadia holds an MSc in Regional and Urban Planning Studies from the London School of Economics and Political Science, and graduated from the University of Cambridge, United Kingdom with a BA in Economics.

Economist World Bank Malaysia

Amanina is an economist in Social Protection and Jobs Global Practice at the World Bank. She works in social protection, skills and jobs, labour markets and migration, focusing on Malaysia. Prior to joining the World Bank, she completed a PhD in Applied Economics at Monash University Malaysia. Amanina was also a visiting researcher at Erasmus University Rotterdam.

Senior director Think City

Izan was the founder and former CEO of Cendana, Malaysia’s Cultural Economy Development Agency dedicated to building a sustainable cultural economy. Under her, Cendana delivered RM37 million in economic impact within two years of its inception. An accountant by training, Izan has dedicated most of her career to the arts, from managing Enfiniti Vision Media to establishing the My Performing Arts Agency (MyPAA). Guided by her unwavering belief that the arts and cultural sector can do more to contribute to the economy with a proper ecosystem, Izan now heads Think City’s partnerships and creative sector division.

Group CEO MyCreative Ventures

Junady has more than two decades of experience covering an array of corporate disciplines, having previously held posts at entities, such as BIMB Holdings Bhd, Rothschild Malaysia, UEM Group, Renong Berhad, Aseambankers Malaysia (now known as Maybank Investment Bank) and PWC. Prior being appointed as the CEO of MyCreative Ventures, he served as senior director of strategic planning at Unit Peneraju Agenda Bumiputera (Teraju) of the Prime Minister’s Department, where among his key responsibilities was the development of proposals to the Malaysian government for strategic interventions towards developing a long-term road map for Bumiputera economic and socio-economic participation.

Senior fellow Institute of Strategic & International Studies (ISIS) Malaysia

Eddin is the founder of PUSAKA, which aims to preserve the oral transmission and research the cultural and religious politics and aspects of ritual in traditional theatre. He is the co-author of The Spirit of Wood and Rukunegara: A Brief History. He was the former chairman of a reform committee looking into national and vernacular education. Eddin is a graduate of University of Newcastle Upon Tyne and University of London.

Vice-president TalentCorp

Dean SEGi University & Colleges

Foong has been involved in early child care and education and tertiary education for over 30 years, locally and in the United Kingdom. She is currently the dean of the Faculty of Education, Languages, Psychology & Music at SEGi University & Colleges, is the secretary of the Professional Development Board of Early Childhood Care & Education Council Malaysia and an executive committee member of the National Association for Childcare and Education Malaysia.

Lecturer Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)

Yanti has taught human anatomy and histology for 28 years, and had just completed research on climate change impact on early childhood education, sponsored by Asia-Pacific Regional Network for Early Childhood. She is also a research member in a recently completed a UNICEF-sponsored, Malaysia-centric research grant on climate change and impacts of environmental degradation on children’s health and wellbeing.

Co-founder Klima Action Malaysia

Ili Nadiah is the co-founder and programme director of KAMY, a climate justice and feminist organisation to strengthen the ecosystem of climate justice and climate governance in Malaysia through research and lobbying, and civil society empowerment for a just and peaceful transition.She is also a consultant working in climate policy and risk and business and human rights.

Senior analyst Institute of Strategic & International Studies (ISIS) Malaysia

Afandi holds an MA in Sustainable Development Management from Sunway University. His interest lies in sustainable development, biodiversity conservation, climate adaptation and natural resources management. He had worked as an environmental consultant where he led several projects on strategic planning, policy preparation, land use planning and technical studies. He also served as a resource person for the All-Party Parliamentary Group Malaysia on Sustainable Development Goals (APPGM-SDG).

Group head and lead economist, regional surveillance Asean Macroeconomic Research Office

Chief strategy & transformation officer Social Security Organisation (Perkeso)

Edmund Cheong Peck Huang is currently the Chief Strategy and Transformation Officer of the Social Security Organization (PERKESO) of Malaysia. Prior to this he was the Deputy CEO of the PERKESO Tun Razak Rehabilitation Centre. He was also instrumental to the implementation of PERKESO’s ICT Core Systems. Edmund is also given the responsibility to be PERKESO’s Project Lead for drafting the National Blueprint for Social Wellbeing alongside with experts from the Employees’ Provident Fund (EPF), Bank Negara (Malaysian Central Bank) and other social security agencies. The National Blueprint for Social Wellbeing is an initiative of the Deputy Prime Minister’s Office in coordinating and improving social protection for all Malaysians. He is currently a technical committee member of the Malaysian Social Protection Council (MySPC).

Deputy director of research Khazanah Research Institute

Dr Gong’s ongoing research focuses on digital policy, including digital inclusion, the digital economy, and digital governance. She leads the team that produced KRI’s book on digital policy issues, #NetworkedNation: Navigating Challenges, Realising Opportunities of Digital Transformation. 

Director Social Wellbeing Research Centre, Universiti Malaya

Professor Norma is the director of the Social Wellbeing Research Centre (SWRC) at the Faculty of Economics and Administration, Universiti Malaya. She is also a professor at the Department of Administrative Studies and Politics at the faculty, where she served as dean from 2004-2009. She was also a Ragnar Nurkse visiting professor at Talinn University of Technology, Estonia, in 2015. Her research interests cover public and social policy, governance and social protection. 

Senior fellow ISEAS Yusof Ishak

Chief Executive Institute of Strategic & International Studies (ISIS) Malaysia

As chief executive of the country’s premier think-tank, Herizal determines the institute’s strategic direction. This includes designing ISIS Malaysia’s research and engagement programmes, building its research and policy development capabilities, and managing relationships with the government, private sector, civil society organisations, diplomatic community and other think-tanks. Herizal also leads the institute’s Track-Two diplomacy through the Asean Institutes of Strategic and International Studies (Asean-ISIS), Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific and the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council.

Chairman Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e. V., Germany

Dr Lammert was appointed the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung chairman in January 2018. As an active participant of German politics for nearly four decades, he helped to shape important offices. He served as president of the German Bundestag for 12 years. In the governments of Helmut Kohl, he served as parliamentary state secretary in the Ministries of Education and Science, Economic Affairs and Transport. In 2003, Lammert was awarded a lectureship for political science at the Ruhr University Bochum, which appointed him honorary professor in 2008. His numerous publications deal with social, economic and cultural policy issues.

Dato’ Sri Ismail Sabri Yaakob, the ninth Malaysian prime minister, was appointed to the post on 21 August 2021. Ismail was named as deputy prime minister in July 2021 and had served as opposition leader. He is the Bera MP, which he has represented since 2004. He was the former minister of defence; youth and sports; domestic trade, cooperatives and consumerism; and, rural and regional development.

New Zealand Ambassador to Asean

Calman has been part of the Foreign Affairs and Trade Ministry since 2013, where he has held leadership roles in the Pacific and development group, including overseeing global development, scholarships and as a special adviser. He has extensive experience in climate change and development issues. His previous postings included Canberra and as deputy head of mission in Beijing.

Foreign Minister Malaysia

Saifuddin is the Indera Mahkota MP and has served as communications and multimedia minister and deputy higher education minister. Saifuddin is an advocate of new politics, youth empowerment and social entrepreneurship. He actively promotes basketball and debate and is the founder of the Women’s National Basketball League and co-founder of the Malaysian universities’ royal debate. During his first tenure as foreign minister (2018-2020), he authored the Foreign Policy Framework of the New Malaysia, which served as Malaysia’s key foreign policy priorities. He has published eight books, the latest of which is New politics 2.0: multiracial and moderate Malaysian democracy (2017).

Assoc Prof of Political Science Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam

Nguyen is associate professor of political science at the Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam (DAV) and deputy director-general of the DAV East Sea (South China Sea) Institute. He served as counsellor at the Permanent Mission of Vietnam to the United Nations (New York) from 2016 to 2019. His research interests include international relations in the Indo-Pacific, security and maritime issues in Southeast Asia, and foreign policy of Vietnam.

Australian High Commissioner to Malaysia

Lee is a senior career officer with the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and was most recently first assistant secretary of the multilateral policy division. He has served as head of mission in Bangladesh, and deputy head of mission in Jakarta and Port Moresby. Lee holds a PhD in development studies and a BA (hons) in jurisprudence from Adelaide University and a graduate diploma in foreign affairs and trade from Monash University.

Chair, Asean-ISIS Network; Vice-President, Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam

Dr Hoang was the former director-general of the Institute for Foreign Policy and Strategic Studies and has published dozens of articles in foreign and Vietnamese journals on Vietnam’s foreign policy, politics and security in Southeast Asia, and American and China’s policies towards the East and Southeast Asia. He is the author/co-author of several books on the same subjects. He was also the former ambassador to Indonesia and served as minister counsellor at the Embassy of Vietnam in Washington DC, and non-resident ambassador to Papua New Guinea and Timor-Leste.

Dean, Institute of New Structural Economics Peking University, People’s Republic of China

Lin is dean of Institute of New Structural Economics and Institute of South-South Cooperation and Development, and professor and honorary dean of National School of Development at Peking University. He was a former senior vice-president and chief economist at the World Bank. He is the author of more than 20 books, including Justin Yifu Lin on China’s economy ; Beating the odds: jump-starting developing countries ; Going beyond aid: development cooperation for structural transformation ; Against the consensus: reflections on the Great Recession ; and Demystifying the Chinese economy .

Institute of Social Science University of Tokyo, Japan

Ito is one of the editors of The Asian Economy: Contemporary Issues and Challenges (Routledge, 2020). His research covers the Chinese industrial development, China’s outward FDI activities and innovation in Asia. Related works to this talk include Japan’s economic pragmatism: cooperating and competing with China , Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Strategic Japan 2021 programme discussion paper, and China’s belt and road initiative and Japan’s response: from non-participation to conditional engagement , East Asia , 36 (2019): 115-128.

College of Asia & the Pacific Australian National University (ANU)

Golley is an economist in the Arndt-Corden Department of Economics at the Crawford School of Public Policy at ANU. Her inter-disciplinary research focuses on the Chinese economy, including the economic geography of China’s industrial development, the economic impacts of demographic change and more recently, China’s growing geoeconomic capabilities and the impact of its bilateral political relations on patterns of trade. She is currently an executive member of the Australia China Business Council and an advisory board member for the Australia-China Relations Institute at the University of Technology, Sydney.

Director, Environment and Development Division United Nations ESCAP, Thailand

Dr Nam was appointed director, UNESCAP Environment and Development Division, in April. Prior to the current assignment, he served as deputy head, UNESCAP East and North-East Asia office and environmental affairs officer at the UNESCAP headquarters and ENEA office. He was a former lecturer at Hanyang University in Seoul and has served as an expert member of the presidential commission on sustainable development and northeast Asian cooperation initiative of the Republic of Korea. He is a founding member of Green Korea United, a leading environmental civil society group.

Lecturer, Department of Economic Development Royal University of Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Dr Nyda teaches statistics, quantitative research methods, applied research, geographical information systems and research methodology in Royal University of Phnom Penh. His current research projects include education, environment and disaster risk management, climate change, agroecology, and market research. In the area of climate change, the research is related to drought early warning systems in Cambodia, climate vulnerability assessment, agricultural techniques for drought resilience and the role of social entrepreneurship for drought resilience communities.

Adviser The Australia Institute

Hemming is an adviser in the climate and energy programme at The Australia Institute. She has more than a decade’s experience working in policy, marketing and academic publishing roles for both not-for-profit and government sectors. Her current work focuses on the involvement of the fossil fuel industry in carbon markets and the subsequent social licence and claims these markets afford the industry. A recent area of research is the impact of Australia’s Indo-Pacific carbon offsetting scheme and global carbon markets on the Indo-Pacific region.

Regional Director Southeast Asia, Climate and Energy British High Commission, Singapore

Moody oversees the UK government’s climate change and clean energy strategy in the Asean region, and mobilisation of regional policy, development programming and commercial work to deliver it. This includes directing the UK’s unique network of climate change and policy attachés across Southeast Asia, who carry out policy advisory and engagement to raise ambition across the region. His career included overseeing the £50 million portfolio of prosperity fund programmes of technical assistance in the South Africa region, UK Overseas Territories, and domestic policy on education, justice and police accountability.

Asst Prof, Department of Political Science University of The Philippines Diliman

Dr Tana’s research focuses on Japanese foreign policy, Philippine external relations, human security and peacebuilding. She obtained her PhD at the National University of Singapore in 2019.

Former Ambassador for Disarmament New Zealand

Higgie was a career diplomat and international law specialist with the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT) until her retirement in 2021. She has served as international trade law adviser (responsible for all WTO litigation) and New Zealand’s first ambassador for counter-terrorism and director of MFAT’s international security and disarmament division. In the 12 years before her retirement, she was New Zealand’s global ambassador for disarmament. During this time, she was president of the Conference on Disarmament in 2015 and served as chair of the missile technology control regime. She remains as an ambassador-at-large for MFAT and chair of the Geneva-based Voluntary Trust Fund for the Arms Trade Treaty.

Senior Fellow Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, People’s Republic of China

Dr Tong is based in Beijing, where he conducts research on strategic security issues, such as nuclear weapons policy, deterrence, arms control, non-proliferation, missile defence, hypersonic weapons, and China’s security and foreign policy. He is an associate editor of the journal Science & Global Security and is a member of the International Panel on Fissile Materials. Tong also serves on the board of the Asia-Pacific Leadership Network (APLN) and on the advisory board of the Missile Dialogue Initiative. He is the author of Tides of change: China’s nuclear ballistic missile submarines and strategic stability and Narrowing the US-China gap on missile defence: how to help forestall a nuclear arms race.

Distinguished Fellow Centre for Air Power Studies, India

Dr Manpreet has worked on nuclear energy, strategy, arms control and disarmament. She is author and editor of eight books and more than 120 papers. She lectures regularly at National Defence College and other establishments of Indian armed forces, police, foreign services and universities. She is a regular participant at policy conferences, Track Two initiatives and the UN Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR). She sits on the board of the Asia-Pacific Leadership Network (APLN) and is co-chair of Women in Nuclear – India.

Lecturer, Department of Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia

Andhika is a PhD candidate on nuclear engineering at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), South Korea. His research interests include nuclear security, nuclear non-proliferation and nuclear energy modelling. His research in nuclear security includes the potential security impact and proliferation resistance of small and modular reactors (SMRs) and advanced nuclear technology. He is also acting as president of the Institute of Nuclear Material Management (INMM) KAIST student chapter and a former summer fellow at Nuclear Non-proliferation Education and Research Centre (NEREC) KAIST.

Programme Lead Asia-Pacific Development, Diplomacy and Defence Dialogue (AP4D), Australia

Tyler brings decades of experience in Australian foreign policy to her role as programme lead of the newly established AP4D. For 13 years she served as national executive director of the Australian Institute of International Affairs (AIIA). Under her leadership, the AIIA was recognised for three years running as the top think-tank in Southeast Asia/Pacific. In 2017, she co-authored Think Tank Diplomacy, the first book-length discussion of the role of policy institutes in the international sphere.

Director, Client and Business Development (International) at WMG University of Warwick

Dr Kogila Balakrishnan is the director for client and business development (international) at WMG, University of Warwick. Kogila is a consultant and adviser with cross-sector experience in technology offsets, defence and security industrial strategy and collaboration. She is an adjunct professor at the Malaysian Defence University and a fellow at the Institute for International & Strategic Studies (ISIS) Malaysia.

Chief research scientist, BT

Dr Hercock has more than 20 years’ experience in leading security research projects in the UK and was theme leader for cybersecurity in the UK MOD Information Fusion Defence Technology Centre. His research interests include cybersecurity, artificial intelligence (AI), robotics and complex adaptive systems. He has written on AI and security concepts and frequently provides expert advice to the government on defence, cybersecurity and AI issues. In 2020, he was appointed fellow at the Oxford Changing Character of Warfare Centre, Pembroke College.

Director Economic Geography Studies Group Institute of Development Economics (IDE-JETRO)

Satoru Kumagai is the director of economic geography studies group in IDE-JETRO and the lead programmer for its geographical simulation model. He researches on issues around international trade and economic development in East Asia, focusing on the Malaysian economy and middle-income trap. He was a former visiting research fellow at the Malaysian Institute of Economic Research (MIER) and works as a specialist to evaluate transport infrastructure development projects for the Asian Development Bank and World Bank.

Senior fellow Regional Strategic and Political Studies Programme ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute Singapore

Choong is senior fellow at the ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute in Singapore and managing editor of Fulcrum, the institute’s commentary website focused on Southeast Asia and its wider environment. He was Shangri-La Dialogue Senior Fellow for Asia-Pacific Security at the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) from 2013 to 2020. Prior to joining IISS, Choong was a senior writer at The Straits Times, where he focused on defence, diplomacy and US policy in Asia.

Former foreign minister; Senior fellow, Institute of Security and International Studies (ISIS) Chulalongkorn University Thailand

Kasit was Thailand’s former foreign minister from 2008 to 2011. A former diplomat with a 37-year career, he is now actively involved with civil society organisations, focusing on the rights of refugees, asylum seekers and migrant workers as well as religious beliefs in a democratic context.

Former secretary-general, Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Former chairman & chief executive, ISIS Malaysia

Rastam is former secretary-general of the Foreign Affairs Ministry of Malaysia. He has served as high commissioner to Pakistan, ambassador to Bosnia Herzegovina and to the Republic of Indonesia, and permanent representative to the United Nations in New York. He has also served as chairman and chief executive of the Institute of Strategic & International Studies (ISIS) Malaysia.

Executive director RIKEN

Dr Yuko Harayama is executive director for international affairs, promotion of early career researchers and diversity at RIKEN, Japan’s largest research organisation for basic and applied science. Prior to joining RIKEN, she spent five years at the Cabinet Office of Japan as an Executive Member of the Council for Science, Technology and Innovation (CSTI). In this capacity, she represented Japan in different international science and technology meetings, including the G7 Science and Technology Ministers’ meeting. She is a Legion D’Honneur recipient (Chevalier) and was awarded honorary doctorate from the University of Neuchâtel.

Senior research associate Khazanah Research Institute

Dr Rachel Gong is a senior research associate at Khazanah Research Institute (KRI). Her ongoing research focuses on digital policy, including digital inclusion, the digital economy, and digital governance. She leads the team that produced KRI’s book on digital policy issues, “#NetworkedNation: Navigating Challenges, Realising Opportunities of Digital Transformation”. She graduated summa cum laude from Princeton University and received her PhD in sociology from Stanford University.

Dr Prashanth Parameswaran Fellow Wilson Center

Dr Prashanth Parameswaran is a fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, based in Washington, DC, and a senior columnist at The Diplomat, one of Asia’s leading current affairs magazines. He has conducted grant-based field research on Southeast Asian politics and security issues across 11 countries in Southeast Asia, consulted for companies and governments, and taught courses affiliated with the US Department of Defence and the Department of State.

Elbridge Colby Co-founder and principal The Marathon Initiative

Colby is co-founder and principal of The Marathon Initiative, a policy initiative focused on developing strategies to prepare the United States for an era of sustained power competition. He is the author of The Strategy of Denial: American Defence in an Age of Great Power Conflict , which The Wall Street Journal selected as one of the top 10 books of 2021. He was the former director of the defence programme at the Centre for a New American Security (CNAS) and served as deputy assistant secretary of defence. Colby led the development and rollout of the 2018 National Defence Strategy (NDS), which shifted focus to the challenges to US military superiority and interests posed by China and Russia. He was the Robert M. Gates senior fellow at the CNAS; principal analyst and division lead for global strategic affairs at CNA; and worked on strategic forces, arms control, WMD and intelligence reform matters.

Senior economist, The World Bank

Smita is based in the Malaysia  inclusive growth and sustainable finance  hub where she leads the programme on private sector development, innovation and entrepreneurship. Her expertise is in science, technology and innovation policy, skills development, business environment and competitiveness. She has led regional flagships publications in Europe and Central Asia, East Asia and Pacific and Africa on innovation and entrepreneurship issues and multi-sectoral operations of both development policy and investment policy instruments. Smita has also led policy dialogues on innovation and entrepreneurship in China, Malaysia, Vietnam and Thailand.

Datuk  Fadzli  Abdul  Wahit     Chief strategy officer Malaysia Digital Economy Corporation (MDEC)    

  Fadzli  has more than 30  years’ experience advising government and semi-government clients in Malaysia on policy development, economic and feasibility study, strategy planning and advisory, corporate restructuring and corporatisation  and privatisation  of public utilities industries. He  was a former partner/executive director at KPMG  Malaysia and  has  led  projects related to IT, project management, strategy and  business process and human resources.

Director and Senior Fellow Humanitarian Agenda

Kurtzer is director and senior fellow with the Humanitarian Agenda, an initiative that leverages the expertise of the Center for Strategic & International Studies to explore humanitarian challenges. Previously, he served as head of public and congressional affairs for the Washington Delegation of the International Committee of the Red Cross, representing the ICRC to a broad spectrum of audiences in the United States and Canada.

Commissioner National Human Rights Commission Malaysia (SUHAKAM)

Joseph has been a human rights defender and trainer consultant at both local and international levels. He served as a member of various human rights organisations, including the Commonwealth Foundation, Asian South Pacific Bureau for Adult Education, Asia-Pacific NGO Steering Committee of World Conference against Racism. He is presently a board member and adviser of the Anti-racism and Non-Discrimination Programme of Pusat Komunikasi Masyarakat, and was appointed as a Commissioner of SUHAKAM in June 2016 for the term 2016-2019.

PhD candidate, Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hiroshima University

Aaron served as an international programme officer at the British High Commission in Kuala Lumpur between June 2019 and June 2021. He has also worked as a social research officer at the Centre for Asean Regionalism Universiti Malaya and Asia-Europe Institute, UM. His research interests are in Korean studies, inter-Korean relations, regionalism in the European Union, Asean and the Pacific Islands, and Malaysian and Japanese politics.

MASK Network member

Wong is former deputy chief executive and board member of the Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS) Malaysia. He is now an independent researcher and consultant on human security and political economic matters, as well as a mental health practitioner in training.

Associate professor, Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia

Dr Danial is associate professor at the Department of Political Science, Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences, IIUM. He is chief editor of Intellectual Discourse Journal of IIUM, and an editorial board member of Jurnal Parlimen Malaysia and Al-Shajarah Journal. He is also principal researcher for the Extremism Analytical Research Unit and project leader of the award-winning flagship project on peacebuilding and civilisational development or 2LEAD4PEACE. The project focuses on creating platform, bridging the gap and capacity building for PCVE (preventing and countering violent extremism) stakeholders. Danial is also Malaysian coordinator for collaborative research between IIUM and the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, University of Maryland.

Senior research fellow, Institute of Social Sciences, Seoul National University

Dr Ko is currently a senior research fellow at the Institute of Social Sciences, Seoul National University and adjunct senior lecturer, Sunway University Business School in Malaysia. She is the author of Asean Super App War and Future Growth Market Asean, which are the first Korean books to analyse tech firms and business environment and market trends with many business cases in Asean. She has conducted research on directors’ remuneration, corporate reforms and mutual fund performance in Malaysia and has extended her research work across the whole area of emerging and frontier markets.

Director, External Relations, Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs

Dr Zokhri has held some academic positions in international relations (IR) research and teaching, serving as the deputy dean of student affairs at Management and Science University. His area of research focuses on the changing nature of diplomacy and sovereignty of developing nations, especially Malaysia. This led to the establishment of Eirene Research to explore leadership and diplomacy in IR. He co-founded ARUS, an avenue to nurture talents and empowerment for Malaysian youth. He is now the director of external relations at the Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs, Malaysia (IDEAS).

Associate professor, Department of International Relations, Yonsei University Wonju Campus

Dr Kim is an associate professor in the Department of International Relations at Yonsei University Wonju Campus. Before joining Yonsei University, he served as an assistant professor in the Department of International Relations at Changwon National University and as a senior lecturer in the Department of Southeast Asian Studies, Universiti Malaya. His research areas include Asean and East Asian regionalism. He has authored a number of journal articles and presented papers at domestic and international conferences on regionalism and normative matters in international relations.

Director, Institute of China Studies, Universiti Malaya

Dr Ngeow is director of the Institute of China Studies at Universiti Malaya. He is the editor of Researching China in Southeast Asia (Routledge, 2019) and Southeast Asia and China: Exercises in Mutual Socialisation (World Scientific, 2017, together with Lowell Dittmer). Ngeow has also written more than 40 articles in scholarly journals and book chapters and published short pieces in South China Morning Post, East Asia Forum and Channel News Asia.

Professor and director, Sunway Centre for Planetary Health in Malaysia

Dr Jemilah is a medical professional with more than 20 years’ experience managing crises in health, disasters and conflict settings. She is currently professor and director of the newly established Sunway Centre for Planetary Health. She is also the pro-chancellor of Herriot-Watt University Malaysia. She served as special adviser to the prime minister on public health from April 2020-September 2021. She was also a member of the government’s Economic Action Council and sits on the Malaysian Climate Action Council and Consultative Council for Foreign Policy.

Ambassador of the Republic of Korea to Malaysia

Ambassador Lee was a former environment minister (2006-2007). He has held various senior appointments in the field of environment, including secretary-general of the Korean Federation for Environment Movement, head of Korea Institute for Social and Environmental Policy, and president of Korea Environment and Resources Corporation. Prior to the posting as ambassador to Malaysia in 2019, Lee was chairman of the Northeast Asia Peace Economic Association of Korea.

National vice women chief Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR)

Sangetha is passionate about levelling the playing field for women and lifting the gender and race barriers in Malaysian politics. She founded Lead Up Malaysia, a social enterprise with the objective of upskilling and motivating B40 women and girls. She is the vice-chief of PKR Wanita.

Area director Social Innovation Area University Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid

Salazar brings an extensive professional experience in government and international organisations. She began her career as a lawyer, a director-general of tourism and chief executive of the school of tourism of Spain’s Ministry of Economy. Her career continued as a law professor at Rey Juan Carlos University. In 2013, she moved to New York to serve as senior adviser to UN Women. A year later, she became the director of the Foundation Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid. Salazar has directed numerous development projects on capacity building, gender policies, governance, and economic empowerment of women. At present, Salazar is the general coordinator of the Spanish cooperation in Egypt, focusing on access to justice and the democratic transition of the country.

Salzman is the Donald Bren distinguished professor of environmental law with joint appointments at the UCLA School of Law and at the Bren School of Environmental Science & Management at UC Santa Barbara. In 12 books and more than 100 articles and book chapters, he has addressed topics, such as drinking water, trade and environment conflicts, ownership engineering, and creating markets for ecosystem services. Before entering academia, he worked in Paris in the environment directorate of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development and in London, as the European environmental manager for Johnson Wax.

Youth chairman, Malaysian Chinese Association

Wong is a politician serving as the national youth chairman and Federal Territory state liaison committee at MCA. She is the first female MCA Youth chair in its 63-year history. Wong joined MCA in 2001. She started her political career as acting director of the youth bureau of MCA women’s wing from 2008 to 2013 while working as personal assistant to a former deputy minister. When MCA youth’s wing was first opened to females in 2013, Wong was elected as vice-chairman. In the same year, she ran in the Seputeh parliamentary seat in GE13. In November 2018, she made history as the first female MCA Youth chief. Wong sits as a board member and director of the Human Resources Development Corporation.

Director, Sejahtera Centre , International Islamic University Malaysia  

Zainal is the director of Sejahtera Centre for Sustainability and Humanity, International Islamic University Malaysia, while serving as an associate professor at the Department of Political Science, Kuliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Science. His area of academic specialisation is international political economy and he has a strong interest in education for sustainable development. He has participated in several international workshops and conferences on the subject as both speaker and discussant. His current research interests are sustainability science, education for sustainable development and public policy analysis.

Primary care physician , Klinik Rakyat PJ

Subatra is a doctor with experience in anaesthesia and intensive care. Her MA in International Development Studies focused on barriers to maternal and child healthcare access in migrant populations. At present, she runs a primary care women’s clinic focusing on sexual and reproductive health in Petaling Jaya. She has worked at the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific based in Bangkok, where she focused on the 20-year review of the ICPD programme of action. She was the vice-resident of AWAM (2018-2020) and cureently the President of the Reproductive Rights Advocacy Alliance Malaysia.  

Lead economist, The World Bank

Apurva is the lead economist for the Russian Federation, based in Moscow. Apurva led the economic growth cluster of the World Bank’s Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Department when he was based in Washington. His comment pieces have appeared in Financial Times ; The Economist ; Project Syndicate , and popular blogs, such as the World Bank’s and Brookings. Apurva is also a lead author for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Special Report on Extreme Events and was the team leader for the joint World Bank–UN flagship project on the economics of disasters. 

Senior researcher, ISIS Malaysia    

Tengku Qistina focuses on women and gender issues. She writes on domestic violence, women’s policies and women’s empowerment and is inspired by her voluntary work in Kelantan, where she develops programmes for her family’s foundation. Her social work has also exposed her to the vast rural-urban divide and women’s role and vulnerability. She has written extensively on the subject in her New Straits Times column since 2016. She is also founder of the Network of Women in Foreign Affairs and Security (WISEA) in Malaysia.  

Co-founder  and education director , UNDI18

Qyira is the  c o- f ounder and  e ducation  d irector of #Undi18 ,  a grassroots movement spearheaded by a group of young people  who  lobbied  successfully  the  g overnment to amend Article 119(1) of the  c onstitution to reduce the minimum voting age in Malaysia from 21 to 18. Qyira is a  f ellow at the Institut Für Auslandsbeziehungen (ifa) and a  d emocracy  d iscourse  f ellow  at  the De La Salle University. She was recently listed in Forbes 30 Under 30 for her work in  s ocial  i mpact. With #Undi18, she leads the voter education initiatives by creating workshop modules and content to ensure that by GE15, Malaysian youth are prepared to vote. Some of the program me s and initiatives  include  Parlimen Digital, Seeds  for  Democracy  and  Youth Defence Summit  

Regional head, Group Economics and Market Analysis, CIMB

Intan is the regional head, Group Economics and Market Analysis, CIMB Bank. She was previously the CEO of PNB Research Institute, associate director of economics at the Malaysian Aviation Commission and deputy director of research at Khazanah Research Institute. Nadia has 17 years’ experience in macroeconomics research and in developing comprehensive economic development policies, strategies, and plans in Malaysia and Southeast Asia.

Climate Consultant  UNICEF  

Batang   Lupar  MP ;  APPGM-SDG chairman  

Rohani is the MP for the Batang Lupar constituency in Sarawak, representing the United Traditional Bumiputera Party (PBB). In 2013, she served as women, family and community development minister, and has also served as deputy agriculture and agro-based industry minister and deputy domestic trade, cooperatives and consumerism minister. As MP, she is known for her friendly personality in the Batang Lupar area. She was elected chairman of the All-Party Parliamentary Group of Malaysia on Sustainable Development Goals (APPGM-SDG) in August 2020 and is a member of the Special Independent Committee on Emergency 2021.  

Broadcast journalist, Astro Awani

Saraya writes and reads news for Astro Awani’s Awani Tonight. She covers current affairs and is passionate about the environment and wildlife, women, children, youth empowerment and education. Saraya reaches the youth through educational and entertainment content created on TikTok and Instagram, as she is a believer in youth power to push for change.

Petaling  Jaya MP ;  APPGM-SDG vice-chairman

Maria has worked for women’s rights for  more than  30 years and played a key role in lobbying for the Domestic Violence Act 1994 and laws related to violence against women. As the former  e xecutive   d irector  of  Persatuan   Kesedaran   Komuniti  Selangor (Empower) ,  she worked with marginalised communities ,  such as low-income women and indigenous communities.   A strong advocate for electoral and institutional reform s , she led the  Bersih  4  and   Bersih  5 rallies for free and fair elections. Just before  Bersih  5  in 2016 ,  th e  former  Bersih  2.0 chair man  was detained without trial under the Security Offences (Special Measures) Act 2012 for 11 days in solitary confinement. In 2018, Maria  won  the  Petaling  Jaya seat. As an MP, she continues to advocate for a life of dignity for all Malaysians.  

Chief digital business officer, Malaysia Digital Economy Corporation

Aiza brings more than 20 years’ experience and expertise to strengthen MDEC’s resolve to lead Malaysia’s digital economy forward. She oversees and steers the digital adoption ecosystem in e-commerce, business digital adoption, data ecosystem development and digital infrastructure. Aiza also leads external innovation opportunities to expand commercial strategies and build corporate business and innovations for MDEC.  

Senior economist, Economic Research Institute for Asean and East Asia

Chen holds a PhD in international economics from the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva. His research interests include international trade and development, digital economy and Asian regionalism. He advises governments, international organisations, and the private sector on development issues related to digitalisation and regional integration.  

Dr Juita Mohamad Indo Pacific Fellow Perth USAsia Centre

Principal assistant director Cyber Integration Legal Division, National Cyber Security Agency (NACSA)  

Azleyna’s   division is responsible  for  developing and implementing strategic plans to enhance Malaysia’s cyber laws to address current and emerging threats, and to enhance the capacity and capability of cybercrime enforcement.    Azleyna  was  a former  deputy director  at  the  Network Security Management Department ,  Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) . She  is currently chairman  of  the Malaysia Working Group on Information Security Management Systems WG/G/5-1, organised as a mirror committee to the  i nternational ISO/IEC JTC1 SC27 WG1 committee.   

National Cyber Security Principal Telstra Australia

Stockwell  leads Telstra’s national cyber security team, covering cyber policy, strategic intelligence, critical infrastructure regulation, agency engagement and nationally significant cyber initiatives. Before joining Telstra, she was director of cybercrime intelligence in the Australian Cyber Security Centre. Leveraging on her deep understanding of cyber attacker motivations and capabilities, she helps senior executives apply a national security lens to their risk programmes and advises the government on maximising industry capabilities to keep the nation cyber safe. She is a board director of the Australian Women in Security Network and a member of RMIT’s industry advisory board on cyber.  

Fellow International Cyber Policy Centre Australian Strategic Policy Institute

Rajiv  has worked in the cyber, intelligence and security business for  more than  20 years, over which time he has seen the internet evolve from an academic curiosity to today’s hyperconnected world.   He now leads his own consulting business, MDR  S ecurity, providing advisory services to government and businesses to grow capacity and capability through building partnerships. Rajiv’s experience span s  a broad range of business and technical domains, with roles  in  business analysis, technical architecture, program me  delivery, operational management, strategy, business transformation, client relationship management and more.   He  is  based in Canberra, Australia.  

Freelance journalist; Consultant, Tech Research Asia; Owner, InSight Editorial Services

Yapp  first cut his teeth as a cellular radio frequency optimi s ation engineer in one of Malaysia ’ s largest telcos 25 years ago. After more than five years, he  became a tech  report er  at  The Star  I n.Tech , where he won several awards for  b est  o nline  t echnology reporting.  Yapp  left to start his own editorial consultancy 15 years ago and  five years ago ,  became a freelance executive consultant at Tech Research Asia, based in Australia .  He  is also a  freelance journalist for international publications ,  such as IDG, Computer Weekly, Forbes Asia and Digital News Asia.  

Cyber affairs and Critical technologies Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) Australia

Feakin  is  Australia’s inaugural  a mbassador for  cyber affairs and critical technology . He commenced as  ambassador for cyber affairs  in January 2017, before having  the  mandate expanded to reflect the central role that technology issues have in geopolitics.   He leads Australia’s international engagement to advance and protect national security, foreign policy, economic and trade, and development interests in cyberspace and critical technology.  Feakin  was a member of the  independent panel of experts  that produce d   the  2016  c yber  s ecurity  s trategy. Following that, he led the creation of  the   i nternational  c yber  e ngagement  s trategy.  

Independent broadcast journalist and gender activist

Tehmina has more than eight years of live breaking news and current affairs programming experience. Most recently, she has anchored  Money Matters,  TV3 Malaysia’s flagship financial talk show. She was with Bernama from 2014-2020, anchoring and producing special projects and annual highlights like the national budget and election coverage. She also anchored and produced  Tea with Tehmina ,  Bernama Today  and  The Nation,  focusing on topics of national and regional current affairs. Tehmina is a Thomson Reuters Foundation fellow and TedX Malaysia alumni. She is a versatile and experienced moderator of high-level debates and conferences on a wide range of subjects ranging from business to economy, technology, politics, women’s rights, sustainable development and media freedom.  

CEO, Social & Economic Research Initiative

Helmy is a consultant respiratory physician who heads the Lung Centre at Pantai Hospital Kuala Lumpur. Previously, as an associate professor at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, he co-founded Asthma Malaysia and is actively involved in national tobacco control policy work. One of 20 recipients worldwide of the Young Physician Leader award in 2015, Helmy is also the CEO of the Social & Economic Research Initiative (SERI), a think-tank that looks into the rising inequality from the intersection of technology and society.  

Chief executive, Galen Centre for Health and Social Policy

Azrul worked as a health development programme specialist for more than 19 years on issues related to social welfare, public health, HIV/AIDS, reproductive health, gender-based violence and humanitarian assistance. He has served at the Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs (IDEAS); International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF); United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS); International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC); Unicef and Malaysian AIDS Council (MAC). He is a writer and was a columnist at the  Malay Mail  and  China Press . Azrul is currently a board member of the Centre to Combat Corruption & Cronyism (C4) based in Malaysia.  

Visiting fellow, ISIS Malaysia

Khor is a physician with international experience in the public, private, non-profit and think-tank sectors. Currently, he specialises in health systems and policies and global health, holding fellowships at Chatham House, the United Nations University (UNU-IIGH) and ISIS Malaysia. Previously, he held senior practitioner roles in clinical medicine, refugee and disaster relief, clinical research, and pharma anti-corruption. He holds postgraduate degrees in internal medicine, public health and public policy.  

Professor, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya  

Adeeba is the dean of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya and an adjunct associate professor at Yale University, US. Her research effort focuses on the intersection of HIV and substance use for which she has played several leading national, regional and international roles. She is a member of the World Health Organisation panel on health science and technology policy, president-elect of the International AIDS Society and a member of the UNAIDS panel on HIV. She played a key role in the establishment and remains actively involved in a regional HIV research network initiative – TREAT Asia. She was the recipient of the Tun Mahathir Science and Merdeka awards and the first recipient of the Australian Advance Global Award in the category of alumni in 2012.  

Datuk Dr Anis Yusal Yusoff is principal fellow at the Institute of Ethnic Studies (KITA). He is currently on secondment as deputy director general of the National Centre for Governance, Integrity and Anti-Corruption (GIACC) at the prime minister’s department.

He has served as director general of the National Integrity and Good Governance Department (JITN), and president and chief executive officer of the Malaysian Institute of Integrity (INTEGRITI).

Before joining KITA, Datuk Dr Anis had also spent more than ten years at the UNDP as well as at the United Nations Volunteers headquarters in Bonn, Germany from 1994-2005. He was a member of the election reform committee, and the investigation committee on governance, procurement and financial procedures.

Nguyen is vice-president of the Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam (DAV) and director-general of the East Sea (South China Sea) Institute. Prior to his current designation, Nguyen was deputy director-general of the Institute for Strategic Studies at the DAV. His research focused on major powers relations, regional security governance, maritime security and Vietnam’s foreign policy.   

Nguyen also served as minister counsellor of the Vietnam Embassy in Ottawa, Canada (2015-2018) and second secretary of the Vietnam Embassy in Stockholm, Sweden (2004-2006) .   

He also served at the Asean department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, during which period he extensively participated in regional summits, and had hands-on experience on many regional processes and issues involving Asean.  

Channer is the senior policy fellow at the Perth USAsia Centre. Based in Canberra, she produces analysis on foreign and defence policy in the Indo-Pacific, engages with key Australian government agencies, and builds and sustains the centre’s domestic and international network.   

  She is a 2021-22 Fulbright scholar and visiting fellow with the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre at the Australian National University. She has led a diverse career across politics, government, think-tanks and the not-for-profit sector.  

IT Specialist DHS Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA)

Mourtos is an IT specialist (INFOSEC) with the DHS Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA). Previously, he was with the National Cybersecurity Assessments and Technical Services (NCATS) team. He now serves as an adviser to the executive assistant director for cybersecurity at CISA.

Visiting Fellow Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS) Malaysia; Associate Fellow, Chatham House The United Kingdom

Khor Swee Kheng is a Malaysian physician with international experience in the public, private, non-profit and think-tank sectors. Currently, he specialises in health systems and policies and global health, holding fellowships at Chatham House, the United Nations University (UNU-IIGH) and ISIS Malaysia. Previously, he held progressively senior practitioner roles in clinical medicine, refugee and disaster relief, clinical research, and pharma anti-corruption. In these roles, he was based in Malaysia, Singapore, Dubai, Shanghai and Paris, covering more than 90 countries across Asia, Africa, Europe and the Middle East. He holds postgraduate degrees in internal medicine (Royal College of Physicians), public health (Berkeley) and public policy (Oxford), and is published in international media, think-tanks and academic journals.

Director-General World Health Organisation (WHO) Geneva

Tedros  was elected director-general of the World Health Organisation in May 2017. He was the first director-general elected from among multiple candidates by the World Health Assembly and was the first person from the African region to head the world’s leading public health agency.  Tedros  has held many leadership positions in global health, including as chair of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria; chair of the Roll Back Malaria Partnership, and co-chair of the Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Board. 

Vice Chair Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific (CSCAP) China People’s Republic of China

Born in December 1952, Qian Lihua joined the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) in February 1969. He has served in various roles, including soldier, cadet, interpreter, staff officer, deputy director-general, director-general of bureau, deputy chief and chief of the Foreign Affairs Office. He was promoted to major general in 2004. Having graduated from the Beijing Foreign Studies University, Defence Language Institute (UK), University of Birmingham (UK), and PLA National Defence University, he is currently vice-chair of the Chinese CSCAP national committee and vice-president of the China Arms Control and Disarmament Association.

Associate Research Fellow China Institute of International Studies (CIIS) People’s Republic of China

Xu Longdi has been with the China Institute of International Studies (CIIS) since 2009. He is an associate research fellow who specialises in international relations theory, international security, and EU politics and foreign policy. He received his PhD in international relations from the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in 2009, MA in international relations from East China Normal University in 2006, and BA from Nanjing International Studies University in 1999.

European Union Ambassador to ASEAN Jakarta

Driesmans has served as the EU ambassador to Asean since 2019. He was previously a member of the cabinet of Federica Mogherini, high representative of the union for foreign affairs and security policy/vice‐president of the European Commission. His responsibilities included Asia-Pacific, cultural diplomacy, transport and fisheries. He previously served as principal assistant to the COO of the European External Action Service (2014), desk officer for Asean (2013‐2014), and deputy head of the political, economic, trade and information section of the EU Delegation to South Africa (2009‐2013). Driesmans has been an official of the EU since 2003.

Head of Delegation in Myanmar International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)

Before his appointment as ICRC resident representative in Myanmar in August 2018, Sakalian was based at the ICRC headquarters in Geneva. Between September 2015 and June 2018, he held the position of operations coordinator for the Americas, with a special focus on activities in the United States, Mexico, Central America, Haiti and Cuba and later, regional director for the Americas in charge of operations and humanitarian diplomacy in the Western Hemisphere. Prior to Geneva, he headed the ICRC project on armed violence in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, headed the sub-delegation in Nyala, Sudan and acted as adviser for multilateral affairs in Asia-Pacific based in Malaysia. 

Professor, Department of Political Science University of the Philippines-Diliman; Fellow, Asia Pacific Pathways to Progress Foundation (APPFI) The Philippines

Kraft is a professor of political science at the University of the Philippines at Diliman, Quezon City. He has been working on issues that involve Asean, regional security in Southeast Asia, security sector reform, and intra-state conflict in the Philippines. His latest publications include Great Power Dynamics and the Waning of Asean Centrality in Regional Security (2017); Philippine Foreign Policy in a Changed Strategic Environment: The Duterte Administration and China (2018); Asean and the Protection of Migrant Rights (2019); and Korea’s New Southern Policy, Asean, and the Philippines: Middle Power Dynamics in Southeast Asia (2020). 

Group Chief Risk & Compliance Officer Axiata Group Berhad Malaysia

Abid Adam is the Axiata Group chief risk & compliance officer (GCRCO), responsible for providing strategic direction, implementation, oversight and guidance for cybersecurity, data privacy, enterprise risk management, and compliance/ethics across Southeast Asia. Before joining Axiata, Adam led cybersecurity function and implemented transformational programmes for a large multi-national financial services organisation spanning across Africa, Asia and Latin. Adam also serves at the World Economic Forum Digital Asean initiative and is a member of leading global institutions, such as ISC2 and ISACA, and sits on customer advisory boards and community forums of leading organisations.

Editor-at-Large, Nikkei Asian Review; Senior Fellow, Institute of Security and International Studies (ISIS) Thailand Thailand

Gwen Robinson is a senior fellow, Institute of Security and International Studies, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, specialising in regional security and economic issues with a focus on Myanmar. She is also editor-at-large at Nikkei Asian Review, a journal of Asian affairs. She was previously a correspondent and editor with Financial Times in Europe, America and Asia (1995-2013), covering Southeast Asia in 2011-14.

Professor of International Relations; Head of Centre for Non-Traditional Security Studies S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS) Nanyang Technological University (NTU) Singapore

Mely Caballero-Anthony is professor of international relations and president’s chair for international relations and security studies. She is also head of the Centre for Non-Traditional Security Studies at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS), Nanyang Technological University. She teaches courses on non-traditional security in Asia and security governance and has served as the secretary-general of the Consortium on Non-Traditional Security Studies in Asia since 2008. Her research interests include regionalism and multilateralism in Asia-Pacific, global governance, human security and non-traditional security, nuclear security and conflict prevention. Her latest books include Negotiating Governance on Non-Traditional Security in Southeast Asia and Beyond, An Introduction to Non-Traditional Security Studies and Asia on the Move: Regional Migration and the Role of Civil Society.

Co-Founder Global Awareness & Impact Alliance (GAIA) Brunei Darussalam

Asyura Salleh is the co-founder of the Global Awareness & Impact Alliance (GAIA). She is also a non-resident Vasey research fellow for the Pacific Forum, and the special adviser on maritime security for the Yokosuka Council on Asia-Pacific Affairs (YCAPS). Her policy experience lies in her work for the UNODC global maritime crime programme, Stable Seas and Brunei Prime Minister’s Office. Asyura’s research interest lies in maritime security in the Asia-Pacific, with a focus on transnational maritime crime and maritime governance. She holds a master’s in war studies from King’s College London and earned a doctorate in international relations from the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Singapore.

Public Policy Manager Google Singapore

Bauer is Google’s head of public policy for Malaysia and South Asia (excluding India). He leads Google’s work with policymakers, government officials and key political stakeholders in those countries. Before starting his current role in October 2017, Bauer spent three years working in Google’s Washington, DC office. He also previously worked on president Barack Obama’s re-election campaign and as a paralegal at a law firm representing political candidates and parties.

Deputy Director of Research Khazanah Research Institute (KRI) Malaysia

Sarena is a deputy director of research at Khazanah Research Institute (KRI). She has a PhD in plant sciences from the University of Oxford. Her PhD used genetic technologies to understand disease control affecting the globally important crop: rice. Due to her interests in agriculture and food security, Sarena is currently conducting policy research at KRI related to food security and agriculture.

Graduate School of Law and Politics Kobe University Japan

Tosh Minohara is professor of international relations and security studies at the Graduate School of Law and Politics, Kobe University. He is the founder and chairman of the non-profit organisation, Research Institute of Indo-Pacific Affairs (RIIPA). He currently serves as a senior adviser to the international media consulting firm KREAB. His core academic interests deal with the diplomatic, political and security dimension of US-Japan relations. Minohara is the author and editor of multiple monographs, volumes and articles, including op-eds with the official LDP newspaper, Jiyuminshu, as well as Sankei Shimbun. He is the recipient of the Shimizu Hiroshi Prize (2002) and the Japan Research Award (2019).

Assistant Director Cyber Affairs and Critical Technology Branch Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Australia

Working for the ambassador for cyber affairs, Whitworth focuses on multilateral cyber policy, particularly Australia’s engagement in UN processes on international law and norms of responsible state behaviour in cyberspace. She served as Australia’s lead negotiator for a protocol to the Budapest convention on cybercrime to provide transborder access to data, and as the cybercrime expert to the UN. Her previous experience at the Commonwealth Attorney-General’s Department and Department of Home Affairs focused on cybercrime law reform, telecommunications security policy and combatting online child exploitation. Whitworth holds a Juris Doctor from the University of Technology Sydney and a Bachelor of Science from the University of New South Wales.

Senior Lecturer Centre for Defence and Security Studies Massey University New Zealand

Anna Powles is a senior lecturer at the Centre for Defence and Security Studies at Massey University. She specialises in geopolitical and security issues in the Pacific region and her current research examines New Zealand foreign and security policy in the Pacific; the Australia-New Zealand alliance in the Pacific; non-state security actors and security cooperation in the Pacific; and foreign interference in the Pacific. Powles is an associate scholar with the MacMillan Brown Centre for Pacific Studies, University of Canterbury, and has previously held visiting fellowships with the East-West Centre in Honolulu.

Director General International Vaccine Institute Republic of Korea

Jerome Kim, MD, is an international expert on the evaluation and development of vaccines and is the director-general of the International Vaccine Institute (IVI), whose mission is to discover, develop and deliver safe, effective and affordable vaccines for global health. IVI’s oral cholera vaccine is used around the world to prevent this deadly diarrhoeal disease. Its typhoid conjugate vaccine, tech-transferred to SK bioscience and PT Bio Farma, is completing phase III testing. Dr Kim is also an adjunct professor, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University and at the Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University. He has authored more than 300 publications.

Dr. Sriprapha Petcharamesree is senior lecturer of the Ph.D. Program in Human Rights and Peace Studies (International) of the Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies at Mahidol University in Thailand. In October of 2009, she was appointed by the national government to act as the Thai Representative to the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights, a role she served in until December of 2012. 

In addition to her academic duties, she is currently Co-Chair of the Working Group for an ASEAN Human Rights Mechanism advocating for effective regional human rights systems in the ASEAN region.

She holds a degree in Political Science from Thammasat University as well as a D.E.A. in Comparative Politics and a Ph.D. in International Politics with distinction from the University of Paris-X.

Ms. Ivy Kwek  is the Research Director for Research for Social Advancement (REFSA), a progressive, not-for-profit think-tank in Malaysia;  and  con currently a Visiting Scholar at the Center of Southeast Asian Studies, National ChengChi University of Taiwan . Prior to this, she was the Special Functions Officer to the Deputy Minister of Defence of Malaysia (2018-2020),  during  which she  was involved in the drafting of the first Malaysian Defence White Paper. She also has experience working in various policy advisory and governmental affairs roles for international organizations and in diplomatic circle, including the United Nations Development Programme  (UNDP)  and the International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ), and in the British High Commission in Kuala Lump ur .   

Ivy  holds a MA in International Studies and Diplomacy from SOAS, University of London and was an alumna of the Young Southeast Asian Leaders Initiative (YSEALI) Professional Fellows Program by the US Department of State. She is also a co-founder of Projek Pertiwi, a blog dedicated to raising awareness on defence and security issues among Malaysian youth, and have  frequently  commented and published on current affairs on various  international and local  media outlets.  

Dr Satu Limaye is Vice-President of the East West Center (EWC), serving concurrently as Director EWC in Washington and theAsia Matters for America initiative. He is Founding Editor of theAsia Pacific Bulletin. He is also Senior Advisor, Center for Naval Analyses (CNA) and Senior Fellow on Asia History and Policy at the Foreign Policy Institute at Paul H.Nitze School of International Studies (SAIS).  

He is a graduate of Georgetown University and received his doctorate from Oxford University (Magdalen College) as a George C. Marshall Scholar. He publishes and speaks widely on Asia-Pacific regional issues and supports various US government, foundation, fellowship and professional organizations. Among his current affiliations are the Korea Economic Institute (KEI) Advisory Council and The Asia Foundation Task Force on US-Southeast Asia Relations.  

Ms Kendra Rinas has served as chief of mission of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) in Kuala Lumpur from May 2018. She has over 15 years of experience working with refugees and migrants, managing migration initiatives including labour migration, refugee resettlement, health assessments, counter trafficking and anti-smuggling, and partnering with governments and NGOs on promoting well-managed migration.

Rinas previously served as head of IOM’s sub-office in Damak and head of refugee resettlement for South Asia, also based in Nepal.

Prior to joining IOM, she was operations coordinator with the Resettlement Support Center Africa, based in Kenya; country coordinator in N’djamena, Chad; and processing supervisor in Accra, Ghana. Rinas obtained her MS in Organizational Leadership from Quinnipiac University School of Business, and BA in Political Science and Religion from Gustavus Adolphus College, St Peter, Minnesota.

Datin Sunita is a professional independent director and strong advocate of the importance of governance in general and risk management in particular. She founded Climate Governance Malaysia, which is the country chapter of World Economic Forum’s Climate Governance Initiative. She is fellow of the Institute of Corporate Directors Malaysia, promotes gender diversity on boards with the 30% Club, member of the Global Advisory Board of Nottingham University’s School of Business as well as the Advisory Panel of the UN Global Compact Network Malaysia’s Sustainability Centre of Excellence, and workstream lead for government policy for the CEO Action Network, an industry-led initiative to increase sustainability and climate resilience.

Meena is legal adviser and senior researcher at Third World Network (TWN) and president of Sahabat Alam Malaysia (SAM). She served as chair of Friends of the Earth International from 2004 to 2008. At TWN, Meena coordinates the climate change programme and has been actively involved in intergovernmental climate negotiations from Bali to Cancún. She has been monitoring and reporting on these negotiations as well as providing analysis and support to developing country governments and civil society participants. In the past 25 years, she has presented papers in numerous conferences on such issues as environmental and consumer protection, climate change, agriculture and fisheries, and globalisation and trade.

Lavanya joined WWF-Malaysia in 2013. She represents the organisation at various national and international levels of engagement on climate change, biodiversity and SDGs, and was part of the WWF network leadership team on climate and energy. She is also part of the CSO-SDG Alliance secretariat that supports the All-Party Parliamentary Group Malaysia (APPGM) on SDGs. Previously, she coordinated the preparation of Malaysia’s Second National Communication to the UNFCCC, worked at the UN in Geneva on post-conflict issues, and practiced law in Malaysia. Lavanya is passionate about ensuring that nature’s contributions are properly recognised and valued by society and integrated into development and economic agendas

Jim Loi is a partner and the chief operating officer at The Asia Group, an advisory firm that supports Fortune 500 corporations with market entry and expansion strategies and complex conflict resolution initiatives in the Indo-Pacific. Previously, Loi served in a range of economic, political, and security-related policy positions at the U.S. Department of State, including as the deputy assistant secretary for the Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, the director for East Asian Affairs at the National Security Council, and the director for China and Japan with the Office of the United States Trade Representative.

Dr Menon works on trade and investment issues and economic development in the Asian region. His last post was at Asian Development Bank (ADB) as Lead Economist in the Office of the Chief Economist. He was also at the ADB Institute in Tokyo from 2005 to 2008. He started work as an academic in Australia, spending almost a decade at the Centre of Policy Studies at Monash University at its original campus in Clayton, Melbourne. He has also worked at the University of Melbourne, Victoria University, and American University in Washington, DC. He holds adjunct appointments with the Australian National University, University of Nottingham, UK, and IDEAS, Malaysia. He has authored/edited 15 books, 40 chapters in books and 80 articles in peer-reviewed journals.

Ms Melody Chen is Assistant Research Fellow at the Department of International Affairs, Taiwan Institute of Economic Research. Her research areas include health policy, trade and health, and issues impacting health in Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). She is currently a PhD candidate at the Institute of Health Policy and Management, National Taiwan University and holds a Master’s degree from the Department of Public Health, Taipei Medical University. Her most recent project is with the Ministry of Health and Welfare to enhance public participation in APEC health-related programmes. She has also written extensively on the pandemic and health cooperation.

Dr Wen-Chen Shih is Professor of Law at the Department of International Business, National Cheng-chi University. Her areas of specialty include international economic and trade law, and international environmental law.  Aside from teaching, she also serves as a legal consultant on international trade law and international environmental law issues for Taiwan’s Bureau of Foreign Trade, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Forestry Bureau, Council of Agriculture, and Environmental Protection Administration.

Mr. Terence Too Yang-Yau graduated with Master of Science in International Relations from the University of Bristol, United Kingdom and a Bachelor of Arts Majoring in Economics from St. Lawrence University, Canton, New York. He has served with UNICEF as Research Officer and Monitoring and Evaluation Officer, both supporting the country office’s programme planning and monitoring processes based on results-based management and human rights based approach principles, as well as directly implementing various programmes in the areas of data and statistical capacity building, and in disaster risk reduction and resilience activities. Prior to this, he has served in WorldFish Centre as a researcher and coordinating editor of Naga, the WorldFish Quarterly, a peer reviewed journal; and at the Socio-economic and Environmental Research Institute, undertaking research on a range of economic and governance issues for the Penang State Government. His research interests include social welfare policies and programmes, labour migration, development policy, and disaster risk reduction and community resilience.

Barney has a legal background and practiced commercial law for six years before joining the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade in 2001.   During his time in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade he has worked on a wide range of issues, from trade negotiations to climate change and international law.   Previous appointments include postings to the New Zealand embassies in Tehran and Geneva, and Ambassador to Egypt in 2014-2018 (where he was also non-resident Ambassador to Algeria, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, and New Zealand Representative to Palestine).

Barney is currently a Lead Negotiator in the MFAT’s Trade and Economic Group, responsible for New Zealand’s trade negotiations with China, as well as the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP).   His previous role in Wellington was the Manager of the Trade Law Unit in the Ministry’s Legal Division.   The Trade Law Unit provides legal support in trade negotiations, advice about the consistency of New Zealand policy with our international trade law obligations, and leads New Zealand efforts to resolve trade disputes through international dispute settlement processes.  

Barney attended the University of Otago in New Zealand where he obtained a Bachelor of Laws with Honours, and completed his Professional Legal Studies in Wellington where he was admitted to the Bar in 1995.

Dr Narongchai, a Thai economist / technocrat, is known for his continuous involvement in the economic development of Thailand in many capacities, and in ASEAN and APEC affairs. He had previously served in the Thai government, including as Advisor to several Thai prime ministers, Minister of Energy, Minister of Commerce, as well as Senator and a member of the National Legislative Assembly. He has worked on ASEAN and APEC affairs all along, being an initiator of AFTA and the APEC Leaders Meeting. He has also served as Chairman of the Thailand Committee for PECC. Dr Narongchai is on the board of several publicly listed companies in Thailand, and was also Chairman of the Export-Import Bank of Thailand. Having graduated with a PhD in Economics from Johns Hopkins University, Dr Narongchai has a keen interest in education and research. He is the founding member of Thailand Development Research Institute and is Chairman of the Khon Kaen University Council.

Dato’ Seri Mohamed Azmin Ali is Senior Minister and Minister of International Trade and Industry (MITI). In his previous portfolio as Minister of Economic Affairs (May 2018-February 2020), Azmin was instrumental in introducing the Shared Prosperity Vision 2030. He oversaw a broad spectrum of agencies including those directly involved in infrastructure, wealth creation and redistribution, private equity ownership and the short as well as mid-term economic planning and implementation of the country’s socio-economic development. During his tenure as Chief Minister of Selangor (2014-2018), he was instrumental in placing Selangor more prominently on the regional map after having maintained the state as the biggest contributor to the national GDP. Azmin is a member of the Economic Action Council (EAC) and is also on the Board of Directors of Khazanah Nasional Berhad. He holds a Bachelor’s degree in Economics and Mathematics and a Master’s degree in Education and Economics from the University of Minnesota.

Shanti Jagannathan is Principal Education Specialist in the Sustainable Development and Climate Change Department of Asian Development Bank (ADB). She works on ADB education sector policies and strategies, and provides technical advice to ADB’s lending and non-lending education operations in the Asia and Pacific region. Shanti has over 25 years of experience with education sector transformation initiatives and reforms in school education, technical and vocational education, and training and higher education in Asia. She has led policy research studies on skills for greening economies, Asia’s knowledge-based economies, innovation and implications of industry 4.0 on education and training, among others. Shanti has contributed to international cooperation in education at policy and operational levels, and has been on advisory bodies, steering committees and working groups on education development, gender equality, elimination of child labour, democracy and human rights, and scholarships for underprivileged students.

Mohammad Manzur Rahman is the founding director for Marketing and Innovation at Aspirasi, a fintech specialising in micro-financing and micro-insurance, a subsidiary of the regional leader Axiata Group. Manzur has spent over a decade in the mobile telecom industry as well as in the government sector, leading design, implementation and deployment of digital financial services, brands and solutions across various countries in Asia. He is also a business graduate from NSU and has attended executive education programmes at London Business School, INSEAD and IMD. Manzur is currently based in Washington, DC.

Sharifah Najwa Syed Abu Bakar is Chief Officer of Knowledge Management and Strategy Division, SME Corporation Malaysia, a central coordination agency for SME development under the Ministry of Entrepreneur Development and Cooperatives (MEDAC). Her current role includes working closely with local and international stakeholders in analysing and formulating SME development policies, as well as coordinating SME development across government ministries, agencies, the private sector and various regional and international platforms, such as ASEAN, APEC, UN, OECD, and OIC, among others. She has extensive experience in various international trade negotiations. She is Lead Negotiator for Malaysia for Economic and Technical Cooperation as well as the SME Working Committee for the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). She is also involved in designing various developmental programmes to facilitate internationalisation of SMEs in Malaysia and the region. She has been working in partnership with Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) in carrying out the Third Country Training Programme (TCTP).

Dr Naoko Iwasaki is Professor at the Institute of e-Government in Waseda University, President of International Academy of CIO (IAC), and Deputy Director of APEC e-Government Research Center. Dr Iwasaki’s research areas are CIO, D-Government, ageing society and ICT, and smart digital city. She received her Master of International Relations and PhD of Global ICT from Waseda University. She has been project overseer of APEC project on “Smart Silver Innovation” since 2019, committee member of JANPEC since 2015, committee member on “Government Innovation” of MIC in 2015, and project director on “Silver Business Innovation” of METI in 2015. She served as Deputy Chair of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) on SDGs in 2018 and 2020. She was co-editor of A Decade of World e-Government Rankings (IOS Press, 2015), and received the “Jantima Memorial Award for Women CIO and ICT Leadership” in 2017.

Dr Peter Cowhey holds the Qualcomm Endowed Chair in Communications and Technology Policy, and is Dean of the School of Global Policy and Strategy at UC San Diego. An expert on the future of communications and information technology markets and policy, he specialises in US trade policy, foreign policy, the Internet and international corporate strategy. His two recent books are Digital DNA: Disruption and the Challenges for Global Governance and Transforming Global Information and Communication Markets: The Political Economy of Innovation . In the last year, Cowhey served as Chair of a bipartisan group of experts on technology, foreign policy and US-China relations. Previously, Cowhey was Chief of the International Bureau of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the Clinton administration. In 2009, he had a 12-month assignment as Senior Counselor to Ambassador Ron Kirk in the Office of the United States Trade Representative. Cowhey is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.

Dr Jayant Menon is Visiting Senior Fellow at the ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute in Singapore, following his early retirement from the Asian Development Bank (ADB), where he was Lead Economist in the Office of the Chief Economist. He started work at Monash University on its original campus in Clayton, Melbourne. He has also worked at the University of Melbourne, Victoria University, ADB Institute in Tokyo and American University in Washington, DC. He holds adjunct appointments with the Australian National University, University of Nottingham (United Kingdom) and Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs (IDEAS) Malaysia. He has served on the Advisory Boards of Cambodia Development Resource Institute (CDRI) and University of Nottingham, Malaysia. He has authored/edited 15 books, 40 chapters in books and 80 articles in peer-reviewed journals.

Dr Andrew Kam graduated with a first class degree in Economics from National University of Malaysia (UKM) in 2002. He received the prestigious Chevening scholarship in 2006 to pursue his MSc in Economics at University of Warwick. In 2008, he was awarded the Endeavour Postgraduate Scholarship to pursue his PhD in Asian Studies at the Crawford School of Economics and Government, Australian National University. He was also a Fulbright Scholar in University of California, Santa Barbara (2015/2016). He is currently Senior Research Fellow at the Institute of Malaysian and International Studies (IKMAS), and Associate Professor of Economics at UKM. He has served as a consultant to many national and international organisations – Malaysian Productivity Corporation, Malaysia Digital Economy Corporation, UNCTAD and UNESCO. He is currently working with the National Economic Recovery Council and helped drafted the COVID-19 National Economic Recovery Plan on Trade and Investment.  

Muhundhan Kamarapullai (or Muhu) has over 20 years of experience in the domains of digital transformation, entrepreneurship, education, healthcare and organisational capability development. At Malaysia Digital Economy Corporation (MDEC), he is Director of the Business Digital Adoption Division. He leads a team that looks into policies and initiatives to support traditional businesses, especially small and medium-sized enterprises’ (brick and mortar) move towards digitalisation.

Lu Guangtong is a researcher and engineer of Digital Economy Lab, Department of Information Policy, China Industrial Control Systems Cyber Emergency Response Team. He mainly engages in research on the Internet platform, digital service tax and international cooperation in the field of digital economy. He is the lead researcher of the digital service tax research project conducted by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China, and one of the key authors of the “Blue Book of Industry and Informatization: Annual Report on the Development of Digital Economy” (2018-2019 and 2019-2020). Lu also serves as Secretariat of the Chinese delegation to the G20 Digital Economy Task Force in 2020.

Elina Noor is Director of Political-Security Affairs and Deputy Director of Asia Society Policy Institute, Washington, DC. A native of Malaysia, Elina’s work focuses on security developments in Southeast Asia, global governance and technology, and preventing/countering violent extremism. Previously, Elina was Associate Professor at the Daniel K Inouye Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies. Prior to that, she was Director of Foreign Policy and Security Studies at the Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS) Malaysia. Between 2017 and 2019, Elina was a member of the Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace. She was educated at Oxford University, the London School of Economics and Political Science, and Georgetown University.

Dr Kim Heungchong had served the Korea Institute for International Economic Policy (KIEP) for 19 years before he led the institute as President since June 2020. He has been deeply involved in the policymaking process of the Korean government in the fields of economic, trade and diplomatic policies. He was a Fulbright Visiting Scholar in University of California, Berkeley, and has held visiting positions at Ifri (Paris), VUB (Brussels) and Marmara University (Istanbul). He is the President-elect of the European Studies Association of Korea for 2021. Dr Kim’s expertise includes trade policy, European studies and regional integration. He has published more than 70 papers and books, and has actively contributed to various newspapers and TV programmes in Korea and abroad. Before joining KIEP, Dr Kim was an Honorary Member of the High Table in Christ Church, Oxford. Dr Kim read economics at Seoul National University and University of Oxford.

Ambassador Su Ge was appointed as the PECC Co-Chair on 27 June 2018. Ambassador Su Ge is a senior diplomat and scholar. He has been President of China Institute of International Studies (CIIS). Ambassador Su received his MA and PhD from Brigham Young University and was a Post-doctorate at Harvard University. He was a Senior Fulbright Fellow at Georgetown, John Hopkins and Washington Universities. Before joining CIIS in 2000, Ambassador Su was a professor at Foreign Affairs College and a doctoral supervisor at Tsinghua University. Since 2003, he has served consecutively as Minister Counselor in Chinese Embassy in the USA, Ambassador to the Republic of Suriname and Ambassador to the Republic of Iceland.

Eugene Wong is CEO of Sustainable Finance Institute Asia (SFIA) Limited. He was recently Managing Director, Corporate Finance & Investments of the Securities Commission Malaysia (SC). His portfolio covered initial public offerings (IPOs), corporate bond and sukuk issuances, collective investment schemes and take-overs. He oversaw the SC’s ASEAN-related initiatives and was Chair of the Deputies of the ASEAN Capital Markets Forum (ACMF) and Co-Chair of the Sustainable Finance Working Group (SFWG). In addition, he was Co-Chair of the ASEAN Working Committee on Capital Market Development (WC-CMD). Eugene was responsible for accounting related matters at the SC and was a Board Member of the Audit Oversight Board. He served as Advisor to the Malaysian Accounting Standards Board, and was previously a Council Member of the Malaysian Institute of Accountants (MIA) and Chairman of its Ethics Standards Board.

Datin Sunita Rajakumar is a professional independent director and strong advocate of the importance of governance in general and risk management in particular. She founded Climate Governance Malaysia, which is the country chapter of the World Economic Forum’s Climate Governance Initiative. She is Fellow of the Institute of Corporate Directors Malaysia, promotes gender diversity on boards with the 30% Club, a member of the Global Advisory Board of Nottingham University’s School of Business as well as the Advisory Panel of the UN Global Compact Malaysia’s Sustainability Center of Excellence, and a workstream lead for the CEO Action Network, an industry-led initiative to increase sustainability and climate resilience. Besides, she is Chair of Caring Pharmacy and independent director of Bursa-listed Dutch Lady Milk Industries, MCIS Insurance (a member of the Sanlam group) and Zurich General Insurance, as well as trustee of five charitable foundations.

Dr Richard Cantor is Chair of the United States Committee for Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (USPECC). Cantor serves as Chief Credit Officer for Moody’s Corporation and Moody’s Investors Service, a position he has held since 2008. From 2009-2019, he also served as Moody’s Corporation’s Chief Risk Officer. Appointed by the US State Department in 2015, Cantor served a three-year term in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Business Advisory Council (ABAC), during which he chaired ABAC’s Financial and Economic Working Group. Prior to joining Moody’s, Cantor held a variety of positions at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and was an adjunct professor at New York University’s and Columbia University’s business schools. He has also taught Economics at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and The Ohio State University. Cantor obtained his BA in English and Economics from Tufts University, and PhD in Economics from Johns Hopkins University.

Dr Kiki Verico is Deputy Director of the Institute for Economic and Social Research – Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Indonesia (LPEM FEB UI). He is a tenure track lecturer (Assistant Professor) at the Department of Economics, FEB UI. Since 2020, he has served as an industry and international trade advisor to the Finance Minister of the Republic of Indonesia. Kiki obtained his bachelor’s degree in Economics (Monetary) from University of Indonesia in 2000, International Masters in Regional Integration (IMRI) from University of Malaya and Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (double degree) in 2005, and Doctor of Philosophy in International Studies (Regional Economic Integration) from Waseda University in 2013. He is the single author of a book entitled The Future of the ASEAN Economic Integration (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017).

Dr Vo Tri Thanh is currently Senior Expert (former vice-president till October 2015) of the Central Institute for Economic Management (CIEM). He holds a BSc from the Moscow State University, and a Master’s degree as well as a PhD in Economics from the Australian National University. Dr Vo mainly undertakes research and provides consultation on issues related to trade liberalisation and international economic integration and macroeconomic policies. His other areas of interests include institutional reforms, financial system and economic development.

Felix Weidenkaff works at the International Labour Organization (ILO) of the United Nations in Bangkok as Employment Specialist to provide technical advice on employment as part of the ILO Decent Work Technical Support Team for East and South-East Asia and the Pacific (ILO DWT-Bangkok). Previously, Felix served in the Employment Policy Department of the ILO in Geneva, leading research, capacity building and advisory services on evidence-based policymaking, active labour market policies as well as partnerships for youth employment. Prior to joining the ILO in 2012, Felix worked in the Division on Investment and Enterprise of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). Felix holds an MSc in Development Studies from the London School of Economics and Political Science.

Dr Tan Khee Giap is Associate Professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, and Chairman of the Singapore National Committee for Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dr Tan graduated with a PhD from University of East Anglia, Norwich, in 1987. He has consulted extensively with government ministries and statutory boards of Singapore, and served as a consultant to such international agencies as the Asian Development Bank, Asian Development Bank Institute, United Nations Industrial Development Group, World Gold Council, ASEAN Secretariat, Central Policy Unit of Hong Kong, Kerzner International, Las Vegas Sands and Marina Bay Sands. Dr Tan is the lead author of more than 20 books and has published extensively in international refereed journals. His current research interests include econometric forecasting, cost of living and purchasing power index, global liveable cities index, ease of doing business index, and competitiveness analysis sub-national economies of China, India, Indonesia and ASEAN.

Ambassador Sergio Ley-Lopez is Chairman of the Mexico National Committee for Pacific Economic Cooperation. He has served in various capacities with the Mexican Foreign Service since 1984: Cultural Counselor in Beijing (1984-1990); Deputy Chief of Mission in Singapore (1990-1993); Consul General in Shanghai (1993-1995); Director General for Pacific and Asia at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1995-1997); and Ambassador to Indonesia (1997-2001) and China (2001-2007). He is currently Chairman of the Asia-Pacific Business Section in the Mexican Business Council for Foreign Trade, Investment and Technology (COMCE). He is also a member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Business Advisory Council (ABAC), and Editorial Board Member in the International Affairs Committee for El Universal (a Mexican newspaper based in Mexico City).

Dr Shiro Armstrong is a Fellow at the Crawford School of Public Policy. He is Director of the Australia-Japan Research Centre, Editor of East Asia Forum , and Director of the East Asian Bureau of Economic Research (EABER) in the College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University. He is also Visiting Associate Professor at Keio University, Research Associate with the Center on Japanese Economy and Business (CJEB) at Columbia Business School, and Visiting Scholar at the Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI), Japan. He is the Australian representative on the Research Institutes Network (RIN) of the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA).

Vangelis Vitalis is Deputy Secretary of Trade and Economic at the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. He is also Chair of the APEC Senior Officials’ Meeting (SOM) for New Zealand’s host year in 2021 and Chief Negotiator for the free trade agreement with the European Union (EU). Previously, Vangelis was the chief negotiator who concluded the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). Before that, he led the conclusion of the ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement and the Malaysia-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement. Vangelis has also worked as an economist at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Secretariat, and chaired (in his personal capacity) the OECD Joint Working Party on Trade and Environment (JWPTE) and the OECD Global Forum on the Environment and Climate Change. Prior to taking up his role in 2017, Vangelis served as New Zealand’s Ambassador to the EU and Permanent Representative to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in Geneva.

Dr Richard Record is the Lead Economist for Malaysia in the World Bank Group’s Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment Global Practice. Based in Kuala Lumpur, he manages the Bank’s engagement on economic policy issues in Malaysia, including publication of the flagship Malaysia Economic Monitor and the report on Malaysia’s Digital Economy – A New Driver of Development. Richard has previously worked across a number of countries in the East Asia and Africa regions, managing programs on macroeconomics, trade and private sector development, including assignments based in Lilongwe, Vientiane and Hanoi. He holds bachelors, masters and doctoral degrees in economics respectively from the London School of Economics, the School of Oriental and African Studies and the University of Manchester.

Don Campbell serves as International Co-Chair of the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (PECC) and Chairman of the Canadian National Committee for PECC. He is Senior Strategy Advisor with DLA Piper (Canada) LLP. Don has an extensive background in the international arena in both the public and private sector. From 2000-2007, he was Group President at CAE Inc. His distinguished career with Canada’s Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade includes serving as Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs and G8 Sherpa (1997-2000), Canadian Ambassador for Japan (1993-1997), Deputy Minister of International Trade (1989-1993) and Canadian Ambassador to Korea (1984-1985). He is Distinguished Fellow of the Asia Pacific Foundation (APF) of Canada, serves on the Global Council of the Asia Society, New York, and is a member of the board of directors of the Japan Society, Canada. He serves on the board of directors of Toyota Canada Inc. as well as private company boards.

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Sample Essay on Freedom of Religion in Malaysia

Are you looking for assignment resource or help in homework writing, you can use the resources you find on our website as a source for your assignment ideas, for instance, a topic and reference. it is important to give credit of our website as a source of your writing. if you would like to have a paper written for you, you can use it as a guide for writing your own homework writing. you may also request a sample paper written for you in any format; either apa, harvard, mla, chicago or any other referencing style. would you like someone to write on your paper place your order now, you might have planned everything out but you still find yourself fallen short of your plans. you have already missed the set deadline for your assignment, you are not able to come up with a better topic for your essay, you are in endless research or you lack sufficient time to edit your paper before submission. we at essaysexperts.net are a paper writing service designed to help students overcome all academic challenges. our writers are highly skilled to complete any given assignment on time with zero plagiarism.,  freedom of religion in malaysia.

Freedom of Religion is one of the fundamental human rights that are embodied in the Malaysian constitution. According to Article 11 of the Federal Constitution, ‘’every person has the right to profess and practice his own religion.’ Each person is accorded the right to propagate the religion that they choose; however, federal law may exercise control or restriction on the propagation of any religious doctrine or belief among Muslims.

The same constitution that allows freedom of religion in Malaysia points out that Islam is the religion of the nation but other religions may also be practiced in a peaceful and harmonious manner. Despite this, the subject of freedom of religion in Malaysia is one that has been dodged with lots of controversies over the years. The issue of Malaysia being an Islamic or secular state remains unresolved. This issue has brought contentions and even tried to tear apart the relationship that exists between the various races present in Malaysia.

The Malaysian government generally supports Islam and religious establishments that conform to the Islamic faith . However, Sunday that is considered as the traditional Christian holiday is officially the weekend holiday in ten of the thirteen federal states. This is contrary to what happens in the Muslim countries especially in the Middle East. Having Sunday as a weekend holiday is a deviation from the traditional practices of Islam that were existent in the colonial era before non-Muslim immigrants started coming into the country.

Muslims exercise protection over their freedom of religion through Sharia law and Islamic courts. This makes it challenging and almost next to impossible for adherents to denounce the religion. However, there are no restrictions when it comes to converting Christians or people of other religions to Islam. In public schools, religious studies are mandatory for all Muslim children according to a curriculum that is approved by the government. Homeschooling is allowed in Malaysia but primary school is compulsory to all children who have attained the recommended age.

Despite the confusion that exists in freedom of religion in Malaysia, there are various religious holidays that are officially recognized like Hari Raya Haji (Muslim), Hari Raya Puasa (Muslim), Wesak Day (Buddhist), Thaipusam (Hindu), Deepavali (Hindu), Good Friday (Christian), Christmas (Christian) among others. With all these, one can be easily convinced that there is freedom of religion in Malaysia. However, there are more underlying issues that also need close scrutiny before that declaration is made.

Based on some of the events and revelations that have transpired in Malaysia, it cannot be justified that there is freedom of religion. Take a look at some below:

• The High Court in Malaysia in 1999 ruled that only the Islamic courts have the jurisdiction to decode on the religious conversion of Muslims.
• In April 2000, a sharia law subjecting those who defy the Islamic faith to one year of ‘rehabilitation’ was passed by the State of Perlis.
• Many Muslims who have opted from the faith to Christianity, Buddhism, and Hinduism among other religions are currently leading ‘double lives’ for fear of segregation and neglect from family and friends.

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7C-HUMAN RIGHTS IN MALAYSIA-Expression of Religious Freedom and

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Wan Norhasniah Haji Wan Husin , Haslina Ibrahim

This article seeks to analyze three types of religious freedom as stipulated by the Malaysian Constitution; freedom to profess, freedom to practice and freedom to disseminate one’s religion. The article will also analyze whether the provisions on freedom adhere to the objectives of Islamic laws (maqasid al-shari’ah) given that Islam is regarded by the Constitution as the religion of the Federation and practically the religion of the majority. In addition, the Charter of Medina will be taken as a concrete model of which policies on religious freedom can be emulated. The author has combined the textual, contextual, historical and comparative methods in the gathering and the analysis of data. It is hoped that the article can provide a critical analysis on religious freedom in Malaysia from an Islamic perspective given that the Constitution is explicit about Islam as the religion of the Federation

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences

Haslina Ibrahim

Mohd Roslan Mohd Nor

Abstract: Religious tolerance is one of the important aspects in multicultural society in the world including Malaysia. At the same time, the way in dealing with religious issues also determines the kind of society that we aim to have. This article examines this issue and to highlight how it has been resolved internally by respecting religious aspect of human life. In Malaysia, religious issues, such as the demand to use the word 'Allah'by Herald Catholic Weekly in its publication has given another test on religious tolerance.

Kajian Malaysia

Mohd Al Adib Samuri , Zuliza Kusrin

Article 11 of the Federal Constitution of Malaysia states that every individual has the right to profess, practice and preach his religion or belief. However, Article 11(4) of the Federal Constitution also states that the propagation of non-Islamic religions among Muslims is forbidden. This article aims to discuss both the justifications and the legal restrictions – that is, the legal provisions – that restrict and control the propagation of non-Islamic religions among Muslims in Malaysia. This discussion identifies three justifications for the prohibition of the propagation of non-Muslim religions among Muslims in Malaysia. The first justification relates to the background and history of the special status and position of Islam in Malaya; the second relates to the key role of Malay Rulers in preserving the sanctity of the Islamic religion from the pre-independence period to the present day; and the third justification relates to the nature of Islamic teachings and the maxim that apostasy is a crime. Legal provisions that control the propagation of non-Islamic religions among Muslims are found at both federal and state levels. However, the problem of legal enforcement and, in particular, the jurisdictional limitations of the Syariah Courts over non-Muslims in Malaysia result in a lack of implementation of these legal provisions.

Abszra Davadason

International Journal of Islamic Thought

Jaffary Awang

Dr Khadijah Mohd Hambali

Tamir Moustafa

For the past several decades, Malaysian courts have stood at the center of heated debates concerning freedom of religion. Conventional accounts trace these tensions to the rise of the dakwah (religious revival) movement, which has been the most dynamic social and political trend since the late 1970s. According to this understanding, legal controversies around religious freedom are the result of a clash between competing ideological trends—specifically, a standoff between an ascendant religious movement and a liberal legal order. In this view, conflict is understood as originating from outside the courts. And, framed this way, the question that naturally follows is whether the courts have the ability and resolve to uphold religious liberty, or if they will succumb to popular political pressure.1 This understanding of the root problem (religious revival) and what is at stake (liberty) comes effortlessly because it matches our taken–for–granted understandings of the role of law and courts in defending fundamental liberties and sustaining secularism.

Muslim World Journal of Human Rights

Mohamed Azam Mohamed Adil

Imran Mohd Rasid

Colonialism has influenced the shaping of Malaysia’s Federal Constitution and the principles and provisions enshrined in it are mostly inspired by the incorporation of two historical legacies: pre-colonial ‘traditional’ laws and customs and the colonial administrative system introduced during British rule in Malaya. Starting with an analysis of the current constitutional framework within Malaysia’s socio-demographic context, this chapter examines the main trends and challenges posed by religious diversity in the country, providing a historical account of religion–state relations as well as an overview of the current regulatory framework.

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No, Religious-Freedom Laws Don’t Undermine Abortion Restrictions

An Indiana court’s ruling to the contrary would generate absurd results if allowed to stand.  

In Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022), the U.S. Supreme Court abandoned its mistaken rulings in Roe v. Wade (1973) and Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992), affirming that American political communities are constitutionally permitted to regulate abortion. Soon after Dobbs , Indiana enacted Senate Enrolled Act No. 1 (what we call the “abortion law”), which prohibits abortion except when a pregnancy seriously endangers a mother’s health or life, a pregnancy is the result of rape or incest, or the unborn child has a “lethal . . . anomaly.”

Several claimants challenged the abortion law as a violation of Indiana’s Religious Freedom Restoration Act. They argued, in other words, that because the abortion law imposes a substantial burden on their religious exercise, rooted in the sincerely held religious belief that abortions are sometimes not only permissible but required, they are entitled to an exemption from the law. A number of legal commentators have advanced similar arguments. And in the spring of 2024, an Indiana appeals court agreed, for the most part, with the challengers’ claims. While acknowledging that the federal and state constitutions permit Indiana to regulate abortion, the court concluded that the challengers were likely to succeed with their claim that the state cannot justify enforcing the abortion law in cases where such enforcement burdens religious exercise.

The court of appeals was wrong, though, and Indiana’s supreme court should reject its reasoning (as we have argued in an amicus brief). Indiana, quite appropriately, protects the fundamental right to religious freedom. That right, however, does not entitle the claimants to an exemption from the state’s duly enacted and constitutionally permissible abortion law.

Under Indiana’s Religious Freedom Restoration Act—modeled on the federal religious-liberty statute—a person who shows that government rule or action “substantially burden[s]” his “exercise of religion” is entitled to an exemption unless the government establishes that enforcement is the “least restrictive means” of furthering a “compelling governmental interest.” The lower courts accepted, and we assume as well, that the abortion law could, in at least some cases, burden persons’ religious exercise. In the view of the Indiana challengers, and of the lower Indiana courts, that burden is unjustified under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act. Why? Because the existence of some exceptions in the abortion law (for example, in cases where continuing the pregnancy endangers a mother’s life) shows that applying it to religious claimants is not essential to advancing a compelling interest. In technical legal terms, so the argument goes, the application of the abortion law to the challengers fails “strict scrutiny.”

But, as we will explain, absurd results would follow from this argument. For starters, it should be clear that Indiana’s abortion law—and other states’ laws regulating abortion—advances a “compelling” government interest. As the Indiana Supreme Court put it in another case, “it is a traditional exercise of the States’ police powers to protect the health and safety of their citizens.” The U.S. Supreme Court has recognized the same principle. Indeed, perhaps there is no higher compelling interest than saving a human life. And the Supreme Court made clear in Dobbs that states can determine that human physical life begins at conception, a determination that Indiana has made under its abortion law. It should be a straightforward matter of deductive reasoning that Indiana may thus assert a compelling interest in the protection of prenatal human lives.

Next, Indiana’s law clearly advances that compelling interest. It does what it is designed and permitted to do. After all, it prohibits nearly all abortions. True, it does not govern the disposition of embryos outside the womb or preclude abortions when the mother’s life or health is at risk or in case of rape, incest, or a lethal fetal anomaly. Still, “abortion” is otherwise prohibited “in all instances.” This prohibition covers nearly all abortions that would otherwise be performed, so it saves some human lives.

Enforcement of the abortion law, without exemptions for religious objectors, is “the least restrictive means” for promoting the government’s interest. The claimants do not contest this. The law prohibits only “abortion,” and it defines “abortion” as “the termination of human pregnancy with an intention other than to produce a live birth or to remove a dead fetus.” Protecting each individual life is a compelling interest, and every abortion that Indiana prevents necessarily advances this interest. It is hard to imagine a tighter link between regulation and state interest. It is obvious that a less restrictive law—with even a single added exception—would advance the interest less.

Unsurprisingly, then, those seeking religious exemptions from the abortion law did not (as litigants usually do in “strict scrutiny” cases) identify any less burdensome alternative enforcement that would advance the state’s interest just as well. Nor did the challengers, or the lower courts, point to any application of the abortion law that does not advance that interest.

How could they? Any religion-based exemption would, by definition, undermine the government’s interest in saving prenatal human lives. The religious-freedom accommodation that the challengers seek is, necessarily and directly, in conflict with the government’s compelling interest. In another Indiana case, when a mother claimed a religious right to beat her child, the least restrictive method—and, indeed, the only method—for the state to vindicate its compelling interest in preventing child abuse was to deny the requested accommodation. The same is true in the abortion context. Since the interest in saving prenatal lives is compelling, the law advances it, and any less restrictive law would advance it less, Indiana’s law satisfies strict scrutiny.

Indiana’s court of appeals—like the commentators who have pressed religious-liberty arguments against the enforcement of abortion regulations—insisted that the law is not the least restrictive means just because it has a few closely drawn exceptions. But the question a court must ask under the “least restrictive means” analysis is whether the accommodation requested would undermine the state’s interest. And in this case, any accommodation would.

The cases cited by the Indiana appellate court only reinforce this contrast. In Holt v. Hobbs (2015), for example, an Arkansas prison forbade an inmate to grow a half-inch beard for religious reasons. But the prison’s allowance of beards for health reasons suggested the state interest in ensuring prison security “could be achieved by narrower ordinances that burdened religion to a far lesser degree.” In that case, exemptions for secular conduct revealed that the state’s goal could be achieved in less restrictive ways. Sometimes the same point is proven not simply by a law’s exceptions, but by a state’s lighter regulations of some types of conduct compared with the desired religious conduct. That was the crux of Tandon v. Newsom (2021), where the Supreme Court expressed concern about the double standards at work in the regulation of social gatherings during the Covid-19 pandemic. The regulations’ under-inclusiveness mattered, and ultimately required an exemption for religious gatherings, only because it pointed to a less restrictive way of accomplishing the government’s goals. California’s allowance of larger secular gatherings—if they observed certain precautions—suggested a less restrictive approach to religious groups, namely letting them “gather in larger numbers while using [the same] precautions.”

The situation with abortion regulations is entirely different. Here, it is not a matter of assessing risks and designing precautions. Here, it is just a fact that any accommodation will undermine the government’s asserted—and, after Dobbs , constitutionally permissible—aim. Here, there is no way to protect a prenatal human life other than to prohibit a requested religious accommodation that, by its very design, would end that life. That the abortion law has some exceptions, unrelated to religious exercise, is irrelevant. Neither Holt nor Tandon —the rulings most heavily relied on by academics favoring the appeals court’s decision—provides support for the notion that abortion laws tend to flunk the “least restrictive means” inquiry.

Nor do the exceptions prove that Indiana’s interest in saving prenatal lives is not compelling. Each is easily explained as a way to prevent a weighty harm that a religious carve-out would not prevent. As the U.S. Supreme Court has stressed, even in cases applying “strict scrutiny,” it has “upheld laws . . . that could conceivably have restricted even greater amounts of [protected conduct] in service of their stated interests” when the state could adequately explain why the existing exceptions were not similarly situated to the requested accommodations.

In Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project (2010), for example, the Supreme Court rejected a free-speech challenge to a law that prohibited “training” and “expert advice or assistance” to terrorist groups, even though that law included exceptions for “independent advocacy” or provision of “religious materials” to those terrorist groups. The challengers in that case argued that these exemptions demonstrated a lack of even-handedness and were fatal to the law under “strict scrutiny.” The Court disagreed, and explained that “the Government, when seeking to prevent imminent harms . . . is not required to conclusively link all the pieces in the puzzle before we grant weight to its empirical conclusions.” Further, the Court noted that the legislature was protecting other weighty concerns with these exceptions and that it should not replace the legislature’s “careful balancing” of “competing interests” with the Court’s own judgment.

In the same way, Indiana’s exceptions to the abortion law are not comparable with the requested religious accommodations: existing exceptions were meant to protect weighty interests that would not equally compel a religious exemption. For instance, protecting access to medically indicated procedures advances Indiana’s weighty interests in maternal life and health. Indiana could well have determined that pregnancies resulting from rape or incest implicate other serious policy concerns; that such pregnancies could bring acute psychological pain; that ending them might be excused, by analogy to the duress defense; or that juries might thus refuse to convict in such cases, and that limited enforcement resources are therefore better spent elsewhere.

The abortion law does not bar in vitro fertilization, but this fact does not compel a religious exemption. Indiana could easily have concluded that some aspects of IVF do less harm to its interest in protecting prenatal life or that regulating IVF would raise knotty enforcement questions best addressed separately. The state could conclude that, say, terminating the lives of embryos, and ending their development toward birth and maturity, is not the same as thawing frozen embryos that were never going to be implanted, and also that requiring the implantation of all embryos created during IVF would implicate constitutional rights against forced medical treatments and interventions.

The Indiana court did not engage these important considerations and distinctions. Instead, its basis for denying that the abortion law’s exceptions could be adequately explained was the mere fact that Indiana was willing to make them. This circular reasoning, if followed, would mean that no laws with exceptions can ever survive strict scrutiny. No doubt the existence of a secular exemption will certainly trigger strict scrutiny. But exemptions are not automatically fatal to strict scrutiny where they do not provide evidence that the government has less restrictive means of protecting the religious right (and accomplishing its compelling interest to boot). The existing exemptions provide no such evidence of less restrictive means. Even setting that argument aside, the exemptions are not comparable.

It is worth noting that the challengers’ argument (and the lower courts’ rulings) lead to absurd results. All laws, after all, need limits. For example, as Eugene Volokh has observed in another context, “even . . . bans on intentional homicide have exceptions—execution of a lawful sentence, killing in war, police killing of a dangerous fleeing felon, killing in self-defense or in defense of another, and disconnecting life-sustaining equipment at a patient’s request.” Criminals can also receive an insanity defense for an otherwise wrongful killing. A per se rule that secular exceptions require religious exemptions would mean that, for instance, religiously motivated killing—honor killing, stoning, exorcisms, child sacrifice—must be permitted because of these exceptions. Yet no court has ever held that religious accommodations are warranted from a homicide law.

Similarly, if the law let a doctor perform an osteotomy (that is, a procedure that requires the breaking of a bone to reshape or realign a bone), a per se rule triggering accommodations based on secular exemptions would mean that a parent could seek a religious accommodation to break a child’s bones for religious reasons. For that matter, the general common-law defense of “necessity” would trigger religious exemptions from all criminal laws. After all, that defense effectively gives each criminal law at least one exception; by the lower court’s logic, a religious exemption would then be required. That cannot be right—which is why no court, prior to this case, has ever said as much.

The right to religious freedom is a foundational human right. However, it does not guarantee, and never has required, exemptions for religious believers from any and all important regulations. Under the U.S. Constitution, legislatures are permitted to regulate abortion, to define human life as beginning at conception, and to assert and pursue their compelling interest in protecting such life. That such regulation might burden the sincere religious objections of some does not entitle them to damage that interest. Denying a religious exemption from the abortion law would satisfy strict scrutiny under Indiana law.

Stephanie H. Barclay is a professor at Georgetown University Law Center. Richard W. Garnett is the Paul J. Schierl Professor of Law at the University of Notre Dame Law School.

Photo by Jeremy Hogan/SOPA Images/LightRocket via Getty Images

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