where to publish historical essays

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Guidelines for Submitting Manuscripts to the AHR

As of June 15, 2020, all submissions to the  American Historical Review  must be made through our editorial management system, Scholar One. The submission site can be found at  https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ahrev . Please follow the instructions there to see if you are already in our database, or else begin by creating an account. We no longer can consider manuscripts submitted by email attachment. Manuscripts should be submitted as a Microsoft Word document. They should be written in English and ideally not exceed 8,000 words in length, not counting notes, tables, and charts. A typical published  AHR  article of 8,000 words contains 4,500-5,500 words of notes; a ratio of 2:1 is a good guideline for an initial submission, since references often get added in revisions. Please follow our house style for submitted manuscripts: 8 ½ x 11 page size, Times New Roman 12 pt. font, double spaced, and with numbered pages. Formatting the manuscript in this fashion, and masking the author's identity, will speed up the processing of your submission. Inquiries for the AHR Editorial Office, including correspondence regarding manuscript submissions and books for review, should be addressed to Editor, American Historical Review, 914 E. Atwater Ave., Bloomington IN 47401-3600. Our e-mail address is [email protected] .

No manuscript will be considered for publication if it is concurrently under consideration by another journal or press or if it has been published or is in submission, under contract, or in press elsewhere. Both restrictions apply to the substance as well as to the exact wording of the manuscript. If the manuscript is accepted, the editors expect that its appearance in the AHR will precede republication of the essay, or any significant part thereof, in another work. Final decisions regarding publication are up to the discretion of the editors.

In considering submissions for publication in the AHR , the editors look for articles that are new in content and interpretation and make a fresh contribution to historical knowledge. Our primary criterion, however, is the appropriateness of each article for our distinctive audience. Because our readers embrace all fields of history and are located throughout the world, the AHR has a responsibility to publish essays that reach beyond the specialties that have enlivened yet also fragmented the discipline in recent years. Consequently, we seek manuscripts that can engage the common interests of as many historians as possible.

We realize that historical scholarship likely to interest a large and diverse readership can be written in many ways. The editors try to identify those submissions that not only demonstrate an author's command of a specific subject but also have the potential to communicate their implications to scholars working in other fields. Even a manuscript with a very precise focus can be framed in a way that broadens its appeal to readers outside a particular field. It may, for example, effectively demonstrate a methodology that other scholars might find useful even though the subject matter of the essay itself is not directly in their field. Or it might add fresh insights into a historical experience in ways that would interest other historians concerned with the same experience in different spatial or temporal contexts. Manuscripts likely to engage common concerns may also be explicit discussions of historical methodology; or they may be review essays that analyze current trends in particular fields of historical inquiry. We also encourage historiographical essays that synthesize emerging trends in non-English-language scholarship and/or in areas of the world currently underrepresented in a scholarly discourse long dominated by academics based in Anglo-American universities.

Given our mandate to engage the interests of the entire discipline, we also seek articles that address the spatial, temporal, and thematic dimensions of contemporary historical inquiry. For much of its history, the AHR published essays primarily on the history of North America and Western Europe, largely because they constituted the bulk of our submissions, but also because of a Western bias as to what was considered historically of value. Although we certainly still welcome submissions in those fields, the editors have in recent decades actively encouraged, and continue to encourage, the submission of manuscripts on Africa, Asia, Oceania, Latin America, and the Middle East. We now also renew our commitment to understanding the past broadly not just in terms of geography but also in terms of time and periods. In an era when academic and popular conceptions of history are increasingly presentist in focus, a situation reflected in the preponderance of submissions to the AHR on the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, we especially seek manuscripts in ancient, medieval, and early modern history. Thematically, an earlier concentration on political history has been broadened in the AHR (as elsewhere in the discipline) with a diverse array of topics. Cultural history and historiography now have a more prominent place in our pages than they once did, as do the history of race and gender and, more recently, LGBTQ, environmental, digital, transnational, and global history, to name but a few vibrant areas of inquiry. While we continue to welcome submissions on these and other emerging topics of interest, we remain open to fresh approaches to more traditional sorts of scholarship, such as political, diplomatic, military, and economic history.

As we strive to fulfill our mandate to a diverse readership with a balanced presentation of fields and subjects, the editors construct the article section by applying these standards to the approximately 360 manuscripts that are submitted to the AHR each year. The vast majority of those essays are unsolicited, but we do on occasion commission articles on particular topics, as well as essays and commentaries for AHR Forums, Roundtables, and Exchanges. We are able to publish approximately 8-10 percent of the manuscripts we receive. These articles are selected through a rigorous review process. Every manuscript is evaluated by the AHR staff. Those with the greatest promise are sent anonymously to members of the AHR Board of Editors for further review. Upon recommendation by board members, essays are then sent to specialists to undergo double-blind peer review. All reviews are designed not only to evaluate each manuscript's suitability for publication in the AHR but also to help authors clarify their argument and explain their essays' broader implications. Approximately one-fourth of the manuscript submissions go through this entire evaluation process. Those that we select to publish then are subject to several rounds of further revision and reevaluation. As a consequence of these evaluation methods, every article published in the AHR has been reviewed by at least six scholars, and sometimes more. However, the editors remain committed to a timely reviewing process. We do not maintain a lengthy backlog of articles, and we try to reach a decision about each manuscript within six to eight months of its submission. Though the process is rigorous, most authors are pleased with the results of these procedures, and the large number of prizes that AHR articles have won over the years attests to their value. Although the journal is openly available only to AHA members and institutional subscribers, published AHR authors will receive a free link to the full text of their article on the Oxford University Press website. They may transmit that freely open link to others or post it to their own website or in an institutional repository, provided there is no charge for access to that site. The AHR does not accept author processing fees.

As a final guide to publishing articles in the AHR , the editors would like to repeat the advice our predecessors printed on these pages forty years ago: "The AHR does not stand at the top of a pyramid of scholarly prestige, automatically to be tried first by an ambitious author before he moves on to a 'lesser' journal. Rather, the AHR , with certain other general periodicals, has another purpose than the specialized journals, defined in both a limiting and a liberating sense by its readership. It is concerned with large, persistent themes and genuine, broadly interesting innovation; it is a vehicle for general scholarly communication or for specialized studies that transcend the normal boundaries or expectations of their fields. It therefore stands as testimony, however fragmented and isolated the various fields of history sometimes seem, to the essential unity of the profession" ("Articles for the AHR : An Editorial,"American Historical Review 75, no. 6 [October 1970]: 1580).

Figure accessibility and alt text

Incorporating alt text (alternative text) when submitting your paper helps to foster inclusivity and accessibility. Good alt text ensures that individuals with visual impairments or those using screen readers can comprehend the content and context of your figures. The aim of alt text is to provide concise and informative descriptions of your figure so that all readers have access to the same level of information and understanding, and that all can engage with and benefit from the visual elements integral to scholarly content. Including alt text demonstrates a commitment to accessibility and enhances the overall impact and reach of your work.  

Alt-text is applicable to all images, figures, illustrations, photographs, and it isn’t required for tables and large datasets (unless the tables are provided as figures). 

Alt-text is only accessible via e-reader and so it won’t appear as part of the typeset article. 

Detailed guidance on how to draft and submit alt text . 

Author Toll Free Link and Discounts

All corresponding authors will be provided with a free access link to their article upon publication.  The link will be sent via email to the article’s corresponding author who is free to share the link with any co-authors.  Please see  OUP’s Author Self-Archiving policy  for more information regarding how this link may be publicly shared depending on the type of license under which the article has published.   All authors have the option to purchase up to 10 print copies of the issue in which they publish at a 50% discount. Orders should be placed through this order form . Orders must be made within 12 months of the online publication date.

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Submitting an Article to History Today

History Today accepts submissions for articles for inclusion in the magazine. Submissions should be original, exclusive to History Today and offer an engaging and authoritative take on a historical subject.

Prospective contributors should look through our online archive to ensure the proposal or subject area hasn't been written about recently.

The magazine carries three types of article:

• Feature-length articles, which are between 3,000 and 3,400 words;
• Mid-length articles, between 1,300 and 2,200 words;
• History Matters articles, broadly a range of polemics and short articles, of 1,000 words (these also appear in the History Matters section on this website);

Please send a brief email about your proposal, along with a few lines about your career / academic background, to:

[email protected]

Unfortunately we are unable to respond to all submissions.

Sign Up For Paid Writing Opportunities

17 magazines that pay for writing about history.

It is no secret that breaking into history writing can take some time and patience, especially since there are a limited amount of online and offline places that publish history pieces. Using the following list of history publishers, you can find the right outlets for your writing style and favorite historical interests.

The magazines and websites require writers to provide reputable sources for their information. Photos and illustrations are also sometimes required. Make sure that you read through all of the writers’ guidelines before submitting an article or pitch to increase your changes of getting published.

American Spirit Magazine is a print magazine published by the Daughters of the American Revolution. They want articles that focus on American history, from the Colonial period to the 1820s. They are particularly interested in history that focuses on women and they accept queries that offer unique perspectives into the past. Length: No length requirements given. Pay: Pay is on acceptance for the amount agreed upon. Writers’ Guidelines: https://www.dar.org/national-society/american-spirit-magazine/writers-and-contributors

Archaeology is a print magazine that publishes articles about new historical discoveries and reevaluations of old theories relating to ancient and recent history. Most of their contributions come from freelance writers and they prefer to receive story pitches. They do not accept unsolicited manuscripts. Length: Discuss with editor. Pay: Pay is on acceptance for the amount agreed upon. Writers’ Guidelines: https://www.archaeology.org/writer-s-guidelines

An online resource that publishes original, well-researched articles about the history of different places and events. An editorial calendar is on their guidelines page that provides a basic list of what they are looking for. They prefer article pitches. Length: To be discussed with editor. Pay: Competitive rates. Writers’ Guidelines: https://docs.google.com/document/d/148yIs0J9bsmN3guV9arbundXjvZAL_OLUk4BywX9tm4/edit

Cracked publishes listicles online that cover a vast amount of subjects, including history. They prefer to publish articles that are humorous, shocking, and even gross. Fortunately, history provides us with plenty of examples in all three categories. Length: Work with editor for final word count. Pay: $150 per article. After you have published 4 articles, your pay increased to $250 per article. Writers’ Guidelines: http://www.cracked.com/write-for-cracked/

Early American Life is a print magazine that want history articles about life in early America, from America’s discovery to the mid-1800s. They seek articles about unusual events and want articles about the grit of early American life. They are not interested in dry retellings of history and want articles that are entertaining as well as factual. Length: 2,500 Pay: About $500 for writer’s first feature. Writers’ Guidelines: https://www.ealonline.com/editorial/guidelines.php

History Magazine is a print magazine. They do not want dry, academic writing. Instead, they want interesting articles written about historical events, from the fall of the Roman Empire to the 1950s. They accept queries only. Length: 2,000 Pay: $0.08/word Writers’ Guidelines: http://www.history-magazine.com/anotes.html

Listverse publishes Top 10 listicles that cover the bizarre, entertainment, lifestyle, science, society, and more. Many of their published history articles are about infamous people, strange happenings, and the gross parts of history that make readers shudder. They avoid dry material and actively seek the unusual. Length: 1,800+ Pay: $100 Writers’ Guidelines: http://listverse.com/write-get-paid/

Naval History is a print magazine published by the U.S. Naval Institute. They are a tough market to break into and prefer to receive queries from freelance writers. Length: Max. Length is 3,000 words. Pay: $60 to $150 per published page. Writers’ Guidelines: https://www.usni.org/membership/naval-history-author-guidelines#payment

A monthly print magazine that is geared towards tourists coming to New Mexico. They do publish history articles about New Mexico as long as there is information on how to visit the historical site in the present day. They prefer to receive proposals. Length: To be discussed with editor. Pay: $0.35 to $0.40/word Writers’ Guidelines: https://www.newmexico.org/nmmagazine/contributor-guidelines/

Our State is a print magazine that publishes articles on the “people, places, culture, and history of North Carolina.” They prefer to receive a 1-2 paragraph query about the article you would like to write. View their Editorial Calendar to create a proposal that will fit into their schedule. Length: 1,500 Pay: Pay is on acceptance for the amount agreed upon. Writers’ Guidelines: https://www.ourstate.com/contributor-guidelines/

A print magazine covering the history and heritage of Pennsylvania. Articles can be about local archaeology, architecture, historic sites, military history, natural history, and even oral history. They prefer to receive completed manuscripts. Length: 2,000 to 3,500 Pay: $250 to $500 Writers’ Guidelines: https://paheritage.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Pennsylvania-Heritage-Submission-Guidelines.pdf

Renaissance Magazine is a print magazine that publishes history articles covering the Renaissance and Middle Ages. They accept queries and full submissions. A feature article need at least 6 images to be published with the article. Length: 1,200 – 2,000 Pay: $150 Writers’ Guidelines: https://renaissancemagazine.com/submit-content/

The Smithsonian accepts proposals from “established freelance writers.” When sending in your pitch for a history article, you must supply links to previously published works. Length: Generally around 800 to 1,800 words. Pay: While no pay is listed on their website, other sources say they pay $0.17/word or more. Print Magazine Pitches: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/contact/article-submit-print-magazine/ Website Pitches: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/contact/article-submit-website/

Today I Found Out publishes interesting history facts. They do not want dry material and the article must appeal to a wide range of readers. Length: No length is listed on their website, but a word count check on recently published articles shows that they typically published articles that are 1,500 to 1,800 words. Pay: If interested in your article, they will buy it from you. Writers’ Guidelines: http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/write-for-us/

A print magazine that publishes history articles about the American West, from 1800 to 1912. They want articles that are exciting and dramatically real. Article proposals are accepted via Dropbox. Length: 1,500 Pay: $0.25/word Writers’ Guidelines: https://www.truewestmagazine.com/submission-guidelines/ Wartime

A print magazine that specifically focuses on Australian history during times of war. They accept articles from both amateurs and professionals, and demand an engaging writing style. No dry content. Requests proposals. Length: 1,000 to 2,000 Pay: $300 per 1,000 words Writers’ Guidelines: https://www.awm.gov.au/wartime/submissions/ Wonderful West Virginia

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Historiography

• About historiography

Finding historiographic essays -- first steps

Historiography in library catalogs.

• More places to look

For topics that are of wide interest, you may be able to find an essay that reviews the literature on that topic, and that sets it in context by discussing how other historians have approached that topic. This kind of essay is invaluable when you are starting a research project. There are two easy ways to find them:

History Compass is an online journal that publishes historiographic essays. If there is an essay on your topic, it can be an excellent place to start. Caution: if you do not find what you need with your first search, don't choose Edit Search, because you will then be searching all the publisher's online journals. Return to the starting point for History Compass to continue searching just within this journal.

If your topic is covered, check Oxford Bibliographies Online (currently, covers African Studies, Atlantic History, Medieval Studies, Military History, Classics, Criminology, Islamic Studies, Philosophy, and Renaissance and the Reformation, and many other fields)

America: History & Life and Historical Abstracts In both of these bibliographic databases, "historiography" is a Subject. For example, in AHL, to find historiography on the American Civil war, do a Subject search for: civil war historiography

Annual bulletin of historical literature History Reference (SH). Firestone Z6205 .H65 and online

The "Blackwell Companions" are a series published both in print and online in Blackwell Reference Online . If there is one on your topic, it can be an exceptionally useful place to start reading. Note: to find print copies of the Blackwell Companions, do a keyword search in the Main Catalog for " Blackwell companions to history," "Blackwell companions to American history," " Blackwell companions to British history," " Blackwell companions to world history," or " Blackwell companions to European history " to see if there is a volume in this series that covers your topic. Some copies circulate, and others are in the History Reference room on A floor.

When you are searching the library catalog for books on your topic, "historiography" is a useful keyword, because it is used in Library of Congress Subject Headings. For example:

• Historiography--Great Britain.
• United States --Politics and government --1783-1865 --Historiography.
• World War, 1914-1918 --Historiography.
• Europe--Historiography.
• << Previous: About historiography
• Next: More places to look >>
• Last Updated: Dec 19, 2023 1:56 PM
• URL: https://libguides.princeton.edu/historiography

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Current Issue

June 2024 vol 129 | issue 2.

Check out the AHR 's June issue, with articles that rethink approaches to global, environmental, and intellectual history, History Lab pieces that focus on digital history and modes of public-making, and #AHRSyllabus modules that explore state standards in the classroom and teaching with an AHR article. Members can access the issue online through the link under AHA Publications on MYAHA .

Recent Articles

"chivalry without women: the way of the samurai and swinton’s world history in 1890s japan".

By Sarah Thal

"Gulistan in Black and White: The Racial and Gendered Legacies of Slavery in Nineteenth-Century Qajar Iran"

By Leila Pourtavaf

“Late Acceleration: The Indian Emergency and the Early 1970s Energy Crisis”

By Elizabeth Chatterjee

About the AHR

The  American Historical Review  ( AHR ) has served as the journal of record for the historical discipline in the United States since 1895. It is the leading global forum for new scholarship in every major field of historical study across time and space. The  AHR  publishes field transforming articles and contributions that reimagine historical practice and teaching. From traditional articles to innovative digital media, we welcome submissions that spark scholarly conversations.

History Lab

The AHR History Lab is a new, experimental space in the middle of the journal featuring collective projects that seek to reimagine how we approach historical practice in terms of content, form, and method.

How to Submit

Find information on article and digital media submissions and proposals for the AHR History Lab and #AHRSyllabus project.

History in Focus Podcast

Take a deeper dive into historical content and practice, highlighting the work of historians and other scholars who work in and outside of the academy.

Environmental Crisis and Recovery

Collaborative history + revisiting marion thompson wright, #ahrsyllabus.

The #AHRSyllabus is a collaborative project designed to help teachers and students look "under the hood" at how historians in the early 21st century do the work of history. Each contribution to the syllabus features a practical hands-on teaching module that foregrounds innovative uses of historical method in the classroom.

The American Historical Review publishes approximately 650 reviews annually, aiming to represent all fields of historical scholarship. Click here to learn more about our reviews process, read our FAQ, and submit your information for our reviewer database.

AHR in the News

July 31, 2024

American Historical Review Article Wins 2024 Nursing Clio Prize for Best Journal Article"> American Historical Review Article Wins 2024 Nursing Clio Prize for Best Journal Article

July 18, 2024

AHA Member’s Experimental Video Game Class Featured in Chronicle of Higher Education

July 15, 2024

AHA Member Featured in Article on the Development of Educational Standards

Past ahr issues.

Access past issues of the AHR , the journal of record for the historical discipline since 1895. The AHR publishes field transforming articles and contributions that reimagine historical practice and teaching. In its second century of continuous publication, the  AHR  strives to be the leading forum for new historical research, while meeting the challenges of an ever-evolving digital age and an ever-expanding global community of scholars.

Special Issues

The  AHR  occasionally publishes special issues. More information about upcoming special issues coming soon.

History Unclassified

Essays that highlight archival stories, off-beat discoveries, unexpected connections with other fields, as well as historians’ research experiences and their connection to the authors’ lives and stories.

Perspectives on History

The newsmagazine of the American Historical Association.

Advertise in the AHR

Visit the OUP's website for information on advertising in the AHR .

Calls for Opportunities Calendar

Find upcoming calls for papers, conference proposals, and other activities.

Message To Our Members

AHA Members: To access the full text of articles, start at www.historians.org/myaha.

• Login with your email address and password.
• On the MY AHA page, scroll down in the white part of the page until you see the section AHA Publications on the left side.
• Click the link under that for American Historical Review at Oxford University Press.
• Next, click Continue to American Historical Review .
• On the Oxford site at https://academic.oup.com , you'll see a circle at the top right.
• Click on that and see Signed in as Institutional Account AHA Member Access.
• As long as you see those words you're logged in and can access all versions of the AHR articles.

Join the AHA

The AHA brings together historians from all specializations and all work contexts, embracing the breadth and variety of activity in history today.

An Undergraduate's Guide to Funding and Publishing Research

• URECA and other SBU Research Programs and Opportunities
• Funding Your Research
• Publishing Your Research: Why and How?
• Publishing Your Research: List of Undergraduate Journals

SBU's own publications

Note that among the journals listed here are SBU's own publications such as  SBU Brooklogue ,  Young Investigator's Review  and the Stony Brook Undergraduate History Journal . 

How do I know whether my discipline is considered a Humanities or Social Science field?

Humanities includes fields such as Art History, Classics, English, Comparative Literature, History, Musicology, and Philosophy. Sometimes History can be considered broadly as either a Humanities or Social Science discipline, but for the sake of this list, most history journals are listed in the Arts & Humanities category. Likewise, Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies and related fields often use methods from both Humanities and Social Science research, so you might find related topics on either the Humanities or Social Science list. Psychology is another borderline discipline that might be classified as either a social science or STEM field. For the sake of this list, Psychology is listed with the Social Sciences. STEM fields are those affiliated with science, technology, engineering, or math.

Journals that publish undergraduate research

There are many journals that focus specifically on publishing undergraduate research. The Council on Undergraduate Research (CUR) keeps an ever growing list of journals that feature undergraduate work . However, many of those listed by CUR are hosted by a specific institution and might only publish the work of their own students, and others might not be peer-reviewed or have publishing fees, so read the descriptions carefully. And, as always, carefully review each journal's website, published articles, and the author submission guidelines before submitting your work.

Below is a list of selected journals that SBU undergraduates are eligible to submit to, organized into the following categories:

• Broad Scope: Journals that publish research in any disciplinary area.
• Arts and Humanities : Fields such as Art History, Classics, English, Comparative Literature, Cultural Studies, History, Musicology, Philosophy, Theology, and Writing & Rhetoric. Sometimes History-related fields are also classified as a Social Science, but on this page, most history journals are in the Arts & Humanities category.
• Social Sciences: Fields such as Sociology, Psychology, Economics, International Affairs, Geography, Sustainability, Political Science, and Human Rights are included here.
• STEM : Fields in the hard sciences, technology, engineering and mathematics.

Broad Scope: Journals that publish research in any discipline

• Aletheia: The Alpha Chi Journal of Undergraduate Scholarship Peer-reviewed journal for undergraduate scholarship run by the Alpha Chi National College Honor Society.
• American Journal of Undergraduate Research (AJUR) AJUR is a national, independent, faculty peer-reviewed, open-source, quarterly, multidisciplinary student research journal.
• Butler Journal of Undergraduate Research (BJUR) Submission of original, scholarly research articles is open to undergraduates from any accredited college or university. BJUR publishes scholarship across the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences.
• Discussions: The Undergraduate Research Journal of Case Western Reserve University The journal accepts research papers written by current undergraduate students from accredited colleges and universities around the globe. The research can be on any topic.
• Inquiries: Social Sciences, Arts, & Humanities An open access academic journal focusing on publishing high quality original work across a range of disciplines, especially on work in the social sciences, arts, and humanities.
• International Journal of Undergraduate Research & Creative Activities (IJURCA) Peer-reviewed, open-access journal dedicated to the publication of outstanding scholarship by undergraduates and their mentors. Accepts submissions from all academic disciplines, including original research in the the form of articles and literature reviews, as well as creative work in a variety of media.
• Journal of Student Research Multidisciplinary and faculty-reviewed journal devoted to the rapid dissemination of current research done by high school, undergraduate, and graduate students.
• Midwest Journal of Undergraduate Research Multidisciplinary scholarly journal produced by a team of Monmouth College student editors and faculty members with peer and faculty reviewers for each article.
• SBU Brooklogue SBU's exclusively undergraduate, peer-reviewed journal for humanities and social sciences.
• Undergraduate Research Journal Double-blind, educator-reviewed print and electronic journal published annually. A forum for multidisciplinary undergraduate research and creative endeavors including case studies, conceptual pieces, creative writing, journalism writings, literature reviews, original art, photography, and scientific studies. Highlights mentored undergraduate scholarly products across all disciplines from all types of higher education institutions.
• UReCA: The NCHC Journal of Undergraduate Research & Creative Activity The official undergraduate journal of the National Collegiate Honors Council. Submissions are accepted from undergraduates in the following categories: STEM, Social Science, Humanities, Fine Art, and Creative Writing.

Arts and Humanities

• Animus: The Undergraduate Classical Journal of the University of Chicago Supports undergraduate scholarship in the Classics and related fields.
• Apollon Undergraduate Journal A peer-reviewed journal run by faculty and students at Fairfield University. Any undergraduate student whose research was produced through coursework in the humanities may submit.
• Archive: An Undergraduate Journal of History Accepts submissions of History scholarship, including scholarly papers, articles, book reviews, and historical essays from undergraduate students of all majors from colleges and universities in the U.S. or abroad.
• Berkeley Undergraduate Journal of Classics Original manuscripts on any topic related to Classics from undergraduate students in any major at an institution which confers a bachelor's degree are eligible to submit.
• Clio's Scroll: The Berkeley Undergraduate History Journal The journal publishes articles by undergraduates and recent graduates of any university on historical topics.
• Dies Ligibiles: An Undergraduate Journal of Medieval Studies The journal accepts research papers, book reviews, translations, and art in English, French, and Spanish from any undergraduate student at any college or university. The work must pertain to the time period 400 - 1600 CE.
• Epistemai: An Undergraduate Philosophy Journal A student-run philosophy journal at the University of Minnesota Twin Cities. The journal publishes short, original philosophical work done by undergraduates from universities across the country, and internationally.
• Falsafa: Undergraduate Journal of Philosophy Run by the Philosophy Club at the University of California, Irvine, this journal highlights philosophical ideas and research by undergraduates.
• Forbes & Fifth This undergraduate journal of the Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences at the University of Pittsburgh considers both scholarly and creative work from students at any accredited university in the world.
• The Gettysburg College Journal of the Civil War Era Open access peer-reviewed undergraduate journal that publishes academic essays, public history essays, and book reviews on the Civil War Era.
• History Matters: An Undergraduate Journal of Historical Research An undergraduate history journal published annually by the Department of History at Appalachian State University. The journal is indexed by EBSCOhost's America: History and Life.
• Journal of Art History and Museum Studies (JAHMS) An undergraduate peer-reviewed journal that publishes undergraduate scholarship by a diverse coalition of student artists and historians.
• The Kennesaw Tower: Undergraduate Foreign Language Research Journal Annual undergraduate double blind and peer-reviewed journal publishes scholarly work of advanced undergraduates students in Chinese, FLED, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish.
• Mysterion: The Theology Journal of Boston College Publishes undergraduate research from around the world on topics related to theology.
• Nota Bene: Canadian Undergraduate Journal of Musicology Publishes essays written by undergraduate students from universities around the world. Topics include historical musicology, ethnomusicology, popular music studies, music theory, music education, and interdisciplinary subjects. Double blind review by professors across Canada.
• The Oswald Review: An International Journal of Undergraduate Research and Criticism in the Discipline of English Published annually, and requiring a faculty member's endorsement, the refereed journal in indexed in EBSCO and accepts undergraduate criticism and research in the field of English from students throughout the U.S. and abroad.
• Queen City Writers: a journal of undergraduate writing & composing Refereed journal that publishes essays and multimedia work by undergraduate students affiliated with any post-secondary institution. Topics covered include writing, rhetoric, reading, pedagogy, literacy broadly conceived, popular culture and media, community discourses and multimodal and digital composing.
• Rock Creek Review An undergraduate journal edited, produced and published at Heidelberg University in partnership with the English Department. The journal publishes literary research from schools around the world for an annual publication. Check the website for the "call for papers," which will explain the theme of the next issue.
• RhetTech Undergraduate Journal Run by students at James Madison University, this journal showcases exemplary work being done in undergraduate writing, rhetoric, and technical communication courses around the country.
• Simpliciter: Brandies Philosophy Journal Run by students at Brandeis University, this journal aims to recognize excellent works of philosophy produced by undergraduates from universities anywhere in the world.
• sprinkle: an undergraduate journal of feminist and queer studies A peer-reviewed journal devoted to the diverse voices of emerging scholar-activists, authors, and artists in Women's Gender & Queer Studies and related fields. First established at McGill University, sprinkle is now published at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo and welcomes submissions from around the world.
• Stance: An International Undergraduate Philosophy Journal Peer-reviewed journal publishes original work by undergraduates from around the world.
• Stony Brook Undergraduate History Journal Peer-reviewed publication that showcases the research of SBU students writing about history at the local, national and international levels.
• UC Berkeley Comparative Literature Undergraduate Journal Publishes undergraduate research in comparative texts and media, treating a broad range of topics including theoretical literary discourse, international trends in literature, and comparisons for national literature. Showcases the best work across the U.S. and also highlight more contemplative writing by students regarding multicultural issues, culture shock, or transnational experiences such as studying abroad.
• UC Santa Barbara Undergraduate Journal of History A space for undergraduates to share original research other scholarly works of history. Reviewed by graduate students with faculty mentorship.
• Xchanges: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Technical Communication, Rhetoric, and Writing Across the Curriculum The fall issues publishes these and research projects of upper-level undergraduate students. Submissions may be traditional articles or multimodal "webtexts." Based in the English Department at the University of New Mexico.
• Yale Historical Review Welcomes works from undergraduates at any institution on any historically relevant topic.
• Young Scholars in Writing (YSW) An international peer-reviewed journal. Publishes original research and theoretical articles by undergraduates of all majors and years on the subjects of rhetoric, writing, writers, discourse, language, and related topics.

Social Sciences

• Afkar: The Undergraduate Journal of Middle East Studies International peer-reviewed journal that accepts research articles, essays, and book reviews that focus on the politics, history, culture, and society of the Middle East and North Africa.
• Al Noor Boston College's Middle Eastern Studies journal. It is run by undergraduates and publishes work from students around the world.
• Cambridge Journal of Political Affairs A student-run academic journal supported by the Department of Politics and International Studies at the University of Cambridge. The journal publishes undergraduate scholarly work on topics such as political philosophy, political history, comparative politics, international relations, political anthropology, and political sociology.
• Chicago Journal of Foreign Policy: University of Chicago's Premiere Undergraduate Journal of International Affairs Accepts submissions from undergraduates from around the world on articles related to foreign policy, international relations, and related topics, preferably pertaining to the period since 1945..
• Compass: An Undergraduate Journal of American Political Ideas A joint project of Northern Illinois University and Arizona State University, Compass publishes work related to American democracy understood in the broad contexts of political philosophy, history, literature, economics, and culture.
• Consilience: The Journal of Sustainable Development To encourage an international community to think more broadly, deeply, and analytically about sustainable development, the journal publishes work by students, researchers, professors, and practitioners from a variety of academic fields and geographic regions.
• Critique: a worldwide student journal of politics Peer-reviewed journal that publishes scholarship by students of political science. The journal is recognized by the American Political Science Association and indexed by EBSCO.
• The Developing Economist Student-run undergraduate economics research journal, published with support from the Longhorn Chapter of the Omicron Delta Epsilon Economics Honor Society and the Department of Economics at the University of Texas at Austin.
• Issues in Political Economy Co-edited by undergraduates at Elon University and the University of Mary Washington, the journal publishes undergraduate research in the field of economics and is indexed in Cabell's Directory of Publishing Opportunities in Economics and Finance.
• Journal of Integrated Social Sciences A web-based, peer-reviewed journal committed to the scholarly investigation of social phenomena. We especially encourage students and their faculty advisors to submit the results of their investigations in Psychology, Sociology, and Gender Studies.
• Journal of Interpersonal Relations, Intergroup Relations, and Identity (JIRIRI) Affiliated with the Universite de Montreal, the international peer-reviewed journal publishes the work of undergraduates on new theoretical ideas in the fields of psychology, identity, interpersonal and intergroup relations. It publishes both theoretical and empirical articles.
• The Journal of Undergraduate Ethnic Minority Psychology (JUEMP) Open access, double blind, peer-reviewed journal devoted to publishing research authored or co-authored by undergraduates. The journal is especially interested in submissions that are from ethnic minorities perspectives, that focus on the thoughts and behaviors of ethnic minority populations, or both.
• New Errands: The Undergraduate Journal of American Studies Sponsored by The Eastern American Studies Association and the American Studies Program at Penn State Harrisburg, this journal publishes undergraduate research in the field of American Studies.
• The Philosophy, Politics, and Economics Review International undergraduate journal housed in the Kellogg Center for Philosophy, Politics, and Economics at Virginia Tech. Through a double blind review process, the journal publishes original research in the humanities and social sciences from undergraduates worldwide.
• Process: Journal of Multidisciplinary Undergraduate Scholarship Published quarterly, the journal publishes undergraduate writings that rigorously engage with issues of social justice, transformative education, politics, identity, and cultural production. Publishes both critical essays and non-traditional or multimodal compositions.
• Righting Wrongs: A Journal of Human Rights Based at Webster University's Institute for Human Rights and Humanitarian Studies, this peer-reviewed academic journal publishes undergraduate research papers, book reviews, opinion pieces, and photo essays that explore human rights issues.
• Social Moments: A Student Journal of Social Relations Interdisciplinary peer-reviewed journal examining the social and cultural world through a social science lens. All undergraduate and graduate students are invited to submit work in any social science discipline.
• Sociology between the Gaps: Forgotten and Neglected Topics Undergraduates, graduates, and professionals in sociology and related fields may submit their articles, books and film reviews, and point of view essays. Double blind peer review.
• Undergraduate Journal of Global Citizenship Based at Fairfield University, the journal publishes undergraduate research on topics related to International Studies such as global awareness, interdependence, environmental responsibility, social justice, humanitarianism, and other themes that promote the understanding of global citizenship.
• Undergraduate Journal of Service Learning & Community-Based Research Refereed, multidisciplinary, open access undergraduate journal that publishes articles from students all around the world. Accepted articles contribute to the literature on service learning and community-based research through reflection, research, or analysis. Based at University of North Carolina Wilmington.
• The Undergraduate Research Journal of Psychology at UCLA (URJP) Based at UCLA, but accepting submissions of undergraduate research from institutions all over the world, this peer-reviewed journal aims to empower undergraduate students to engage in and with research and facilitate scientific conversation and inquiry in the field of psychology.

STEM Fields

• Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal (CUSJ) Open access science journal that publishes manuscripts resulting from significant scientific research or analysis. Each paper undergoes a double-blind peer review process and a faculty review by the CUSJ Faculty Advisory Board.
• EvoS: The Evolutional Studies Consortium A peer-reviewed open access journal, EvoS welcomes work from all academic disciplines and interdisciplinary scholarship that incorporates evolutionary theory.
• Illumin Magazine: A Review of Engineering in Everyday Life An online magazine dedicated to exploring the science and technology behind the things we encounter every day. Features the work of University of Southern California undergraduate engineers, as well as submissions from universities across the U.S.
• Impulse: The Premier Undergraduate Neuroscience Journal International online neuroscience journal for undergraduate publications.
• International Journal of Exercise Science This journal engages undergraduate and graduate students in scholarly activity as both authors and reviewers. Articles on exercise science undergo peer review.
• Intersect: The Stanford Journal of Science, Technology, and Society An open access international science, technology, and society research journal that accepts undergraduate, graduate, and PhD submissions at the intersection of history, culture, sociology, art, literature, business, law, health, and design with science and technology. Students from around the world are invited to submit.
• Involve: A Journal of Mathematics High quality mathematical research involving students from all academic levels. Submissions should include substantial faculty input; faculty co-authorship is required and the submission should come from a faculty member.
• Journal of Undergraduate Chemistry Research Peer-reviewed journal that publishes undergraduate students' work in chemistry, including analytical, organic, inorganic, physical, polymers, and biochemistry.
• Journal of Undergraduate Kinesiology Research Published by the Kinesiology Department at the University of Wisconsin Eau Claire, the peer-reviewed, journal is dedicated to original undergraduate research in Kinesiology. Currently, the research originates from students at the University of Wisconsin, but undergraduates from all institutions are invited to submit.
• Journal of Undergraduate Research in Physics and Astronomy (JURPA) Peer-reviewed publication of the Society of Physics Students comprised of undergraduate research, outreach, and scholarly reporting.
• Journal of Young Investigators (JYI) JYI publishes original work in the sciences written by undergraduates mentored by a faculty member. The mission of the journal is to improve undergraduate science training by providing innovative, high quality educational experiences in science writing, publication, and the peer-review process.
• Psi Chi Journal Undergraduate, graduate, and faculty submissions welcome year round to this peer-reviewed psychology journal.
• Rose-Hulman Undergraduate Mathematics Journal Devoted entirely to papers written by undergraduates on topics in the mathematical sciences. Sponsored by the Mathematics Department at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, the journal accepts submissions from undergraduates around the world and faculty co-authors are not permitted.
• RURALS: Review of Undergraduate Research in Agricultural and Life Sciences Faculty-refereed international journal devoted to the publication of high quality research by undergraduates in all agricultural research problem areas.
• SIAM Undergraduate Research Online (SIURO) Run by the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM), SIURO publishes articles written by undergraduates from all over the world in the field of computational mathematics. Each paper must be submitted with a letter from a faculty advisor.
• Spectrum Published by the University of Alberta, this multidisciplinary journal publishes research completed by undergraduates in a variety of formats including research articles, review articles, music, video, visual arts, and creative writing.
• Spora: A Journal of Biomathematics Published by Illinois State, this is an open access refereed research journal dedicated to publishing high quality manuscripts by undergraduate or graduate students that describe mathematical and statistical techniques to solve problems in biological settings, as well as in experimental biology. Requires an article processing charge.
• PUMP Journal of Undergraduate Research PUMP stands for Preparing Undergraduate Mathematicians for Ph.D.s, and the journal publishes articles by undergraduates students who want to pursue doctoral studies in the Mathematical Sciences. The journal especially encourages submissions by students from underrepresented groups. Topics include pure and applied mathematics and statistics and authors may submit research papers, papers containing new proofs of known results, and expository papers which propose original points of view.
• Undergraduate Journal of Experimental Microbiology and Immunology (UJEMI+) Based at the University of British Columbia, the journal has two versions -- one that publishes only UBC students (UJEMI) and the other that is open to external submissions (UJEMI+). Dedicated to the publication of undergraduate articles in fields related to microbiology and immunology, the journal requires a formal endorsement from a course instructor or researcher who mentored the student authors.
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Historical Transactions

Royal historical society, blog and online resources.

Ten Tips for Getting Published in Academic Journals

by Administrator | Aug 17, 2021 | General , RHS Work | 0 comments

On Wednesday 21 July 2021 the Royal Historical Society hosted the first in a new series of training workshops for Post-Graduate and Early Career Historians: ‘ Getting Published: a guide to first articles and journal publishing’ .

The event brought together journal editors and publishers, recent first-time authors, and early career historians. Its aim was to demystify the process of journal publishing and provide practical advice and tips on how best to succeed. We recently released the event video which contains numerous tips and insights.

Here we pull out a ‘Top 10’ from the panel and discussion: 10 key things for historians to bear in mind when writing and submitting a first journal article.

Thanks again to our panellists and audience on 21 July and, also, to Dr Sarah Johanesen for choosing and summarising these 10 Points to Remember in this post.

1. Choose a self-contained section of your research (watch the discussion at 1:07:57 in the video)

ECR panellist Sasha Rasmussen took her first article from a section of her thesis ‘which didn’t need a lot of theoretical scaffolding, it was pretty self-contained. It made a concrete point’. While in your thesis you can lead a reader in, an article needs ‘to hit them with the point, and 8000 (ish) words is a lot shorter than you think it is.’

2. Use Journal websites (discussion at: 14:23)

Professor Sandra den Otter, co-editor of the Journal of British Studies , discussed the importance of researching which journals would be the best fit for your research – and using their websites to do so.

‘Sites provide information about the overarching mandate or aims of the journal, and they might signal openness to new methodological approaches that particularly suits your research, or preference for certain kinds of research. If you dip into the table of contents of recent issues of the journal, you’ll develop a sense of the tone of the journal too, you can sample articles to become more familiar’.

Other important information can also be found online such as length limits, style guides, submission instructions, and contact details for the editors.

3. Consider your goals and publishing beyond academia (discussion at: 1:27:00)

ECR panellist Dr Diya Gupta advised that if you don’t want an academic career, or feel as if one isn’t working out, ‘then it might not be worth the time investing in publishing in a top-rated journal’. You might want to consider other ways of getting your research out into the world, ‘turn it perhaps into a trade book and have more of a popular readership’.

‘Publishing in journals is one type of approach, and it’s about weighing up that type of type of approach with many other types of approaches you could also take’.

4. Position your work as making an intervention in current debates (discussion at: 08:17)

Professor Emma Griffin, President of the Royal Historical Society, has only recently stepped down from her position as co-editor of the Historical Journal . As an editor, she explained they are looking for ‘how relevant’ your work ‘is to other people who are working in broadly cognate areas’, and ‘how you’re going to intervene’ in scholarly conversation. She urged junior scholars to, ‘think in terms of an intervention, as well as in terms of the conversation.’

Panel 1 brought together journal editors and publishing specialists. Clockwise from top left: Professor Emma Griffin, Editor of ‘Historical Journal’ and RHS President; Professor Sandra den Otter, Editor of the ‘Journal of British Studies’; Dr Rebekah Lee, Editor of the ‘Journal of Southern African Studies’; and Professor Jane Winters of the School of Advanced Study, University of London

5. Your abstract is ‘your calling card’ (discussion at: 30.09)

Dr Rebekah Lee, co-editor of the Journal of Southern African Studies , explained that abstracts are often the only thing reviewers see before volunteering to review your paper, ‘it’s your calling card’.

‘so often I find that Junior scholars don’t spend enough time with actually getting their abstract quite right, and so it’s important, particularly in our case it’s an interdisciplinary journal’.

Make sure the abstract clearly indicates the debates your article intervenes in, your disciplinary, regional, and chronological focus, your source base, and your key arguments. If it ‘misrepresents or doesn’t fully represent what it is your papers about, then you’re not getting your paper sent to the best possible’ reviewer.

6. Rejection is not reflection (discussion at: 23:54)

Journal publishing is about fitting the right article with the right audience. So, as Professor den Otter reminded us:

‘it’s important not to leap to conclusions about the quality of your life’s work if your first approach to a journal is discouraging or does not run smoothly. Everyone has received discouraging news from journals, but persevere, and your work, with persistence and with an eye to its quality, will reach the audiences and join the conversations with which you’d like to engage.’

7. Review before the Reviewers (discussion at: 1:14:15)

Our third ECR panellist, Dr Jonah Miller, explained that even before sending his article to a Journal he received extensive advice from his supervisor, and got ‘feedback from a group of peers,’ through a reading group where they shared their work. He strongly suggests doing something like this as you ‘get lots of different perspectives, and it’s a kind of preliminary to the reviewers’ reports. And I think if I hadn’t done that then the reviewers reports would have been a lot harsher’.

8. Don’t panic about Open Access fees (discussion at: 41:40)

Our final editorial expert and Vice-President of the RHS, Professor Jane Winters, gave some valuable insight into Open Access publishing – particularly for those who must publish Open Access due to their funding – explaining the difference between Green Open Access and Gold Open Access.

‘A key point to remember is that you don’t ever have to pay a fee, the Green route to Open Access is absolutely fine. And it’s allowed by the vast majority of journals.’

Even where Gold access is absolutely required, ‘Your host institution will have a dedicated open access fund that you may be able to call on depending on demand.’ Although this is not an option for those without institutional affiliation, this is one of the ‘clear inequalities in the system, which the Royal Historical Society has been doing work to try and raise awareness’ of, so that it can be changed.

Though it came just too late for our event, UKRI has just announced its new policy on Open Access publications based on research it funds – e.g. via the Arts and Humanities Research Council. A separate RHS blog (10 August) explains what the UKRI decisions mean for historians: don’t worry, the AHRC funding does not refer to doctorates and publications arising from doctoral research.

Panel 2 brought together three recently published authors in conversation with Emma Griffin. Clockwise from top right: Dr Jonah Miller, Dr Diya Gupta and Sasha Rasmussen.

9. Check the Journal’s Open Access compliance (discussion at: 43:42)

Professor Winters added that when researching which journal you wish to send your article to, there is a useful online tool which allows you to check their Open Access policies.

‘It’s called, slightly oddly, Sherpa Romeo … and you can just enter a journal or publisher name, to find out more information about what they offer, and it’s very up to date and it’s tied to particular funders and their funding mandate.’

10. Just email and ask!

Throughout the panel on the Editors’ perspective and the Q&A session at the end this came through repeatedly. Journals are incredibly diverse, and what’s true for one may not be true for another.

Perhaps you have questions about support for authors who are neuro-divergent, non-native English speakers, or have other access requirements? You might want to know whether the journal would accept a translated piece, or allow re-publication elsewhere in a foreign language? Do you have queries about getting the rights to images, or want to know what level of support the journal can offer in getting funding for that?

If you cannot find the information you are looking for, simply email the editors. You may just be the first to ask, and you may be surprised by the support they can offer in fully realising your research

Where next?

You can check out further resources at the bottom of this page, and the articles of our ECR panel at the following journals:

• Dr Diya Gupta , ‘Bodies in Hunger: Literary Representations of the Indian Home-Front During World War II’, Journal of War & Culture Studies , 13: 2 (2020), pp. 196-214. [URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/17526272.2019.1644274 ]
• Dr Jonah Miller , ‘The Touch of the State: Stop and Search in England, c.1660–1750’, History Workshop Journal , 87 (Spring, 2019), pp. 52-71. [URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dby034 ]
• Sasha Rasmussen , ‘Musicians, Students, Listeners: Women and the Conservatoire in pre-war Paris and St Petersburg’, Cultural and Social History , 18: 2 (2021), pp.221-42. [URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/14780038.2021.1902608 ]

Our compiler, Dr Sarah Johanesen ‘s own first article, ‘‘That silken Priest ’: Catholic disguise and anti-popery on the English Mission (1569–1640)’ was published in Historical Research , 93 (Feb 2020), pp. 38-51 [URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/hisres/htz010 ]

Further Resources

(selected guides from publishers, blogs and learned societies).

• Society of Historical Archaeology: How to publish your first journal article
• Jobs.ac.uk: Getting Published
• Taylor and Francis: Publishing your research
• Sage: How to get published
• Past & Present Society: Getting published in journals
• NACBS: Publish, don’t perish!
• American Historical Association: Publishing in journals , plus other articles on the AHA’s Perspectives on History
• Get a Life, PhD: How to publish an article in an academic journal
• Get a Life, PhD: How to respond to revise and resubmit
• Further publishing guides and resources from the RHS (from 2014-15: covering journals, edited collections and monographs)

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Undergraduate Publication Opportunities

Below are publications (history and interdisciplinary) for undergraduate students to publish their research. These journals accept submissions from undergraduate students currently enrolled in a college or university and are usually student-run, faculty-guided, and peer-reviewed.

History Publications

Armstrong undergraduate journal of history  (georgia southern university).

"The  Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History  is an online journal launched in 2011. It is currently edited and produced by undergraduate students at Georgia Southern University (Armstrong Campus). The journal is dedicated to promoting undergraduate students’ research interest in history and their writing skills. The journal is also hoped to strengthen the collaborations in learning between undergraduates and graduates, students and faculty, and history majors and those from other study fields. All submissions will be fully refereed in a blind reviewing process by professional readers from history faculty and graduate students."

Crimson Historical Review   (University of Alabama)

"The  Crimson Historical Review  is the University of Alabama’s first undergraduate history journal, and one of the few of its type in the country. The Editorial Board, Design Team, and Review Board are all comprised of UA undergraduate students."

"At the  CHR , we purpose to give authors the opportunity to publish original, peer-reviewed content and to share that content on a national platform."

Ezra's Archives  (Cornell University)

"Ezra's Archives is a publication put forth annually by the Cornell Historical Society.This journal, launched in the Spring of 2011, showcases stellar examples of undergraduate research in the field of history. In the Fall of 2011, Ezra's Archives expanded to accept submissions from undergraduates at other universities. If you are interested in applying for a position on the editorial board, submitting a paper, or learning more about the journal, please email  [email protected] . The next issue of Ezra's Archives will be published in the Spring of 2021."

The Gettysburg Historical Journal   (Gettysburg College)

"The Gettysburg Historical Journal  is an open access, peer-reviewed journal that features original undergraduate student research and essays. It is produced by students at Gettysburg College and published annually. While the  Gettysburg Historical Journal  focuses on research in the field of history, we publish and encourage submissions from other disciplines that utilize historical viewpoints or methodologies, including sociology, anthropology, and classics."

History Matters  (Appalachian State University)

" History Matters: An Undergraduate Journal of Historical Research  is an electronic journal published annually by the department of history at Appalachian State University. The journal is edited by undergraduates with the help of a faculty board."

Journal of the Civil War   (Gettysburg College)

" The Gettysburg College Journal of the Civil War Era  is an open access, peer-reviewed, undergraduate journal. The journal annually publishes undergraduate papers on the Civil War Era and its lasting memory. We are interested in academic essays, public history essays, and book reviews broadly relating to the American Civil War. For further details on submitting your work, please see  About this journal ."

Synthesis: The Only Undergraduate History of Science Journal   (Harvard University)

Synthesis  is "dedicated to publishing undergraduate scholarship -- worldwide -- in history of science and its allied disciplines."  

"We are accepting submissions on a rolling basis and would love to hear from students in all disciplines who have written essays with relevance to understanding the history of science, medicine, or technology in society."

Tufts Historical Review  (Tufts University)

The  Tufts Historical Review  "is one of the leading principally-undergraduate academic journals of history in the United States. Each year, the  Tufts Historical Review  receives submissions from students at colleges and university across the country. Our journal is sent to libraries at Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Library of Congress, Cornell University, Georgetown University, and the University of Oxford."

"The  Tufts Historical Review  looks for outstanding essays in the field of history that showcase unique arguments based on thorough research." For more information on how to submit,  see here . 

Vanderbilt Historical Review  (Vanderbilt University)

"The  Vanderbilt Historical Review  is a student-run, undergraduate journal of history produced in close collaboration with Vanderbilt’s chapter of  Phi Alpha Theta , the National History Honors Society. The  Review  strives to provide a forum that is dedicated to facilitating dialogue on topics relating to history and historiography. We showcase the exceptional work of students through our academic  journal  and shorter articles on our  blog . Our goal is to encourage discussions about historical trends, patterns, and ideas through our publication."

"The  Vanderbilt Historical Review  gives undergraduate students the opportunity to have their work published in our journal. Students may submit original research papers, short interest articles, book reviews, and interviews to us. To learn more about how to submit your research paper, please visit our  Submissions page ."

Vexillum: The Undergraduate Journal of Classical and Medieval Studies  (Yale University)

" Vexillum  is an undergraduate journal that supports and promotes undergraduate scholarship in the fields of Classical and Medieval Studies, and accepts scholarly papers by undergraduate students written on a wide range of topics: history, literature, philosophy, archaeology, art history, sociology, philology, and linguistics. Sponsored by the  Medieval Studies Program at Yale University ,  Vexillum  provides a unique opportunity for undergraduate students to submit outstanding papers for peer review from other undergraduates. Papers address aspects of the cultures and civilizations of Europe, the Mediterranean, the Near East, and Central Asia between 3,600 B.C.E. and 1500 C.E."

"As  Vexillum   has an open submission policy, the journal accepts submissions throughout the year. We publish an annual volume featuring the 8-12 most deserving of these submissions every fall. Undergraduates looking to submit their papers should read our  Submission Guidelines  prior to submission. We encourage them to submit unpublished articles with original ideas and interdisciplinary research that will foster scholarly discourse and distinguish themselves from their peers."

Interdisciplinary Publications

The pulse   (baylor university).

" The Pulse  is Baylor University's undergraduate scholarly publication. We publish multiple editions each year, including a printed edition in the spring and other online editions in fall and spring.  The Pulse  is the forum for top-quality student research in the Honors College and the University at large."

"We are looking for advanced undergraduate research writing in any academic discipline. Papers with the best chance of acceptance are those which a) are at least 10 pages with sufficient and proper citations, b) pose an original argument, and c) make use of wide secondary reading. We do not publish creative writing; please send creative writing to the English department publication,  The Phoenix .  In addition, we strongly recommend that papers be written for credit, either for a course taught by a Baylor professor or from your thesis for the Honors Program."

American Journal of Undergraduate Research  (Oswego State University of New York)

" American Journal of Undergraduate Research (AJUR)  is a national, independent, faculty peer-reviewed, open-source, quarterly, multidisciplinary student research journal, established in 2002. The journal is indexed internationally by  EBSCO  and  Crossref , and each manuscript receives a  DOI  number.  AJUR ‘s entire content, by invitation, is archived by the  United States Library of Congress .  AJUR  makes a unique contribution because of the high standards for content, faculty peer-review process, and the ease of accessibility to students, the public, and professionals. It accepts submissions from outside the United States, provided the submissions would be of broad interest to US and international readers." 

Apollon Digital Journal  (Fairfield University)

"We are an undergraduate digital journal in the humanities focused on producing annual issues of excellent, peer reviewed work from participating  colleges and universities across a range of disciplines and embracing the array of intellectual approaches valued by humanistic inquiry."

"We maintain a broad definition of the humanities by including within our purview English, Foreign Languages and Literature, Music, Theater, History, Classics, Art History, Design, Philosophy, Religion, Peace and Social Justice Studies, Women's Studies, and regional studies, as well as papers from associated disciplines that engage in humanistic forms of inquiry such as qualitative and theoretical work in Psychology, Sociology, and Anthropology, among others."

Butler Journal of Undergraduate Research  (Butler University)

" The Butler Journal of Undergraduate Research  publishes original, scholarly research undertaken by undergraduates from any college or university.  BJUR  builds upon and strengthens Butler’s commitment to quality undergraduate research by providing an outlet for the publication of outstanding undergraduate scholarship across the humanities, social and natural sciences."

Honors Review  (Augsburg University)

"The  Honors Review  is a nationally competitive multidisciplinary  journal seeking illuminating, insightful and contemporary research at the undergraduate level. Students need not be members of Honors Programs to submit papers."

"The primary goal of the  Honors Review  is to give all undergraduates the opportunity to participate in scholarly conversations within their disciplines and to expose them to the dialogue that occurs between a journal and a contributor in editing an article for publication. The  Honors Review  will provide its authors with the unique chance to receive prompt and personal feedback during the editing process through the use of private online discussion forums."

"The  Honors Review  is also chiefly an online journal. Published authors will receive a print copy of the work as well as a link to the online publication." 

International Journal of Undergraduate Research & Creative Activities   (Pacific University & Central Washington University)

"The  International Journal of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activities (IJURCA)  is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal dedicated to the publication of outstanding scholarship by undergraduates and their mentors.  IJURCA  accepts submissions from undergraduate students in all academic disciplines. These include original research in the form of articles and literature reviews, as well as creative work in a variety of media such as fiction, poetry, photography, video, and podcasts, among others."

Journal of Undergraduate International Studies   (University of Wisconsin-Madison)

"Our peer-reviewed journal seeks to publish the best undergraduate work across the country related to international themes and topics including, but not limited to: international conflict and conflict resolution, human rights, environmental issues, history, comparative politics and economics, development and trade, global security and international health. We publish a full issue each semester, maintain a website, and communicate with colleges and their scholars around the country to maintain the highest quality of undergraduate work in the area of international studies."

Midwest Journal of Undergraduate Research  (Monmouth College)

"Founded in 2010, the  Midwest Journal of Undergraduate Research  ( MJUR ) (ISSN: 2160-9357) is a peer- and faculty-reviewed journal produced by a team of Monmouth College student editors and faculty mentors. Scholars from a variety of colleges and universities contribute to the manuscript review process. Our mission is to support development of high-quality original undergraduate research, recognize exceptional undergraduate scholarly efforts and accomplishments, and contribute to the undergraduate learning experience.  MJUR  accepts submissions from all academic fields and from any undergraduate institution, national or international. New volumes of  MJUR  are published annually in print and online.  MJUR  is indexed in  Ebsco Academic Search Ultimate , and full-text is available through the Ebsco Academic Search Ultimate interface (by subscription) and on the  MJUR  website (for free)." 

Reinvention: An International Journal of Undergraduate Research  (Warwick University)

" Reinvention  is an online, peer-reviewed journal, dedicated to the publication of high-quality undergraduate student research. The journal welcomes academic articles from all disciplinary areas and all universities. All articles undergo rigorous peer review, based on initial editor screening and refereeing by two or three anonymous referees.  Reinvention  is published bi-annually and only houses papers written by undergraduate students or papers written collaboratively by undergraduate students and academics."

SURJ: The Stanford Undergraduate Research Journal  (Stanford University)

"Founded in 2001, the  Stanford Undergraduate Research Journal  (SURJ) is an annual, peer-reviewed publication of research articles from all academic fields.  The mission of SURJ is to encourage, recognize, and reward intellectual activity beyond the classroom, while providing a forum for the exchange of research and ideas.  Our journal is run entirely by a staff team of Stanford undergraduate students, led by two Editors-in-Chief."

"SURJ primarily publishes work produced by Stanford undergraduates, but also publishes papers from well-qualified students at other institutions." 

If you are thinking about publishing a history paper from a class, contact your professor! They will be able to give you feedback and help guide you through the publication process. Other resources include:

• The  Baylor University Writing Center
• URSA (Undergraduate Research & Scholarly Achievement) : "The Undergraduate Research and Scholarly Achievement (URSA) initiative at Baylor is a campus wide initiative that serves faculty and students from all disciplines. The goal of URSA is to support, promote, and enhance high-quality undergraduate research and scholarship through grants, Scholars Week, and web-based resources. We encourage all undergraduates, from freshman to senior, to consider maximizing their education through a variety of research and scholarly activities found both within the classroom and beyond."
• The Council on Undergraduate Research , which keeps a list of undergraduate publication opportunities. (Register and login required.)

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Out of the Classroom and Into the World: 70-Plus Places to Publish Teenage Writing and Art

By Katherine Schulten

• Nov. 15, 2018

June, 2021: Updated with new opportunities.

When we ask teachers why they bring their classes to our site, we always hear one answer first: Posting in our public forums gives young people an “authentic audience” for their voices and ideas.

We’re honored to serve that role, and this week we’ll be talking about it on a panel at the National Council of Teachers of English conference . As a companion to our talk, on the theme of “Why You Should Publish Student Work — and Where and How to Do It,” we’ve compiled this list of opportunities specifically for teenage writers and visual artists. We hope, with your help, to crowdsource even more.

The list begins with our own offerings and those of our N.C.T.E. panel partner, the Scholastic Art & Writing Awards , and goes on to name dozens more that are open to young people in the United States — though many, including ours, also accept work from students around the world.

Please note what we did NOT include: In-person events or competitions; sites that do not seem to be taking submissions now or in the near future; opportunities open only to those from a specific state or region; opportunities open only to members of specific organizations; or competitions that require the use of paid products.

But, of course, we know this list is incomplete. What should we add? Let us know in the comments, or by writing to [email protected], and thank you.

Note: The descriptions below have been taken directly from the sites themselves. Please check the rules and requirements for each to decide if they are right for your students.

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History: Historiography and Historiographical Essays/Literature Reviews

• Beginning Your Historical Research
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Strategy to Search for Historiographical Sources

In addition to using the sources identified below, a useful strategy to search for historiographical literature in library catalogs and article databases is to search for:

 historiograph* (historiography OR historiographical) AND particular subject area(s) 

What is Historiography

History is a classical intellectual/research discipline with roots stretching back for centuries.  As Such, History has its own, complex tradition of literature review called “historiography.”  Simply defined, Historiography is the History of History – that is, the study of the History produced and written on a given project, including:

• Approaches/angles to studying that history
• Subthemes beneath a wider historical umbrella theme
• Different historical traditions, including Social History, Cultural History, Diplomatic and Political History, the History of Science, Intellectual History, and much more
• Theoretical Frameworks used to shape that history
• Existing used and unused sources to research particular histories

There are also many books dedicated to historiography – both as a discipline (that is, books dedicate to the general theory, philosophy and practice of historiography) as well as books reviewing historiographies of scholarship in particular areas of history. 

The American Historical Review is the seminal journal published in the United States dedicated to Historiography on all (not just U.S.) historical topics.

Reference Sources to Assist with Historiography

There are several excellent sources to identify key historians and key works in particular fields (whether subject, temporal, or geographically based).  These may also be helpful in preparing for qualifying exams as they provide overviews of the historiography on given topics as well as the frameworks and theoretical orientations associated and/or applied with/to them.  Unfortunately the print works below are dated; much new history has been written since their publication!

• The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing by Kelly Boyd Call Number: Geisel Floor2W Reference D14.E58 1999 Publication Date: 1999
• A Global Encyclopedia of Historical Writing by D. (Daniel) R. Wolf Call Number: Geisel Floor2W Reference D13.G47 1998 Publication Date: 1999
• The AHA Guide to Historical Literature Call Number: Geisel Floor2W Reference D2.A55 1995 Publication Date: 1995 More than Historical Essays, this contains Bibliographies in Different Fields

Oxford Bibliographies :  Annotated bibliographies and Bibliographic Essays on a wide range of subjects which not only point to excellent publications, but also provide examples of bibliographic essays, which are closely related to historiographical essays and literature reviews.

• << Previous: Primary Sources
• Next: Books and Ebooks >>
• Last Updated: Jul 30, 2024 10:26 AM
• URL: https://ucsd.libguides.com/History

• Written Essays

How to write source-based history essays

The biggest assessment task you will be required to complete is a written research essay which develops an argument and uses a range of sources.

All types of assessment tasks will need you to use essay-writing skills in some form, but their fundamental structure and purpose remains the same.

Therefore, learning how to write essays well is central to achieving high marks in History.

What is an 'essay'?

A History essay is a structured argument that provides historical evidence to substantiate its points. 

To achieve the correct structure for your argument, it is crucial to understand the separate parts that make up a written essay. 

If you understand how each part works and fits into the overall essay, you are well on the way to creating a great assessment piece.

Most essays will require you to write:

• 1 Introduction Paragraph
• 3 Body Paragraphs
• 1 Concluding Paragraph

Explanations for how to structure and write each of these paragraphs can be found below, along with examples of each: 

Essay paragraph writing advice

How to write an Introductory Paragraph

This page explains the purpose of an introduction, how to structure one and provides examples for you to read.

How to write Body Paragraphs

This page explains the purpose of body paragraphs, how to structure them and provides examples for you to read.

How to write a Conclusion

This page explains the purpose of conclusions, how to structure them and provides examples for you to read.

More essay resources

What do you need help with, download ready-to-use digital learning resources.

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XY Athletes in Women’s Olympic Boxing: The Paris 2024 Controversy Explained

The historical, political, and medical context of the Imane Khelif and Lin Yu-ting cases.

With the return of the Olympics, it’s time for another predictable global uproar about XY athletes competing in the female category. This is now a century-old problem in elite sport that we’ve somehow not yet managed to solve in a uniform way. The Paris 2024 iteration of this debate is arguably the most explosive ever due to a confluence of at least three factors:

• This time around, the athletes are boxers not runners, which means they’re going to be punching their competitors. Physical safety and gender norms, not just competitive fairness, are front-and-centre in people’s minds. 
• After the debates about Lia Thomas and Caster Semenya (which I discussed  in an essay for  Quillette  in 2019), the public knows a lot more—though still not enough—about the two categories of XY athletes who might be included in female competition: transwomen like Thomas and people like Semenya with disorders or differences of sex development (DSD). DSD are also sometimes called intersex conditions or sex variations by those who prefer non-medical terms.
• The domestic culture wars around sex and gender have since heated up significantly to become a global battle, with LGBTQI-rights organisations and their allies in the international human-rights community arguing that sex isn’t real or doesn’t matter—either at all or as much as gender identity. Authoritarian regimes led by the Kremlin, meanwhile, describe gender diversity as a harbinger of the end of Western civilisation.

Social media has amplified all of this to the point that the story of the moment, about a boxer from Algeria and another from Taiwan, is top of the news worldwide. Provocative visuals—ubiquitous in boxing—elicit highly emotional responses from some, while others sell their misleading or uninformed political wares (“There’s no evidence these fighters are not cis women!”).

In what follows, I offer a primer on the underlying facts so that readers can follow the story as it unfolds and understand its historical, medical, and political context.

Who are the boxers at the heart of the current storm?

Imane Khelif is a 25-year-old welterweight from Algeria. Lin Yu-ting is a 28-year-old featherweight from Taiwan. Both have medalled at previous world championships in the female category, and both are participating in their second Olympic Games having already competed in Tokyo.

Why is their eligibility for the female category in question?

The International Boxing Association (IBA)  issued a statement  on 31 July explaining that a “recognized” test had established that Khelif and Lin do not meet the eligibility standards for female competition. The IBA says this was not a testosterone test, which means it’s referring to a genetic test. 

Here’s the relevant detail:

On 24 March 2023, IBA disqualified athletes Lin Yu-ting and Imane Khelif from the IBA Women’s World Boxing Championships New Delhi 2023. This disqualification was a result of their failure to meet the eligibility criteria for participating in the women’s competition, as set and laid out in the IBA Regulations. This decision, made after a meticulous review, was extremely important and necessary to uphold the level of fairness and utmost integrity of the competition. Point to note, the athletes did not undergo a testosterone examination but were subject to a separate and recognized test, whereby the specifics remain confidential. This test conclusively indicated that both athletes did not meet the required necessary eligibility criteria and were found to have competitive advantages over other female competitors. The decision made by IBA on 24 March 2023 was subsequently ratified by the IBA Board of Directors on 25 March 2023. The official record of this decision can be accessed on the IBA website here . The disqualification was based on two tests conducted on both athletes as follows: • Test performed during the IBA Women’s World Boxing Championships in Istanbul 2022. • Test performed during the IBA Women’s World Boxing Championships in New Delhi 2023. For clarification Lin Yu-ting did not appeal the IBA’s decision to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), thus rendering the decision legally binding. Imane Khelif initially appealed the decision to CAS but withdrew the appeal during the process, also making the IBA decision legally binding.

Officials from the IBA have separately added that both fighters have XY chromosomes and high testosterone (“high T”) levels.

“High T” is one of the ways that testosterone levels outside of the female range tend to be described when one is speaking about an athlete in the female category. As you can see from Figure 1, immediately below, male and female T levels diverge at about the age of thirteen. Both Figure 1 and Figure 2 below make clear there’s no overlap in male and female T levels after early adolescence. Doping and being male are two ways that an adult athlete might have “high T.” 

It’s important to note that the IBA’s statements about Khelif and Lin are doubted by the IOC and others because the IBA has a reputation for being less than reliable, and because the IOC says it hasn’t seen the results of the tests that were the basis for the IBA’s decision to declare them ineligible. Alan Abrahamson reports , however, that the IBA sent them Khelif’s results back in June 2023.

Are Khelif and Lin transgender?

Like Caster Semenya, there’s no indication that either Khelif or Lin identifies as transgender. This makes sense given that they were apparently assigned female at birth—meaning that this is what was written on their birth certificates—and because being transgender is generally a matter of self-identification.

It is understandable that people are confused, however, because the word transgender is also sometimes used to mean a male who identifies as female. Khelif and Lin both identify as female based on their identity documents and their sex of rearing.

In any event, in sport at least, it seems their cases are being treated by everyone concerned as DSD cases.

What are DSD and why does elite sport care about them?

There are many different disorders or differences of sex development (DSD).

Depending on which you’re talking about, they can affect only males, only females, or both. As shown in Figure 2, immediately below, the only DSD of concern to sport affect genetic males who are also androgen sensitive—either fully, e.g. in the case of athletes with 5 alpha reductase deficiency (5-ARD), or substantially, e.g. in the case of athletes with partial androgen insensitivity (PAIS).

This makes policy sense. The point of the female category is to ensure that females only compete against each other and not against those with male biological advantage, and androgens are the primary driver of sex differences in athletic performance. As rough and insensitive as sex testing has been historically, the basic goal has remained constant.

Athletes with 5-ARD and PAIS have an XY chromosomal complement; they have testes; their testes produce testosterone well outside of the normal female range; their androgen receptors read and process their “high T”; and as a result, their bodies masculinise through childhood and puberty in the ways that matter for sport. Thereafter, their circulating T levels continue to have their usual performance-enhancing effects.

In other words—as shown in Figure 3 below, which compares athletes with 5-ARD to transwomen and sex-typical males and females—their variations from the male norm (such as underdeveloped external genitalia) are irrelevant to athletic performance. When they enter female competition, they carry male advantage.

Do Khelif and Lin have DSD that should make them ineligible for the female category?

As I write, there are currently three running versions of the answer to this question.

The first is the one from the—reputedly unreliable IBA—that Khelif and Lin do have DSD that should make them ineligible. That is, the IBA or its representatives have said they’re genetic males with male advantage. The latter generally means their T is bioavailable—they’re not androgen insensitive—and they’ve otherwise masculinised in the ways that matter in the arena. 

The second is the one that’s trending on social media and in some press commentary saying—without evidence—that Khelif and Lin are entirely female, XX chromosomes, ovaries, and all. Some concede the point that the athletes’ phenotypes are masculine, but they say that lots of women—a status they tend to read broadly to include transwomen—have masculine phenotypes and so this is just a matter of accepting that premise.

The third seems to be the IOC’s present position if we carefully parse its highly coded pronouncements—that Khelif and Lin may well have XY DSD with male advantage, but because they were identified at birth as female and continue to identify as such,  they’re women .

The IOC has spent a lot of time over the last few days lamenting the attacks on Khelif and Lin. We should all be lamenting them—they’re truly awful. Still, this volatile situation is almost entirely of the IOC’s own making. It’s sending impossibly mixed messages that were to be expected given its complicated relationship to sex and gender in sport.

CORRECTION In today’s IOC – Paris 2024 press briefing, IOC President Bach said: “But I repeat, here, this is not a DSD case, this is about a woman taking part in a women’s competition, and I think I have explained this many times.” What was intended was: “But I repeat, here,… — IOC MEDIA (@iocmedia) August 3, 2024

• In June, the IOC issued a language guide that disallows the use of sex-based language to describe athletes at the Games and that requires the treatment of gender diverse XY athletes who identify as women to be unequivocal: they are women.
• This language guide follows from the positions the IOC took in 2021 that gender diverse XY athletes should not be considered to have male advantage in the arena simply because they’re male, and that male T levels shouldn’t be disqualifying—despite their scientifically well-understood role as the primary driver of the performance gap between the best males and the best females. 

The idea was to make the controversy about XY athletes like Caster Semenya and Lia Thomas in the female category disappear by disappearing the relevant biology and the language we use to talk about it.

The IOC wasn’t going to get away with this, of course, once the IBA called it out on its inclusion of Khelif and Lin in the female category. But it had tied its own hands in advance, and because of this—in my opinion—much of what has come out of its spokesperson’s mouth is a combination of “inside baseball” and sleights of hand.

Still, an excellent piece on 2 August by Alex Oller of Inside the Games tells us that knowledgeable reporters who are going with one of the two XY DSD versions of the answer to the question likely aren’t wrong. I recommend you read Oller’s reporting in full (and Inside the Games in general), but in sum:

Formally, the IOC is going with the gender that’s listed in Khelif and Lin’s passports, which undoubtedly say that their legal gender is female. You can think of this as the IOC’s current sex test—it’s using legal gender as a proxy for sex and/or eligibility for the female category.

The IOC has also said it has not seen anything to indicate that what’s in Khelif and Lin’s passports isn’t consistent with their sex. The IBA’s statements say otherwise, of course, but the IOC says it can’t trust the IBA’s statements on this because of the “arbitrary” procedure that yielded them.

At the same time, on the substance, the IOC has acknowledged that after Khelif’s first win on Thursday, it scrubbed from its own website the notation that at least Khelif—if not also Lin—has high T. To explain this, it said in part that T levels don’t matter, that lots of females also have high T. This is intentionally misleading. 

Female athletes with high T—including those with polycystic ovaries—have T levels towards the top of the female range, not outside of the female range or inside the male range. Their sex is not in doubt. As I explained above, “high T” in an athlete who seeks to compete in the female category is code in international sports for either doping with exogenous androgens or being biologically male with bioavailable endogenous androgens. There’s no indication that either Khelif or Lin is doping.

As an aside, the reason many federations and the IOC itself for years used T as a proxy for sex is that it’s an excellent one: neither ovaries nor adrenal glands produce T in the male range, only testes do. If you’re looking for biological sex rather than legal gender, it’s certainly more accurate than a passport.

The IOC has also said that it has given up sex testing because there’s no way to get it right practically and in a nondiscriminatory fashion and because scientifically there’s consensus Khelif and Lin are women.

It is impossible to reconcile the IOC’s statements here, even if you’re an insider. Either they had experts look at the files on the athletes or they didn’t. If they didn’t, there can’t be scientific consensus about anything.

By contrast, the rest is internally consistent. For political reasons in general, not with respect to Khelif and Lin in particular, the IOC doesn’t want to test athletes for sex because, in its view, it’s “impractical”—meaning expensive in the multiple ways it cares about—and “discriminatory” against XY athletes who identify as women.

Why were Khelif and Lin able to compete for years before being barred last year?

Khelif and Lin have been competing internationally in the sport of boxing for several years. They were only barred from global competition in 2023.

Prior to 2022, the International Boxing Association didn’t evaluate biological sex or male advantage with a chromosome or testosterone test. Instead, as the IOC is doing now, it relied on the athletes’ passports as a proxy for sex and/or eligibility for the female category. If an athlete was entered into international competition by their domestic federation in the female category and their identity document said they were female, the IBA accepted that as proof of their eligibility.

According to the IOC, the IBA “suddenly” and “arbitrarily” changed its approach in 2023. The IBA says it started conducting at least some biological tests after the Tokyo Games—at its world championships in 2022—but that it only began excluding ineligible athletes beginning in 2023.

Why is the IOC not the IBA in charge of whether Khelif and Lin compete in Paris?

The Olympic Charter normally leaves it to the international federations to set the eligibility standard for their sports. But as a result of governance failures and corruption scandals, the IOC hasn’t recognised the IBA’s authority to regulate the sport at the Olympic Games since 2019. Instead, competition in Tokyo and Paris has been run by an  ad hoc  group appointed by the IOC for this purpose. This group rejected the IBA’s biologically-based determination of Khelif and Lin’s sex in favour of the old passport test, which the IOC describes as “the rule in place in 2016.” As noted above, this happens to be consistent with the IOC’s own policy preferences.

How do Olympic Movement politics play into their story?

Olympic Movement politics are a huge factor in this story in at least two ways, both of which I’ve mentioned already.

The first of these is the IOC’s fight with the IBA. The IBA happens to be aligned with the Kremlin, which is separately hostile to the IOC for its stances on doping and the war in Ukraine.

The second is the IOC’s policy choice to align itself with trans-rights advocates and against advocates for a sex-based female category. Here, the IOC is not just at odds with the IBA but also with some of the Olympic Movement’s most important federations like World Athletics and World Aquatics. Unlike the IOC, these federations are determined to prioritise fairness and the preservation of the female category for female athletes.

Where do we go from here?

The Khelif and Lin cases demonstrate that everyone loses out when the eligibility rules are not firmly set in a way that’s consistent with the goals of the competition category. The firestorm this issue regularly and predictably causes, and the consequent damage to the organisations and athletes involved, should catalyse change. Continuing to push the matter away—as the IBA and other federations, including most prominently FIFA, have done over the years—only means that further ugly controversies will arise in the future.

I will close by reiterating the three basic points that I and other experts in girls’ and women’s sport have been making for a long time.

First, the female category in elite sport has no  raison d’être  apart from the biological sex differences that lead to sex differences in performance and the gap between the top male and female athletes. The suggestion that we could choose to rationalise the category differently—for instance, on the basis of self-declared gender identity—or that we could make increasingly numerous exceptions in the interests of inclusion (as the IOC seems to have done to allow Khelif and Lin to compete in Paris) has no legs outside of certain progressive enclaves.

Second, any eligibility standard—like the IOC’s framework—that denies or disregards sex-linked biology is necessarily category-defeating.

Finally, federations that are committed to the female category and to one-for-one equality for their female athletes must step up and do two things. They must craft evidence-based rules and then stick to them consistently. And they must seriously embrace other opportunities to welcome gender diversity within their sports.

This article has been updated to include a reference and link to Alan Abrahamson’s report.

Podcast #246: How Gender Activists Took Over a Scottish Rape-Crisis Centre

Quillette podcast host Jonathan Kay talks to writer Joan Smith about the scandals that unfolded at Edinburgh Rape Crisis Centre under the leadership of its male trans-identified CEO, Mridul Wadhwa

The Professor, His Nemesis, and a Scandal at Oberlin

The story of how a liberal college promoted and defended an Iranian Islamist and betrayed its own values.

Two Wars, a Wedding, and a Funeral

In the eleventh instalment of ‘The So-Called Dark Ages,’ Herbert Bushman describes the dramatic events preceding the death of Attila the Hun.

Disuniting Australia

What happens when the values of multiculturalism conflict with homophobic, misogynistic, and deeply anti-democratic strains of Islam?

Totems and Taboos

A cancelled academic has produced a fine new book about the threat posed by progressive pieties.

America’s Last Great Political Novel

In anticipation of the Democrats’ Convention in Chicago, a look back at Joe Klein’s splendid 1996 novel ‘Primary Colors’—a fascinating snapshot of Democratic Party politics at the end of the 20th century.

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Is there a good place to publish historical fiction?

I am in the process of writing a few historical fiction novella (20k words is around where I'm hoping to end them), and I'm aware the RoyalRoad, Tapas, and Neovel exist. The question is my mind is, with a bit of tweaking could my historical fiction fit on the those sites? I'm not trying to earn money so much as grow an audience. If they want to donate, cool, if not, also cool. The main story I'm writing is set in what amounts to the Warlord Era of China (think 1940s), with a few historical twists/fantasy elements.

Having looked over the sites I'm seeing a lot more 'pure' fantasy, isekai, romance, that kind of stuff. Would it be worth publishing this type of piece on there, or should I go ahead and publish something that is more in line with the common tropes? I'm aware they're pulpy websites by nature, but maybe some people will enjoy reading this thing.

Oh, and re: litmag/contests, are entry fee's worth paying to enter into a contest? Does anything come of contest entries?

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Paul Whelan released from Russia in prisoner swap: What to know about Michigan man

When women's basketball star Brittney Griner was released in December 2022 from the Russian prison system — traded for convicted Russian arms trafficker Viktor Bout — the nation's eyes turned to the man who was left behind: Michigan's Paul Whelan .

A year and a half later, Whelan was freed Thursday in a deal that included Wall Street Journal reporter Evan Gershkovich, who also was wrongfully detained on spying charges the U.S. government says he didn’t commit.

More: Biggest prisoner swap since the Cold War could be underway, movements suggest

Whelan, a former Marine who lived in Novi, was the head of global security for BorgWarner when he was arrested Dec. 28, 2018. He has been imprisoned in Russia, accused of espionage. He was convicted in June 2020 during a closed-door trial and sentenced to 16 years of hard labor in a work camp.

This is his story.

Who is Paul Whelan?

Paul Nicholas Whelan was born in March 1970 in Ottawa, Ontario — Canada's national capital. His parents, Edward and Rosemary Whelan, immigrated to Canada from Britain.

He has a twin brother, David; a sister, Elizabeth; and another brother, Andrew. The family moved to Ann Arbor when the twins were young; they went on to graduate in Huron High School's Class of 1988.

Whelan is now a U.S. citizen but holds passports in four countries — the U.S.; his native Canada; Britain, where his parents were born; and Ireland, where his grandparents were born. He never married and has no children.

He testified in a 2013 court deposition that he worked as a Chelsea police officer in 1988-2000, and also worked for the Washtenaw County Sheriff's Office. Whelan joined the U.S. Marine Corps Reserves on May 10, 1994, according to his service record.

Whelan was hired in 2001 by Kelly Services , a Troy-based company that offers consulting and temporary workers to businesses around the world. He took a military leave of absence from Kelly Services in 2003-08 to serve in Iraq, he testified.

At Kelly Services, Whelan's title was senior manager of global security and investigations. His job included campus security as well as electronic and IT-related security.

He started working in early 2017 for BorgWarner, company spokeswoman Kathy Graham told the Free Press in a previous interview. Whelan was global security chief when he was arrested and accused of spying.

According to business licensing records, Whelan also ran an online firearms business known as Kingsmead Arsenal. The business was started in 2012, and its address is the same as Whelan's apartment on Wellington Drive in Novi. 

He also testified in the 2013 deposition that he has a federal firearms license. 

Was Paul Whelan given a bad-conduct discharge from the Marines?

Yes. Whelan worked as an administrative clerk and administrative chief and was deployed in the war against Iraq in 2004 and 2006.

He rose to the rank of staff sergeant in December 2004, but a few years later was convicted in special court-martial of attempting to steal more than $10,000 while at Al Asad Airbase in Iraq. Other related convictions included dereliction of duty, making a false official statement, wrongfully using other people's Social Security numbers and bouncing checks.

He was given a bad-conduct discharge in December 2008 at the rank of private. Whelan's last place of duty was Marine Corps Air Station Miramar in California.

While stationed in Iraq, Whelan was part of “The Rest and Recuperation Leave Program,” which authorized 15 days of leave to service members on yearlong deployments to Iraq, according to a 2007 story posted on the 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing page of the Marine Corps website. The military paid for the travel and most service members chose to return home, but others could travel abroad.

Whelan spent his two weeks in Russia, saying in the interview that the leave program “gives those of us who are single an opportunity to travel throughout the world wherever we want to go and experience the diversity of culture.”

During his military career, Whelan received awards that included the Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation and Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal.

Novi District Court records show that Whelan was also involved in landlord-tenant disputes in 2007 over nonpayment of rent while he was on active service in the military. Court records also show a case was filed against Whelan in 2011 by a Norfolk, Virginia-based debt collector for $1,210.35.

Was Paul Whelan a spy?

The Russian Foreign Ministry alleges Whelan was caught "red-handed" in an act of espionage. Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB), a successor to the Soviet Union's KGB, says its agents found a USB drive containing classified information in Whelan's room at the swanky Metropol Hotel in Moscow. 

Whelan insists that he was set up, and that he was simply a tourist. He was there, he said, to attend the wedding of a friend, a fellow former Marine.

In the days leading up to his arrest, he led tours of Moscow historical sites for the wedding party, David Whelan told the Free Press in a previous interview. And he shared Christmas dinner at a steakhouse in Moscow with a Russian man named Ilya Yatsenko, whom he'd met a decade earlier during one of his trips to the country.

Over about a half-dozen visits to Russia since 2006, Whelan got to know Yatsenko — or so he thought — even visiting Yatsenko's parents and siblings in the town of Sergiev Posad, about 50 miles northeast of Moscow, David Whelan said.

It was Yatsenko who gave Whelan key evidence in Russia's case against him: a USB drive containing government secrets, David Whelan alleges.

"Paul expected there to be photographs on it and something else was put on that drive in order to entrap him," he said. 

At the time, then-President Donald Trump made no public statements about Whelan's arrest. Trump administration officials made careful and measured statements about him.

More than a year after her brother's arrest, Elizabeth Whelan said: "This is ridiculous. Russia has a legal system but not a judicial system. Everybody knows that once you get on this conveyor belt, that the end result before you're popped off at the other end is 100% chance of conviction and sentencing."

She was right. Whelan was convicted of espionage in a Moscow courtroom in June 2020. John Sullivan, then-U.S. ambassador to Moscow, described the conviction a "mockery of justice." 

Whelan was taken to IK-17, a gulag in the Republic of Mordovia, about an eight-hour drive southeast of Moscow. There, he spent hours each day cutting threads from newly made prison uniforms. He later was promoted to sewing buttonholes. 

The U.S. House and U.S. Senate both have passed resolutions demanding Whelan's release. The U.S. State Department now considers him wrongfully detained and has been insistent that his conviction was a sham.

Does Paul Whelan's work history have ties to Russia?

Though Whelan said he traveled to Russia as a tourist, he entered the country on a business travel visa supported by BorgWarner Inc., he told his lawyers in Moscow.

The Auburn Hills-based auto supplier BorgWarner  has 49,000 employees working among its 93 sites around the world, but spokeswoman Graham told the Free Press in 2019 that it didn't have any locations in Russia. The company would not confirm that it sponsored Whelan's Russian business visa.

"As a general policy BorgWarner does not comment on travel of any of its employees, nor does the company discuss information about individual customers," said Graham in an email to the Free Press at the time. "Paul was not in Russia on company business. We are deferring to the State Department regarding updates to his situation."

Although BorgWarner operates no facilities in Russia, the company does have a history of doing business there. 

BorgWarner supplied  Kamaz Inc. , Russia's largest truck-maker, with turbochargers, fan drives and high-performance fans, according to U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission  documents . BorgWarner parts are used in nonmilitary Kamaz trucks and Nefaz buses, and its total sales to Kamaz in 2013-15 through non-U.S. subsidiaries was $12.1 million.

"For over 15 years, BorgWarner has supported (Kamaz) with advanced air-flow technologies, and we are looking forward to continuing the successful collaboration," Daniel Paterra, who was then BorgWarner's president and general manager of thermal systems, said in a  2015 news release  about the  Dakar Rally , an off-road rally in South America in which Kamaz trucks are used.  

What did Trump say about Whelan's case?

Trump didn't speak publicly about Whelan's arrest during his time in office. But the former president took to his social media platform, Truth Social , in December 2022 to criticize the deal that President Joe Biden's administration made to swap Griner for Bout.

"I turned down a deal with Russia for a one on one swap of the so-called Merchant of Death for Paul Whelan," Trump wrote. "I wouldn’t have made the deal for a hundred people in exchange for someone that has killed untold numbers of people with his arms deals. I would have gotten Paul out, however, just as I did with a record number of other hostages. The deal for Griner is crazy and bad. The taking wouldn’t have even happened during my Administration, but if it did, I would have gotten her out, fast!"

David Whelan took to Twitter , saying: "Former President Trump appears to have mentioned my brother #PaulWhelan 's wrongful detention more in the last 24 hours than he did in the 2 years of his presidency in which Paul was held hostage by #Russia (zero). I don't suggest he cares now any more than he did then (zero)".

What did President Joe Biden do?

Biden met with Elizabeth Whelan during the summer of 2022 to assure her of his commitment to freeing her brother.

In the Dec. 8, 2022, announcement that Griner was coming home, Biden said: "We’ve not forgotten about Paul Whelan. This was not a choice about which American to bring home. … Sadly, for totally illegitimate reasons, Russia is treating Paul's case differently than Brittney's. ... We will never give up."

How did Paul Whelan's family respond when Griner was freed but he was not?

Though they were disappointed that Whelan wasn't freed along with Griner, the family supported Biden's decision to make the one-on-one trade, David Whelan said.

"There is no greater success than for a wrongful detainee to be freed and for them to go home," he said. "The Biden administration made the right decision to bring Ms. Griner home, and to make the deal that was possible, rather than waiting for one that wasn't going to happen."

Since then, he said the family has been overwhelmed by the swell of support for his brother.

"Even in these hyper-partisan days, we have received emails and donations from people of what seems to be all political perspectives sending Paul their best wishes and hope for a speedy return home. Americans pulling together for an American," David Whelan said.

"Paul has continued to call home on a daily basis and speak to our parents. We have been sending him updates about the support shown through GoFundMe donations as well as the many people indicating they're writing him letters and cards. ... In the months ahead, those will bring Paul great comfort. If he ever worried that he'd been forgotten, I think this will provide Paul reassurance that he remains in people's prayers."

White House staff met virtually with Elizabeth Whelan in December 2022, who was told her brother's freedom remains "as high a priority as the President has," David Whelan said.

Contact Kristen Shamus: [email protected]. Follow her on Twitter @kristenshamus.

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Project 2025 decried as racist. Some contributors have trail of racist writings, activity

They include richard hanania, whose pseudonymous writings for white supremacist sites were uncovered last year..

Former President Donald Trump has spent weeks distancing himself from Project 2025, a sprawling 900-plus page manifesto that seeks to create a blueprint for the next Trump presidency.

Billed as a vision built by conservatives for conservatives, the effort “dismantles the unaccountable Deep State, taking power away from Leftist elites and giving it back to the American people and duly-elected President,” according to its website.  

But for months commentators and academics have been sounding the alarm on Project 2025. The effort, they say, is a deeply racist endeavor that actually is aimed at dismantling many protections and aid programs for Americans of color.

“Really, it's kind of a white supremacist manifesto,” said Michael Harriot, a writer and historian who wrote an article earlier this month titled: “I read the entire Project 2025. Here are the top 10 ways it would harm Black America.”

And a closer look at the named contributors to Project 2025 adds to the concern: A USA TODAY analysis found at least five of them have a history of racist writing or statements, or white supremacist activity.

They include Richard Hanania, who for years wrote racist essays for white supremacist publications under a pseudonym until he was unmasked by a Huffington Post investigation last year. 

Failed Virginia GOP Senate candidate Corey Stewart, another named contributor, has long associated with white supremacists and calls himself a protector of America’s Confederate history tasked with “taking back our heritage.” 

One Project 2025 contributor wrote in his PhD dissertation that immigrants have lower IQs than white native citizens, leading to “underclass behavior.” Another dropped out of contention for a prestigious role at the Federal Reserve amid controversy over a racist joke about the Obamas. 

The presence of contributors to Project 2025 who have published racist or offensive tropes comes as no surprise to academics and commentators who have been sounding the alarm on the endeavor for months.

The plan calls for the abolition of diversity, equity and inclusion programs in the federal government. It would severely limit the mailing of abortion pills and disband the Department of Education. It would replace the Department of Homeland Security with a new, more powerful border and immigration enforcement agency to choke immigration . It would also curtail or disband programs that experts say greatly benefit communities of color, including the Food Stamp and Head Start programs. 

“Project 2025 is a plan about how to regulate and control people of color, including how they organize, work, play and live,” said Arjun Sethi, a civil rights lawyer and adjunct professor of law at Georgetown Law. “It seeks to regulate what they do with their bodies, how they advocate for their rights, and how they build family and community — all while disregarding the historical injustices and contemporary persecution they have experienced.”

What is Project 2025? Inside the conservative plan Trump claims to have 'no idea' about.

It’s not clear how much influence the contributors USA TODAY identified had on the creation of the Project 2025 manifesto. They are listed among scores of contributors to the document, and none would agree to an interview for this story.

But even among the broader collection of think tanks, nonprofits and pundits on the author list, others have past controversies on the issue of race. Seven of the organizations on Project 2025’s Advisory Board have been designated as extremist or hate groups by the Southern Poverty Law Center, according to a May report from Accountable.us, a nonpartisan organization that tracks interest groups in Washington, D.C. 

This proliferation of organizations and individuals with racist modus operandi is by design, not accident, Harriot said.

“One of the things that you see when you read Project 2025 is not just the racist dog whistles, but some ideas that were exactly lifted from some of the most extreme white supremacists ever,” Harriot said. 

After multiple requests from USA TODAY, the Heritage Foundation declined to address questions about the Project 2025 contributors and their past statements.

Project 2025 contributor wrote for white supremacist websites

Hanania is a right-wing author and pundit who has built a reputation among Republicans as an “anti-woke crusader.” 

Before he became a favorite of prominent conservatives – including Sen. JD Vance, R-Ohio, who is now Trump’s pick for vice president – Hanania was pushing a far more extreme version of his right-wing views.    

An investigation last year by the Huffington Post unmasked Hanania as having written under a pseudonym for websites connected to the “alt-right,” the white supremacist movement that flared up before and during the first Trump presidency.

In the early 2010s, writing under the pen name “Richard Hoste,” Hanania “identified himself as a ‘race realist.’” Huffington Post reported last August. “He expressed support for eugenics and the forced sterilization of ‘low IQ’ people, who he argued were most often Black. He opposed ‘miscegenation’ and ‘race-mixing.’ And once, while arguing that Black people cannot govern themselves, he cited the neo-Nazi author of ‘The Turner Diaries,’ the infamous novel that celebrates a future race war.”

Hanania acknowledged writing the posts under a pseudonym and, since then, has only partly renounced his past. Two days after the Huffington Post exposé, in a post on his website titled “Why I Used to Suck, and (Hopefully) No Longer Do,” Hanania wrote “When I was writing anonymously, there was no connection between the flesh and blood human being who would smile at a cashier or honk at someone in traffic, and the internet ‘personality’ who could just grow more rabid over time.”

Vance’s connection to Hanania was documented in a 2021 interview with conservative talk show host David Rubin — two years before Hanania began denouncing his racist past — when Vance described Hanania as a “friend” and a “really interesting thinker.”

Vance and Hanania have also interacted several times on X, formerly known as Twitter, liking and commenting on each other’s posts.

Richard Spencer, a white supremacist credited with creating the alt-right moniker, published several of Hanania’s articles on the website AlternativeRight.com, including one in which Hanania wrote “If the races are equal, why do whites always end up near the top and blacks at the bottom, everywhere and always?”  

In an interview this month, Spencer told USA TODAY that while Hanania may have moderated some of his views, “I think it’s very clear that Richard is a race realist and eugenicist.” The term eugenicist refers to proponents of eugenics, the belief that the genetic quality of the human race can be improved through certain practices — practices viewed by many as scientific racism.

Hanania did not respond to repeated requests for comment.

A Confederate cheerleader and promoting the ‘Great Replacement’ theory

In a 2017 speech at the “Old South Ball” in Danville, Va., Stewart, an attorney who would become the 2018 Republican candidate for the U.S. Senate, told the assembled crowd he was proud to stand next to a Confederate flag: 

“That flag is not about racism, folks, it’s not about hatred, it’s not about slavery, it is about our heritage,” Stewart said. At the same event, he called Virginia “the state of Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson.”

According to a 2018 New York Times profile of Stewart, white supremacists volunteered on the then-Senate candidate’s campaign. “Several of his aides and advisers have used racist or anti-Muslim language, or maintained links to outspoken racists like Jason Kessler ” – who helped organize the white supremacist Unite The Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia – the Times reported. 

Stewart did not respond to an email seeking comment. Kessler did not respond to a phone call.

At least three contributors to Project 2025 have supported the racist “Great Replacement” theory, which contends that powerful Democrats and leftists are conspiring to change the demographics of the United States by turning a blind eye to, or even encouraging, illegal immigration. 

Michael Anton, a former senior national security official in the Trump administration, wrote in a pseudonymous essay published in 2016 that “The ceaseless importation of Third World foreigners with no tradition of, taste for, or experience in liberty means that the electorate grows more left, more Democratic, less Republican, less republican, and less traditionally American with every cycle. As does, of course, the U.S. population.”     

Anton has also written several essays, including one for USA TODAY, arguing to end birthright citizenship. His arguments have been widely criticized as factually incorrect and misleading. In an opinion piece for the Washington Post, Tufts University politics professor Daniel Drezner called them “ very racist .”  

Anton did not respond to a request for comment.

Another contributor is Stephen Moore, who in 2019 withdrew his name for consideration for the Federal Reserve Board amid scrutiny for his misogynistic and racist jokes and commentary.

Moore, who had made a joke about Trump removing the Obamas from public housing when he took office, was widely mocked when he later tried to clear up the joke in a television interview. The fallout, combined with concerns about Moore’s history of writing articles viewed as disparaging toward women, led him to withdraw his name for consideration.   

Moore did not respond to a request for comment.

The 2009 PhD thesis of Project 2025 contributor Jason Richwine was titled, “ IQ and Immigration Policy .” The thesis includes statements such as: “No one knows whether Hispanics will ever reach IQ parity with whites, but the prediction that new Hispanic immigrants will have low-IQ children and grandchildren is difficult to argue against.”

Richwine resigned from his position at the Heritage Foundation in 2013 amid controversy over his research. He now works at  the Center For Immigration Studies. The paper, and Richwine’s defense of it, were widely decried as racist , bigoted and scientifically incorrect .   

It didn’t help Richwine that his thesis was uncovered in the midst of controversy over an immigration study he co-authored that was roundly criticized by liberals and conservatives alike.  

“Had he not just argued, in an extremely tendentious fashion, that Hispanic immigrants are, on the whole, parasites, he might have endured public criticism of his dissertation,” read an analysis in The Economist . “Had he not in his dissertation argued that Hispanic immigration ought to be limited on grounds of inferior Hispanic intelligence, he would have endured the firestorm over the risible Heritage immigration study.”

Richwine did not respond to a request for comment.

“The fact that they consulted individuals with such abhorrent views to develop this plan is further evidence of just how un-American these proposals are,” Tony Carrk, executive director of Accountable.us told USA TODAY. “The idea that the next conservative administration might replace 50,000 government experts with extremists like this should concern every American.”

Trump’s connections to Project 2025

At a campaign rally in Michigan earlier this month, Trump told the crowd that Project 2025 is “seriously extreme.”

“Some on the severe right, came up with this Project 25,” Trump said. “ I don’t even know, some of them I know who they are, but they’re very, very conservative. They’re sort of the opposite of the radical left.”

In a post on his social media platform Truth Social, Trump had previously distanced himself from the effort.

“I have no idea who is behind it,” he wrote on July 5. “I disagree with some of the things they’re saying, and some of the things they’re saying are absolutely ridiculous and abysmal.”

But reports show at least 31 of the 38 official authors and editors of Project 2025 have a connection to the former president and GOP presidential candidate. 

Vance, who Trump announced as his running mate earlier this month, also has connections to Project 2025. He wrote the foreword for a book being released later this year by Kevin Roberts, one of the manifesto's key architects.

“Never before has a figure with Roberts’s depth and stature within the American Right tried to articulate a genuinely new future for conservatism,” Vance wrote in a review of the book,  published on Amazon, which has since been removed.

Trump has pointed to his own policy manifesto – “ Agenda 47 ,” so named because the next U.S. president will be its 47th – as evidence that he doesn’t plan to use Project 2025 if he wins in November. Agenda 47 focuses on the same broad issues as Project 2025: Education, immigration and crime, and also tackles the LGBTQ+ community and welfare programs. 

The plans differ in some ways. Agenda 47 doesn’t mention abortion once, for example, while abortion is a focus of Project 2025, which calls on the FDA to reverse its approval of abortion drugs and severely limit the mailing of abortion pills. 

Harriot, the author who has closely studied the document, described Project 2025 as the “employee manual” for a future Trump administration. Agenda 47 is the public-facing statement of the former president’s political intentions, Harriot said, but Project 2025 is where the details are.

“There’s some cognitive dissonance,” Harriot said. “Trump doesn’t get elected by people who are just outwardly racist, and being associated with Project 2025 would dismantle his plausible deniability, because it's so blatantly racist.”