how to write an if then hypothesis

Hypothesis If Then

Ai generator.

In the vast universe of scientific inquiries, the “if-then” hypothesis structure stands out as an essential tool, bridging observation and prediction. This format not only simplifies complex scientific theories but also provides clarity to young learners and budding scientists. Whether you’re experimenting in a professional lab or just in your backyard, understanding and crafting a Thesis statement succinct “if-then” hypothesis can be the key to unlocking the secrets of the world around us. Dive in to explore, write, and refine!

What is If Then Hypothesis?

The “If-Then” hypothesis is a predictive statement that sets up a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables. It’s structured such that the “If” portion introduces a condition or a cause, and the “Then” portion predicts the effect or outcome of that condition. This format helps in clearly establishing a link between the independent and dependent variables in an experiment.

What is an example of a Hypothesis If Then Statement?

For instance, let’s consider a basic experiment related to plant growth:

• Hypothesis : If a plant is exposed to direct sunlight for at least 6 hours a day, then it will grow taller than a plant that is kept in the shade.

In this example, the exposure to sunlight (or the lack thereof) is the condition, while the growth of the plant is the predicted outcome. The statement concisely links the cause (sunlight exposure) to the effect (plant growth).

100 If Then Hypothesis Statement Examples

Size: 215 KB

The “If-Then” hypothesis elegantly captures a cause-and-effect relationship in scientific inquiries. This predictive format, with its concise clarity, bridges observation and anticipated outcome, guiding experiments in a myriad of domains.

• Plant Growth : If a plant receives fertilizer, then it will grow faster than one without fertilizer.
• Melting Points : If ice is exposed to temperatures above 0°C, then it will melt.
• Battery Life : If a battery is used continuously, then it will drain faster than if used intermittently.
• Sleep & Performance : If a person sleeps less than 6 hours a night, then their cognitive performance will decrease.
• Diet & Weight : If an individual consumes more calories than they burn, then they will gain weight.
• Hydration : If a person drinks less than 8 glasses of water daily, then they may experience dehydration.
• Light & Vision : If a room is darkened, then the pupils of one’s eyes will dilate.
• Sugar & Energy : If children consume sugary drinks, then they will show increased levels of energy.
• Study Habits : If a student revises regularly, then they will retain more information than those who cram.
• Exercise & Health : If a person exercises three times a week, then their cardiovascular health will improve.
• Noise & Concentration : If a room is noisy, then people inside will find it harder to concentrate.
• Medication & Pain : If an individual takes painkillers, then they will report reduced pain levels.
• Soil Quality : If soil is rich in nutrients, then plants grown in it will be healthier.
• Reading & Vocabulary : If a child reads daily, then their vocabulary will expand faster than a non-reading peer.
• Social Media : If a teenager spends over 5 hours on social media, then they may experience decreased sleep quality.
• Sunscreen : If sunscreen is applied, then the chances of getting sunburned decrease.
• Coffee & Alertness : If an individual drinks coffee in the morning, then they will feel more alert.
• Music & Productivity : If calming music is played in the workplace, then employees will be more productive.
• Temperature & Metabolism : If the ambient temperature is cold, then a person’s metabolism will increase.
• Pets & Stress : If an individual owns a pet, then their stress levels might decrease.
• Vegetation & Air Quality : If trees are planted in an urban area, then air quality will improve.
• Vaccination : If a child is vaccinated, then they will have a reduced risk of contracting certain diseases.
• E-learning : If students use e-learning platforms, then they will have flexible study hours.
• Recycling : If a community adopts recycling, then landfill waste will decrease.
• Fast Food : If an individual eats fast food regularly, then their cholesterol levels might rise.
• UV Light : If UV light is shone on a glow-in-the-dark material, then it will glow more brightly.
• Brushing Teeth : If a child brushes their teeth twice daily, then they will have fewer cavities than those who don’t.
• Bird Migration : If the climate becomes colder, then certain birds will migrate to warmer regions.
• Space Exploration : If astronauts go without gravity for long periods, then their bone density will decrease.
• Plastic Pollution : If we reduce single-use plastic consumption, then the amount of plastic in the ocean will decrease.
• Books & Imagination : If a child reads fantasy novels, then their imaginative skills will be enhanced.
• AI & Efficiency : If companies use artificial intelligence in operations, then their efficiency will improve.
• Video Games : If children play violent video games, then they might exhibit aggressive behavior.
• Healthy Diet : If someone consumes a balanced diet, then their overall health will benefit.
• Deforestation : If forests are cleared at the current rate, then global temperatures will rise due to reduced carbon sequestration.
• Renewable Energy : If a country invests in renewable energy, then its carbon footprint will decrease.
• Exercise & Mood : If an individual engages in regular physical activity, then their mood will generally improve.
• Microplastics : If microplastics enter the water system, then marine life will be at risk.
• Language Learning : If a person practices a new language daily, then they will become fluent faster.
• Organic Farming : If farmers use organic methods, then the pesticide residue in the food will decrease.
• Remote Work : If employees work remotely, then office costs will reduce.
• Yoga & Flexibility : If someone practices yoga regularly, then their flexibility will increase.
• Public Transport : If a city improves its public transportation system, then traffic congestion will decrease.
• Meditation & Stress : If an individual meditates daily, then their stress levels will be lower.
• Fish & Omega-3 : If someone includes fish in their diet weekly, then their omega-3 fatty acid intake will be adequate.
• Smartphones & Sleep : If a person uses their smartphone before bed, then their sleep quality might decrease.
• Waste Segregation : If households segregate waste, then recycling processes will be more efficient.
• E-Books : If students use e-books instead of paper ones, then paper consumption will decrease.
• Carpooling : If more people adopt carpooling, then urban air quality will improve due to fewer car emissions.
• Digital Payments : If digital payment systems are adopted widely, then cash handling costs will reduce.
• Online Learning : If students engage in online learning platforms, then their access to diverse educational resources will increase.
• Tree Planting : If a community plants more trees in urban areas, then the air quality will improve due to increased oxygen output.
• Pet Ownership : If an individual adopts a pet, then they may experience reduced feelings of loneliness.
• Recycling : If recycling is made mandatory in cities, then landfill waste will decrease significantly.
• Natural Cleaners : If households use natural cleaning agents, then water pollution from residential areas will decrease.
• Solar Panels : If a house installs solar panels, then its electricity bill will decrease.
• Music & Productivity : If workers listen to instrumental music while working, then their productivity might increase.
• Healthy Breakfast : If someone eats a nutritious breakfast daily, then their energy levels throughout the day will be higher.
• Water Conservation : If individuals reduce their shower time by 5 minutes, then significant water conservation can be achieved annually.
• Learning Instruments : If a child learns a musical instrument, then their cognitive and motor skills may improve.
• Reusable Bags : If shoppers use reusable bags, then the demand for plastic bags will reduce.
• Public Libraries : If a city invests in public libraries, then the literacy rate of its citizens may rise.
• Organ Donation : If awareness about organ donation increases, then the waiting list for organ transplants will decrease.
• Green Spaces : If urban areas increase green spaces, then residents’ mental well-being may improve.
• Sleep & Memory : If a student gets at least 8 hours of sleep, then their memory retention might be better.
• Digital Detox : If someone takes a weekly digital detox day, then their stress levels may decrease.
• Composting : If households start composting kitchen waste, then the amount of organic waste in landfills will reduce.
• Gardening & Health : If individuals engage in gardening activities, then they might experience improved mental health.
• Flu Vaccination : If a person gets a flu shot annually, then their chances of getting influenza will reduce.
• Hand Washing : If people wash their hands regularly, then the spread of common diseases may decrease.
• Diverse Diet : If someone consumes a diverse range of vegetables, then they will have a better nutrient intake.
• Physical Books : If a student reads from physical books instead of screens, then they might have better sleep patterns.
• Mindfulness & Anxiety : If an individual practices mindfulness exercises, then their anxiety levels may decrease.
• Green Vehicles : If a city promotes the use of electric vehicles, then air pollution levels will reduce.
• Walking & Health : If someone walks 10,000 steps daily, then their cardiovascular health might improve.
• Art & Creativity : If children are exposed to art classes from a young age, then their creative thinking skills may enhance.
• Dark Chocolate : If someone consumes dark chocolate regularly, then their antioxidant intake may increase.
• Yoga & Flexibility : If an individual practices yoga thrice a week, then their flexibility and posture may improve.
• Cooking at Home : If families cook meals at home more frequently, then their intake of processed foods might decrease.
• Local Tourism : If local tourism is promoted, then a region’s economy can benefit due to increased business opportunities.
• Reading Aloud : If parents read aloud to their children every night, then the children’s vocabulary and comprehension skills might expand.
• Public Transportation : If cities improve their public transportation system, then the number of cars on the road might decrease.
• Indoor Plants : If a person keeps indoor plants in their workspace, then their concentration and productivity may enhance due to better air quality.
• Bird Watching : If an individual engages in bird watching, then their patience and observation skills might develop.
• Biking to Work : If employees bike to work, then their cardiovascular health can improve and their carbon footprint might reduce.
• Aquariums & Stress : If someone spends time watching fish in an aquarium, then their stress levels may decrease.
• Meditation & Focus : If an individual meditates daily, then their attention span and focus might increase.
• Learning Languages : If a student learns a new language, then their cognitive flexibility and memory retention may improve.
• Community Gardens : If neighborhoods establish community gardens, then residents may benefit from fresh produce and community bonding.
• Journaling : If someone journals their thoughts regularly, then their self-awareness and emotional processing might improve.
• Volunteering : If an individual volunteers once a month, then their sense of purpose and community connection may strengthen.
• Eco-friendly Products : If consumers prefer eco-friendly products, then industries might adopt more sustainable manufacturing practices.
• Limiting Screen Time : If children limit their screen time to an hour a day, then their physical activity levels and sleep patterns may benefit.
• Outdoor Play : If kids play outdoors regularly, then their motor skills and social interactions might develop better.
• Therapy & Mental Health : If someone attends therapy sessions, then they may experience improved mental well-being and coping strategies.
• Natural Light : If workspaces are designed to allow more natural light, then employee morale and productivity might rise.
• Water Intake : If a person drinks at least 8 glasses of water daily, then their hydration levels and skin health may improve.
• Classical Music : If students listen to classical music while studying, then their concentration might increase.
• Home Composting : If households adopt composting, then garden soil quality might improve and organic waste in landfills may reduce.
• Green Roofs : If buildings adopt green roofs, then urban heat islands might decrease, and biodiversity may benefit.

Hypothesis If Then Statement Examples in Research

The crux of experimental research revolves around predicting an outcome. An ‘If-Then’ hypothesis format succinctly conveys anticipated cause-and-effect relationships, enabling clearer comprehension and assessment.

• DNA Sequencing : If we utilize CRISPR technology for DNA sequencing, then the accuracy of detecting genetic mutations may increase.
• Drug Efficiency : If a new drug compound is introduced to malignant cells in vitro, then the proliferation rate of these cells might decrease.
• Digital Learning : If students are exposed to AI-driven educational tools, then their academic performance might significantly improve.
• Nano-technology : If nanoparticles are used in drug delivery, then the targeting of specific cells may become more efficient.
• Quantum Computing : If quantum bits replace traditional bits in computing, then the processing speed might witness a revolutionary acceleration.

Hypothesis If Then Statement Examples about Climate Change

Understanding climate change necessitates predicting outcomes based on varied actions or occurrences. These hypotheses present potential scenarios in the vast realm of climate studies.

• Deforestation : If deforestation rates continue at the current pace, then global carbon dioxide levels will rise significantly.
• Solar Energy : If solar energy adoption increases by 50% in the next decade, then global reliance on fossil fuels might decrease considerably.
• Ocean Temperatures : If the world’s oceans warm by another degree Celsius, then coral bleaching events may become twice as frequent.
• Carbon Taxation : If a global carbon tax is implemented, then emissions from industries might see a drastic reduction.
• Melting Ice Caps : If polar ice caps continue to melt at the current rate, then sea levels might rise to submerge several coastal cities by 2100.

Hypothesis If Then Statement Examples in Psychology

Psychology delves into understanding behaviors and mental processes. Formulating hypotheses in an ‘If-Then’ structure can streamline experimental setups and interpretations.

• Mindfulness Meditation : If individuals practice daily mindfulness meditation, then symptoms of anxiety and stress may decrease.
• Social Media : If teenagers spend over five hours daily on social media, then their self-esteem levels might drop.
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy : If patients with depression undergo cognitive-behavioral therapy, then their coping mechanisms may strengthen.
• Sleep and Memory : If adults get less than six hours of sleep nightly, then their memory retention might deteriorate faster.
• Nature Exposure : If urban residents are exposed to natural settings weekly, then their mental well-being might improve.

Alternative If Then Hypothesis Statement Examples

Sometimes, researchers propose alternate scenarios to challenge or complement existing beliefs. These hypotheses capture such alternative insights.

• Vitamin Intake : If individuals consume Vitamin C supplements daily, then their immunity might not necessarily strengthen, contradicting popular belief.
• Digital Detox : If tech professionals take a monthly digital detox day, then their productivity may not diminish, countering the notion that constant connectivity boosts efficiency.
• Organic Foods : If consumers solely eat organic foods, then their overall health markers might remain unchanged, challenging the health superiority of organic diets.
• Exercise Routines : If gym-goers switch to calisthenics from weight training, then muscle mass gain might remain consistent, offering an alternative to traditional gym workouts.
• E-learning : If students transition from classroom learning to e-learning platforms, then their academic performance may not necessarily drop, challenging the indispensability of physical classrooms.

Hypothesis If Then Statement Examples in Biology

In biology, the interaction of living organisms and their environments often leads to distinct outcomes. The ‘If-Then’ hypothesis structure can efficiently predict these outcomes based on varying factors.

• Cell Division : If a cell is exposed to radiation, then the rate of its division might decrease significantly.
• Plant Growth : If plants are provided with blue light, then their growth rate might be faster compared to those exposed to red light.
• Enzyme Activity : If the temperature of a reaction involving enzymes rises by 10°C, then the activity of the enzymes might double.
• Animal Behavior : If nocturnal animals are exposed to continuous artificial light, then their feeding and reproductive behaviors might be disrupted.
• Genetic Modification : If crops are genetically modified for drought resistance, then their yield in arid regions might increase substantially.

Hypothesis If Then Statement Examples in Chemistry

The realm of chemistry is filled with reactions and interactions. Predicting outcomes based on specific conditions is crucial, and the ‘If-Then’ hypothesis structure provides clarity in such predictions.

• Acid-Base Reactions : If a solution has a pH below 7, then it might turn blue litmus paper red, indicating its acidic nature.
• Temperature and Reaction Rate : If the temperature of a chemical reaction is increased, then the rate of that reaction might speed up.
• Metal Reactivity : If zinc metal is placed in copper sulfate solution, then it might displace the copper, indicating its higher reactivity.
• Organic Synthesis : If an alkene is treated with bromine water, then the solution might decolorize, suggesting the presence of a double bond.
• Electrolysis : If an aqueous solution of sodium chloride undergoes electrolysis, then chlorine gas might be released at the anode.

Hypothesis If Then Statement Examples in Physics

Physics examines the fundamental principles governing our universe. ‘If-Then’ hypotheses help in determining cause-and-effect relationships amidst complex physical phenomena.

• Gravity : If an object is dropped from a certain height in a vacuum, then it might accelerate at 9.81 m/s^2, irrespective of its mass.
• Refraction : If light travels from air into water, then it might bend towards the normal due to the change in speed.
• Magnetism : If a magnetic field is applied to a moving charged particle, then the particle might experience a force perpendicular to its direction of motion.
• Thermal Expansion : If a metal rod is heated, then it might expand due to the increased kinetic energy of its atoms.
• Quantum Mechanics : If an electron is observed in a quantum system, then its wave function might collapse, determining its position.

What is an if-then because hypothesis?

An “if-then-because” hypothesis is a structured statement that predicts the outcome of an experiment based on a proposed cause and effect scenario. The structure usually goes as follows: “If [I do this specific action], then [this particular result will occur] because [of this scientific reason].”

For example: “If I water plants with sugar water, then they will grow taller than the ones watered with plain water because sugar provides additional nutrients to the plants.”

This type of simple hypothesis statement not only predicts the outcome but also provides a reasoning for the expected outcome, thereby setting the groundwork for the experimental procedure and its subsequent analysis.

Is a hypothesis typically an if-then statement?

Yes, a hypothesis is often framed as an “if-then” statement, especially in experimental studies. This format succinctly presents a proposed cause and its expected effect. By specifying a relationship between two variables, it offers clarity to the hypothesis and makes the intended testing straightforward. However, while common, not all hypotheses are written in the “if-then” format.

Is an if-then statement a hypothesis or prediction?

An “if-then” statement can be both a hypothesis and a prediction. However, their contexts differ:

• Hypothesis: It is a tentative explanation for an observation or phenomenon that can be tested experimentally. When written in the “if-then” format, it usually predicts a relationship between variables based on theoretical understanding.Example: “If a plant is given caffeine, then it will grow faster.”
• Prediction: It is a specific, testable statement about what will happen under particular conditions. It is based on the hypothesis and narrows down the expected outcomes of an experiment.Example: “If a bean plant is watered with a 1% caffeine solution daily, then after one month, it will be 10% taller than plants watered with plain water.”

How do you write an If Then Hypothesis Statement? – A Step by Step Guide

• Identify the Variables: Determine the independent variable (the factor you’ll change) and the dependent variable (the factor you’ll measure).
• Frame the Relationship: Using your understanding of the topic, establish a potential relationship between the identified variables.
• Start with “If”: Begin your hypothesis with “If” followed by your independent variable.
• Follow with “Then”: After stating your independent variable, include “then” followed by the potential outcome or change in the dependent variable you expect.
• Review for Clarity: Ensure your hypothesis is clear, concise, and testable. It should state a specific relationship between the variables.

Tips for Writing If Then Hypothesis

• Be Specific: Ensure your variables are clearly defined. Instead of “If I water plants more,” use “If I water plants twice daily.”
• Ensure Testability: Your hypothesis should propose a relationship that can be tested through an experiment.
• Avoid Conclusions: A hypothesis is a prediction, not a conclusion. It shouldn’t state a known fact but should be based on prior knowledge.
• Use Simple Language: Especially when the audience might not have a deep understanding of the topic. Keeping it straightforward ensures comprehension.
• Revise and Refine: After drafting your hypothesis, revisit it to check for clarity, specificity, and relevance to the research question at hand.

Text prompt

• Instructive
• Professional

10 Examples of Public speaking

20 Examples of Gas lighting

Have a language expert improve your writing

Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.

• Knowledge Base

Methodology

• How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps & Examples

How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps & Examples

Published on May 6, 2022 by Shona McCombes . Revised on November 20, 2023.

A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested by scientific research. If you want to test a relationship between two or more variables, you need to write hypotheses before you start your experiment or data collection .

Example: Hypothesis

Daily apple consumption leads to fewer doctor’s visits.

Table of contents

What is a hypothesis, developing a hypothesis (with example), hypothesis examples, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about writing hypotheses.

A hypothesis states your predictions about what your research will find. It is a tentative answer to your research question that has not yet been tested. For some research projects, you might have to write several hypotheses that address different aspects of your research question.

A hypothesis is not just a guess – it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations and statistical analysis of data).

Variables in hypotheses

Hypotheses propose a relationship between two or more types of variables .

• An independent variable is something the researcher changes or controls.
• A dependent variable is something the researcher observes and measures.

If there are any control variables , extraneous variables , or confounding variables , be sure to jot those down as you go to minimize the chances that research bias  will affect your results.

In this example, the independent variable is exposure to the sun – the assumed cause . The dependent variable is the level of happiness – the assumed effect .

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

Step 1. ask a question.

Writing a hypothesis begins with a research question that you want to answer. The question should be focused, specific, and researchable within the constraints of your project.

Step 2. Do some preliminary research

Your initial answer to the question should be based on what is already known about the topic. Look for theories and previous studies to help you form educated assumptions about what your research will find.

At this stage, you might construct a conceptual framework to ensure that you’re embarking on a relevant topic . This can also help you identify which variables you will study and what you think the relationships are between them. Sometimes, you’ll have to operationalize more complex constructs.

Step 3. Formulate your hypothesis

Now you should have some idea of what you expect to find. Write your initial answer to the question in a clear, concise sentence.

4. Refine your hypothesis

You need to make sure your hypothesis is specific and testable. There are various ways of phrasing a hypothesis, but all the terms you use should have clear definitions, and the hypothesis should contain:

• The relevant variables
• The specific group being studied
• The predicted outcome of the experiment or analysis

5. Phrase your hypothesis in three ways

To identify the variables, you can write a simple prediction in  if…then form. The first part of the sentence states the independent variable and the second part states the dependent variable.

In academic research, hypotheses are more commonly phrased in terms of correlations or effects, where you directly state the predicted relationship between variables.

If you are comparing two groups, the hypothesis can state what difference you expect to find between them.

6. Write a null hypothesis

If your research involves statistical hypothesis testing , you will also have to write a null hypothesis . The null hypothesis is the default position that there is no association between the variables. The null hypothesis is written as H 0 , while the alternative hypothesis is H 1 or H a .

• H 0 : The number of lectures attended by first-year students has no effect on their final exam scores.
• H 1 : The number of lectures attended by first-year students has a positive effect on their final exam scores.

If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Sampling methods
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Likert scales
• Reproducibility

 Statistics

• Null hypothesis
• Statistical power
• Probability distribution
• Effect size
• Poisson distribution

Research bias

• Optimism bias
• Cognitive bias
• Implicit bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Anchoring bias
• Explicit bias

Here's why students love Scribbr's proofreading services

Discover proofreading & editing

A hypothesis is not just a guess — it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations and statistical analysis of data).

Null and alternative hypotheses are used in statistical hypothesis testing . The null hypothesis of a test always predicts no effect or no relationship between variables, while the alternative hypothesis states your research prediction of an effect or relationship.

Hypothesis testing is a formal procedure for investigating our ideas about the world using statistics. It is used by scientists to test specific predictions, called hypotheses , by calculating how likely it is that a pattern or relationship between variables could have arisen by chance.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

McCombes, S. (2023, November 20). How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved September 13, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/hypothesis/

Is this article helpful?

Shona McCombes

Other students also liked, construct validity | definition, types, & examples, what is a conceptual framework | tips & examples, operationalization | a guide with examples, pros & cons, get unlimited documents corrected.

✔ Free APA citation check included ✔ Unlimited document corrections ✔ Specialized in correcting academic texts

Educational resources and simple solutions for your research journey

What is a Research Hypothesis: How to Write it, Types, and Examples

Any research begins with a research question and a research hypothesis . A research question alone may not suffice to design the experiment(s) needed to answer it. A hypothesis is central to the scientific method. But what is a hypothesis ? A hypothesis is a testable statement that proposes a possible explanation to a phenomenon, and it may include a prediction. Next, you may ask what is a research hypothesis ? Simply put, a research hypothesis is a prediction or educated guess about the relationship between the variables that you want to investigate.  

It is important to be thorough when developing your research hypothesis. Shortcomings in the framing of a hypothesis can affect the study design and the results. A better understanding of the research hypothesis definition and characteristics of a good hypothesis will make it easier for you to develop your own hypothesis for your research. Let’s dive in to know more about the types of research hypothesis , how to write a research hypothesis , and some research hypothesis examples .  

Table of Contents

What is a hypothesis ?  

A hypothesis is based on the existing body of knowledge in a study area. Framed before the data are collected, a hypothesis states the tentative relationship between independent and dependent variables, along with a prediction of the outcome.  

What is a research hypothesis ?  

Young researchers starting out their journey are usually brimming with questions like “ What is a hypothesis ?” “ What is a research hypothesis ?” “How can I write a good research hypothesis ?”   

A research hypothesis is a statement that proposes a possible explanation for an observable phenomenon or pattern. It guides the direction of a study and predicts the outcome of the investigation. A research hypothesis is testable, i.e., it can be supported or disproven through experimentation or observation.     

Characteristics of a good hypothesis  

Here are the characteristics of a good hypothesis :  

• Clearly formulated and free of language errors and ambiguity  
• Concise and not unnecessarily verbose  
• Has clearly defined variables  
• Testable and stated in a way that allows for it to be disproven  
• Can be tested using a research design that is feasible, ethical, and practical   
• Specific and relevant to the research problem  
• Rooted in a thorough literature search  
• Can generate new knowledge or understanding.  

How to create an effective research hypothesis  

A study begins with the formulation of a research question. A researcher then performs background research. This background information forms the basis for building a good research hypothesis . The researcher then performs experiments, collects, and analyzes the data, interprets the findings, and ultimately, determines if the findings support or negate the original hypothesis.  

Let’s look at each step for creating an effective, testable, and good research hypothesis :  

• Identify a research problem or question: Start by identifying a specific research problem.   
• Review the literature: Conduct an in-depth review of the existing literature related to the research problem to grasp the current knowledge and gaps in the field.   
• Formulate a clear and testable hypothesis : Based on the research question, use existing knowledge to form a clear and testable hypothesis . The hypothesis should state a predicted relationship between two or more variables that can be measured and manipulated. Improve the original draft till it is clear and meaningful.  
• State the null hypothesis: The null hypothesis is a statement that there is no relationship between the variables you are studying.   
• Define the population and sample: Clearly define the population you are studying and the sample you will be using for your research.  
• Select appropriate methods for testing the hypothesis: Select appropriate research methods, such as experiments, surveys, or observational studies, which will allow you to test your research hypothesis .  

Remember that creating a research hypothesis is an iterative process, i.e., you might have to revise it based on the data you collect. You may need to test and reject several hypotheses before answering the research problem.  

How to write a research hypothesis  

When you start writing a research hypothesis , you use an “if–then” statement format, which states the predicted relationship between two or more variables. Clearly identify the independent variables (the variables being changed) and the dependent variables (the variables being measured), as well as the population you are studying. Review and revise your hypothesis as needed.  

An example of a research hypothesis in this format is as follows:  

“ If [athletes] follow [cold water showers daily], then their [endurance] increases.”  

Population: athletes  

Independent variable: daily cold water showers  

Dependent variable: endurance  

You may have understood the characteristics of a good hypothesis . But note that a research hypothesis is not always confirmed; a researcher should be prepared to accept or reject the hypothesis based on the study findings.  

Research hypothesis checklist  

Following from above, here is a 10-point checklist for a good research hypothesis :  

• Testable: A research hypothesis should be able to be tested via experimentation or observation.  
• Specific: A research hypothesis should clearly state the relationship between the variables being studied.  
• Based on prior research: A research hypothesis should be based on existing knowledge and previous research in the field.  
• Falsifiable: A research hypothesis should be able to be disproven through testing.  
• Clear and concise: A research hypothesis should be stated in a clear and concise manner.  
• Logical: A research hypothesis should be logical and consistent with current understanding of the subject.  
• Relevant: A research hypothesis should be relevant to the research question and objectives.  
• Feasible: A research hypothesis should be feasible to test within the scope of the study.  
• Reflects the population: A research hypothesis should consider the population or sample being studied.  
• Uncomplicated: A good research hypothesis is written in a way that is easy for the target audience to understand.  

By following this research hypothesis checklist , you will be able to create a research hypothesis that is strong, well-constructed, and more likely to yield meaningful results.  

Types of research hypothesis  

Different types of research hypothesis are used in scientific research:  

1. Null hypothesis:

A null hypothesis states that there is no change in the dependent variable due to changes to the independent variable. This means that the results are due to chance and are not significant. A null hypothesis is denoted as H0 and is stated as the opposite of what the alternative hypothesis states.   

Example: “ The newly identified virus is not zoonotic .”  

2. Alternative hypothesis:

This states that there is a significant difference or relationship between the variables being studied. It is denoted as H1 or Ha and is usually accepted or rejected in favor of the null hypothesis.  

Example: “ The newly identified virus is zoonotic .”  

3. Directional hypothesis :

This specifies the direction of the relationship or difference between variables; therefore, it tends to use terms like increase, decrease, positive, negative, more, or less.   

Example: “ The inclusion of intervention X decreases infant mortality compared to the original treatment .”   

4. Non-directional hypothesis:

While it does not predict the exact direction or nature of the relationship between the two variables, a non-directional hypothesis states the existence of a relationship or difference between variables but not the direction, nature, or magnitude of the relationship. A non-directional hypothesis may be used when there is no underlying theory or when findings contradict previous research.  

Example, “ Cats and dogs differ in the amount of affection they express .”  

5. Simple hypothesis :

A simple hypothesis only predicts the relationship between one independent and another independent variable.  

Example: “ Applying sunscreen every day slows skin aging .”  

6 . Complex hypothesis :

A complex hypothesis states the relationship or difference between two or more independent and dependent variables.   

Example: “ Applying sunscreen every day slows skin aging, reduces sun burn, and reduces the chances of skin cancer .” (Here, the three dependent variables are slowing skin aging, reducing sun burn, and reducing the chances of skin cancer.)  

7. Associative hypothesis:  

An associative hypothesis states that a change in one variable results in the change of the other variable. The associative hypothesis defines interdependency between variables.  

Example: “ There is a positive association between physical activity levels and overall health .”  

8 . Causal hypothesis:

A causal hypothesis proposes a cause-and-effect interaction between variables.  

Example: “ Long-term alcohol use causes liver damage .”  

Note that some of the types of research hypothesis mentioned above might overlap. The types of hypothesis chosen will depend on the research question and the objective of the study.  

Research hypothesis examples  

Here are some good research hypothesis examples :  

“The use of a specific type of therapy will lead to a reduction in symptoms of depression in individuals with a history of major depressive disorder.”  

“Providing educational interventions on healthy eating habits will result in weight loss in overweight individuals.”  

“Plants that are exposed to certain types of music will grow taller than those that are not exposed to music.”  

“The use of the plant growth regulator X will lead to an increase in the number of flowers produced by plants.”  

Characteristics that make a research hypothesis weak are unclear variables, unoriginality, being too general or too vague, and being untestable. A weak hypothesis leads to weak research and improper methods.   

Some bad research hypothesis examples (and the reasons why they are “bad”) are as follows:  

“This study will show that treatment X is better than any other treatment . ” (This statement is not testable, too broad, and does not consider other treatments that may be effective.)  

“This study will prove that this type of therapy is effective for all mental disorders . ” (This statement is too broad and not testable as mental disorders are complex and different disorders may respond differently to different types of therapy.)  

“Plants can communicate with each other through telepathy . ” (This statement is not testable and lacks a scientific basis.)  

Importance of testable hypothesis  

If a research hypothesis is not testable, the results will not prove or disprove anything meaningful. The conclusions will be vague at best. A testable hypothesis helps a researcher focus on the study outcome and understand the implication of the question and the different variables involved. A testable hypothesis helps a researcher make precise predictions based on prior research.  

To be considered testable, there must be a way to prove that the hypothesis is true or false; further, the results of the hypothesis must be reproducible.  

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on research hypothesis  

1. What is the difference between research question and research hypothesis ?  

A research question defines the problem and helps outline the study objective(s). It is an open-ended statement that is exploratory or probing in nature. Therefore, it does not make predictions or assumptions. It helps a researcher identify what information to collect. A research hypothesis , however, is a specific, testable prediction about the relationship between variables. Accordingly, it guides the study design and data analysis approach.

2. When to reject null hypothesis ?

A null hypothesis should be rejected when the evidence from a statistical test shows that it is unlikely to be true. This happens when the test statistic (e.g., p -value) is less than the defined significance level (e.g., 0.05). Rejecting the null hypothesis does not necessarily mean that the alternative hypothesis is true; it simply means that the evidence found is not compatible with the null hypothesis.  

3. How can I be sure my hypothesis is testable?  

A testable hypothesis should be specific and measurable, and it should state a clear relationship between variables that can be tested with data. To ensure that your hypothesis is testable, consider the following:  

• Clearly define the key variables in your hypothesis. You should be able to measure and manipulate these variables in a way that allows you to test the hypothesis.  
• The hypothesis should predict a specific outcome or relationship between variables that can be measured or quantified.   
• You should be able to collect the necessary data within the constraints of your study.  
• It should be possible for other researchers to replicate your study, using the same methods and variables.   
• Your hypothesis should be testable by using appropriate statistical analysis techniques, so you can draw conclusions, and make inferences about the population from the sample data.  
• The hypothesis should be able to be disproven or rejected through the collection of data.  

4. How do I revise my research hypothesis if my data does not support it?  

If your data does not support your research hypothesis , you will need to revise it or develop a new one. You should examine your data carefully and identify any patterns or anomalies, re-examine your research question, and/or revisit your theory to look for any alternative explanations for your results. Based on your review of the data, literature, and theories, modify your research hypothesis to better align it with the results you obtained. Use your revised hypothesis to guide your research design and data collection. It is important to remain objective throughout the process.  

5. I am performing exploratory research. Do I need to formulate a research hypothesis?  

As opposed to “confirmatory” research, where a researcher has some idea about the relationship between the variables under investigation, exploratory research (or hypothesis-generating research) looks into a completely new topic about which limited information is available. Therefore, the researcher will not have any prior hypotheses. In such cases, a researcher will need to develop a post-hoc hypothesis. A post-hoc research hypothesis is generated after these results are known.  

6. How is a research hypothesis different from a research question?

A research question is an inquiry about a specific topic or phenomenon, typically expressed as a question. It seeks to explore and understand a particular aspect of the research subject. In contrast, a research hypothesis is a specific statement or prediction that suggests an expected relationship between variables. It is formulated based on existing knowledge or theories and guides the research design and data analysis.

7. Can a research hypothesis change during the research process?

Yes, research hypotheses can change during the research process. As researchers collect and analyze data, new insights and information may emerge that require modification or refinement of the initial hypotheses. This can be due to unexpected findings, limitations in the original hypotheses, or the need to explore additional dimensions of the research topic. Flexibility is crucial in research, allowing for adaptation and adjustment of hypotheses to align with the evolving understanding of the subject matter.

8. How many hypotheses should be included in a research study?

The number of research hypotheses in a research study varies depending on the nature and scope of the research. It is not necessary to have multiple hypotheses in every study. Some studies may have only one primary hypothesis, while others may have several related hypotheses. The number of hypotheses should be determined based on the research objectives, research questions, and the complexity of the research topic. It is important to ensure that the hypotheses are focused, testable, and directly related to the research aims.

9. Can research hypotheses be used in qualitative research?

Yes, research hypotheses can be used in qualitative research, although they are more commonly associated with quantitative research. In qualitative research, hypotheses may be formulated as tentative or exploratory statements that guide the investigation. Instead of testing hypotheses through statistical analysis, qualitative researchers may use the hypotheses to guide data collection and analysis, seeking to uncover patterns, themes, or relationships within the qualitative data. The emphasis in qualitative research is often on generating insights and understanding rather than confirming or rejecting specific research hypotheses through statistical testing.

Editage All Access is a subscription-based platform that unifies the best AI tools and services designed to speed up, simplify, and streamline every step of a researcher’s journey. The Editage All Access Pack is a one-of-a-kind subscription that unlocks full access to an AI writing assistant, literature recommender, journal finder, scientific illustration tool, and exclusive discounts on professional publication services from Editage.  

Based on 22+ years of experience in academia, Editage All Access empowers researchers to put their best research forward and move closer to success. Explore our top AI Tools pack, AI Tools + Publication Services pack, or Build Your Own Plan. Find everything a researcher needs to succeed, all in one place –  Get All Access now starting at just $14 a month !    

Related Posts

Join Us for Peer Review Week 2024

How Editage All Access is Boosting Productivity for Academics in India

Scientific Method: Step 3: HYPOTHESIS

• Step 1: QUESTION
• Step 2: RESEARCH
• Step 3: HYPOTHESIS
• Step 4: EXPERIMENT
• Step 5: DATA
• Step 6: CONCLUSION

Step 3: State your hypothesis

Now it's time to state your hypothesis . The hypothesis is an educated guess as to what will happen during your experiment. 

The hypothesis is often written using the words "IF" and "THEN." For example, " If I do not study, then I will fail the test." The "if' and "then" statements reflect your independent and dependent variables . 

The hypothesis should relate back to your original question and must be testable .

A word about variables...

Your experiment will include variables to measure and to explain any cause and effect. Below you will find some useful links describing the different types of variables.

• "What are independent and dependent variables" NCES
• [VIDEO] Biology: Independent vs. Dependent Variables (Nucleus Medical Media) Video explaining independent and dependent variables, with examples.

Resource Links

• What is and How to Write a Good Hypothesis in Research? (Elsevier)
• Hypothesis brochure from Penn State/Berks

• << Previous: Step 2: RESEARCH
• Next: Step 4: EXPERIMENT >>
• Last Updated: Aug 26, 2024 10:04 AM
• URL: https://harford.libguides.com/scientific_method

• Science Notes Posts
• Contact Science Notes
• Todd Helmenstine Biography
• Anne Helmenstine Biography
• Free Printable Periodic Tables (PDF and PNG)
• Periodic Table Wallpapers
• Interactive Periodic Table
• Periodic Table Posters
• Science Experiments for Kids
• How to Grow Crystals
• Chemistry Projects
• Fire and Flames Projects
• Holiday Science
• Chemistry Problems With Answers
• Physics Problems
• Unit Conversion Example Problems
• Chemistry Worksheets
• Biology Worksheets
• Periodic Table Worksheets
• Physical Science Worksheets
• Science Lab Worksheets
• My Amazon Books

Hypothesis Examples

A hypothesis is a prediction of the outcome of a test. It forms the basis for designing an experiment in the scientific method . A good hypothesis is testable, meaning it makes a prediction you can check with observation or experimentation. Here are different hypothesis examples.

Null Hypothesis Examples

The null hypothesis (H 0 ) is also known as the zero-difference or no-difference hypothesis. It predicts that changing one variable ( independent variable ) will have no effect on the variable being measured ( dependent variable ). Here are null hypothesis examples:

• Plant growth is unaffected by temperature.
• If you increase temperature, then solubility of salt will increase.
• Incidence of skin cancer is unrelated to ultraviolet light exposure.
• All brands of light bulb last equally long.
• Cats have no preference for the color of cat food.
• All daisies have the same number of petals.

Sometimes the null hypothesis shows there is a suspected correlation between two variables. For example, if you think plant growth is affected by temperature, you state the null hypothesis: “Plant growth is not affected by temperature.” Why do you do this, rather than say “If you change temperature, plant growth will be affected”? The answer is because it’s easier applying a statistical test that shows, with a high level of confidence, a null hypothesis is correct or incorrect.

Research Hypothesis Examples

A research hypothesis (H 1 ) is a type of hypothesis used to design an experiment. This type of hypothesis is often written as an if-then statement because it’s easy identifying the independent and dependent variables and seeing how one affects the other. If-then statements explore cause and effect. In other cases, the hypothesis shows a correlation between two variables. Here are some research hypothesis examples:

• If you leave the lights on, then it takes longer for people to fall asleep.
• If you refrigerate apples, they last longer before going bad.
• If you keep the curtains closed, then you need less electricity to heat or cool the house (the electric bill is lower).
• If you leave a bucket of water uncovered, then it evaporates more quickly.
• Goldfish lose their color if they are not exposed to light.
• Workers who take vacations are more productive than those who never take time off.

Is It Okay to Disprove a Hypothesis?

Yes! You may even choose to write your hypothesis in such a way that it can be disproved because it’s easier to prove a statement is wrong than to prove it is right. In other cases, if your prediction is incorrect, that doesn’t mean the science is bad. Revising a hypothesis is common. It demonstrates you learned something you did not know before you conducted the experiment.

Test yourself with a Scientific Method Quiz .

• Mellenbergh, G.J. (2008). Chapter 8: Research designs: Testing of research hypotheses. In H.J. Adèr & G.J. Mellenbergh (eds.), Advising on Research Methods: A Consultant’s Companion . Huizen, The Netherlands: Johannes van Kessel Publishing.
• Popper, Karl R. (1959). The Logic of Scientific Discovery . Hutchinson & Co. ISBN 3-1614-8410-X.
• Schick, Theodore; Vaughn, Lewis (2002). How to think about weird things: critical thinking for a New Age . Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. ISBN 0-7674-2048-9.
• Tobi, Hilde; Kampen, Jarl K. (2018). “Research design: the methodology for interdisciplinary research framework”. Quality & Quantity . 52 (3): 1209–1225. doi: 10.1007/s11135-017-0513-8

Related Posts