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Eine Fallstudie in 5 Schritten durchführen

Veröffentlicht am 30. Januar 2019 von Franziska Pfeiffer . Aktualisiert am 20. November 2023.

Eine Fallstudie, auch unter dem englischen Begriff ‚Case Study‘ bekannt, ist eine qualitative Forschungsmethode , die du für deine Bachelorarbeit bzw. Masterarbeit verwenden kannst.

Bei der Fallstudie gehst du empirisch vor und beleuchtest einen Fall aus verschiedenen Blickwinkeln.

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Was ist eine fallstudie, so führst du eine fallstudie durch, beispiel für eine fallstudie in der abschlussarbeit, vorteile einer fallstudie, häufig gestellte fragen.

Bei einer Fallstudie konzentrierst du dich auf die Analyse eines Einzelfalls und verknüpfst diesen mit einer bestehenden Theorie, die du in deiner Literaturrecherche herausfilterst. Ziel ist es, den Fall zu verstehen, zu erklären und offene Fragen zu klären.

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Die Fallstudie gehört zu den simpleren Forschungsmethoden , doch sie ist mit mindestens genauso viel Recherche verbunden wie bspw. die Umfrage oder das Experteninterview .

In den folgenden 5 Schritten, die wir dir bereits im Beispiel gezeigt haben, erklären wir dir ausführlich, wie du in deiner Fallstudie vorgehen kannst:

• Forschungsziel festlegen
• Fall auswählen
• Passende Literatur & Theorie finden
• Fall schildern
• Fall analysieren

1. Forschungsziel festlegen

Als Erstes gilt es, deine Forschungsfrage zu formulieren , damit du genau weißt, was du anhand der Fallstudie untersuchen möchtest.

Da es sich bei der Fallstudie um qualitative Forschung handelt, eignen sich Wie- oder Warum-Fragen am besten für die Analyse.

2. Fall auswählen

Die Auswahl deines Falls sollte gut überlegt sein. Denn dieser sollte Relevanz für deine Forschungsfrage haben und nicht zufällig ausgewählt sein.

Infrage kommen dafür Personen , Organisationen , Orte , Ereignisse oder Phänomene .

Diese Eigenschaften machen ein gutes Fallbeispiel aus:

• Es handelt sich um ein ungewöhnliches oder atypisches Beispiel.
• Der Fall gewährt neue oder ungeahnte Einblicke in ein Problem.
• Bestehende Annahmen werden durch den Fall kritisch hinterfragt.
• Der Fall stellt neue Lösungsansätze für ein Problem dar.
• Durch den Fall eröffnen sich neue Richtungen für zukünftige Forschung.

3. Passende Literatur & Theorie finden

Nachdem deine Forschungsfrage und der Fall, den du untersuchen möchtest feststehen, musst du nun noch die Verbindung zur Literatur schaffen.

Dafür führst du eine Literaturrecherche durch und suchst dir passende Theorien zu deinem Thema aus, auf die du dich in der Analyse deines Falls beziehen kannst. Du gehst deduktiv vor, wenn du deine Fallstudie mit bereits bestehender Literatur zu deinem Thema vergleichst.

4. Fall schildern

Nach durchgeführter Literaturrecherche kannst du dich an die Beschreibung deiner Fallstudie machen. Du schilderst deinen Fall und beschreibst alle relevanten Einzelheiten. Handelt es sich um ein Ereignis, bietet es sich an, eine Zeitleiste des Falls zu erstellen.

Schildere umfassende Details, die dein Fallbeispiel ausmachen und von anderen möglichen Fällen im Bereich deiner Forschungsfrage abheben.

5. Fall analysieren

Der letzte Teil ist die Analyse des Falls. Du erklärst, warum dieses Beispiel relevant für deine Forschung ist und wie sich damit deine Forschungsfrage beantworten lässt.

Du untersuchst, was hinter dem Fall steckt und welche Verknüpfungen du zur Literatur und zu bestehenden Theorien herstellen kannst, die du bei deiner Literaturrecherche herausgefiltert hast.

Fallstudie analysieren

Es ist ebenfalls möglich, die Fallstudie mit anderen wissenschaftlichen Methoden wie Experteninterviews oder Gruppendiskussionen zu verbinden.

Wenn du qualitative und quantitative Forschung kombinierst, liegt ein Mixed-Methods-Ansatz vor. Wenn du mehrere Theorien, Methoden oder Forschende in deine Forschung einbeziehen möchtest, kannst du als Methodik die Triangulation wählen.

Durch verschiedene Perspektiven erhältst du zusätzliche Informationen und Meinungen, die du auf deine Fallstudie anwenden kannst. Auf diese Weise kannst du dir ein detaillierteres Bild deines Falls machen.

Das Thema deiner Abschlussarbeit stammt aus dem Bereich Marketing. Du entscheidest dich, den Zusammenhang zwischen dem Kaufverhalten der Menschen und gezielt eingesetzter Marketingstrategien zu untersuchen. Für deine Fallstudie entscheidest du dich für die aktuelle Werbekampagne des neuen iPhones.

Du untersuchst in deiner Fallstudie also ein aktuelles Phänomen aus der Realität. Passend zu deiner Fallstudie führst du eine Literaturrecherche durch, um deine Fallstudie deduktiv mit passenden Theorien zum Kaufverhalten und Marketingstrategien verbinden zu können.

Bevor du aber die Ergebnisse aus deiner Literaturrecherche auf deine Fallstudie anwenden kannst, musst du deinen ausgewählten Fall genau beschreiben . Der letzte Schritt ist es, deinen Fall genau zu analysieren .

Die Verwendung einer Fallstudie bzw. Case Study als Methode für deine Abschlussarbeit bringt einige Vorteile mit sich.

Vorteile einer Fallstudie:

• Du hast die Möglichkeit, einen Fall aus mehreren Perspektiven zu analysieren.
• Der Fall hat einen Bezug zum echten Leben und deine Forschung ist somit realitätsnah.
• Eine Fallstudie ist mit deutlich weniger organisatorischem Aufwand als z. B. eine Umfrage verbunden.
• Zuvor unbekannte Probleme oder Sachverhalte können durch Fallstudien aufgedeckt werden.

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Die Fallstudie ist eine empirische Forschungsmethode, die für die Abschlussarbeit verwendet werden kann. Du schaust dir ein bestimmtes Fallbeispiel aus verschiedenen Blickwinkeln an.

Eine Fallstudie , im Englischen ‚Case Study‘ genannt, ist eine qualitative Forschungsmethode, die häufig für Bachelorarbeiten und Masterarbeiten verwendet wird.

Mit einer Fallstudie beleuchtest du einen Fall aus verschiedenen Blickwinkeln. Dieser Fall kann beispielsweise eine Organisation, eine Person, ein Ort oder ein Ereignis sein und sollte neue Einblicke in dein Forschungsthema eröffnen.

Die Begriffe ‚Fallstudie‘ und ‚Case Study‘ können synonym verwendet werden. ‚Case Study‘ ist der englische Begriff für die Fallstudie.

Das Ziel einer Fallstudie ist es, den Fall zu verstehen, zu erklären und offene Fragen zu lösen. Dazu konzentrierst du dich auf die Analyse eines Einzelfalls und verknüpfst diesen mit bestehenden Theorien, die du in deiner Literaturrecherche herausfilterst.

Eine Fallstudie kannst du in 5 Schritten durchführen:

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Franziska Pfeiffer

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Forschungsmethode Fallstudien (Case Studies)

Fallstudien als Forschungsmethode

Fallstudien sind eine der beliebtesten (qualitativen) Forschungsmethoden. Wissenschaftliche Artikel, die Theorien aus Fallstudien entwickeln, gehören zu den am häufigsten zitierten Werken in Fachzeitschriften. Allerdings besteht in der Literatur ein gewisser Dissens hinsichtlich der Eignung von Fallstudien als Methode in der akademischen und vor allem in der wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Forschung.

In diesem Beitrag geht es daher darum, einen Überblick über die Forschungsmethode Fallstudie (Case Study) und deren Nutzen und  Einsatzgebiete bereitzustellen. Insbesondere soll die Frage beantwortet werden, inwieweit Fallstudien für eine Bachelorarbeit oder Masterarbeit geeignet sein können.

Was sind Fallstudien?

Ein Fall (Case) ist ein zeitgenössisches Phänomen wie z.B. das Entscheidungsverhalten einer Person bzw. eines Unternehmers (Entrepreneurs) oder aber der Internationalisierungsprozess eines Unternehmen, im Rahmen gegebener (angenommener) Bedingungen. Oftmals ist dabei der Zusammenhang zwischen Case und Kontext nicht klar bzw. nicht alle Informationen sind von Beginn an zugänglich.

Aus diesem Grund ist die Epistemologie, d.h. die Frage nach den Voraussetzungen für eine Erkenntnis, ein wichtiger Aspekt. Die Fallstudienforschung basiert auf einer positivistischen Epistemologie. Das bedeutet, die daraus gewonnenen Erkenntnisse und Ergebnisse müssen wahrnehmbar und überprüfbar sein.

Einsatz von Fallstudien

Fallstudien haben eine lange sozialwissenschaftliche Tradition und vielfältige Anwendungsgebiete, insbesondere im Bereich der Managementlehre und der Medizin.

In der Lehre dienen sie der Wissensvermittlung sowie der Herangehensweise an komplexe Problemstellungen, die oft der Wirtschaftspraxis entnommen werden. Diese Form der Wissensvermittlung geht auf die Harvard Business School zurück. Sie wird daher auch als die „Harvard Methode“ bezeichnet, die besonders in der Betriebswirtschaftslehre Anwendung findet. Fast alle MBA-Programme verwenden Case Studies, um bestimmte betriebswirtschaftschaftliche bzw. managementbezogene Problemstellungen zu veranschaulichen, zu analysieren und Lösungen zu erarbeiten.

Aber auch in der Medizin finden Fallstudien Verwendung, wo einheitliche Verfahrensstandards für spezifische Diagnosebilder zu erarbeiten sind.

Fallstudien können aber auch der Theoriebildung dienen. In dieser Hinsicht stellt jede Case Study ein einzigartiges Experiment dar. Mehrere Cases dienen, ähnlich einer Reihe von Experimenten unter laborartigen Bedingungen, der Entwicklung einer belastbaren, reproduzierbaren oder erweiterbaren Theorie. Im Gegensatz zu einem Laborexperiment, das das Phänomen vom Kontext trennt, untersucht die Case Study die Beziehungen zwischen Phänomen und real gegebenem Kontext. Theoriebildung mittels Fallstudien bezieht also in einer iterativen Vorgehensweise reale Daten, bestehende Theorien und somit vorhandene wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse explizit mit ein. Hier werden Annahmen z.B. über das Verhalten von Wirtschaftssubjekten oder Aggregaten getroffen und in mathematischen Modellgleichungen formuliert. Auf analytischem Wege lassen sich daraus Erkenntnisse ableiten. Dabei geht es nicht darum, die Theorie auch zu testen. Dafür werden in der Regel quantitative Methoden herangezogen. Rein induktive Methoden kommen beim Data Mining bzw Big Data zum Einsatz. Hier wird mittels aufwendiger statistischer Verfahren nach Mustern in Datenbanken oder Data Warehouses gesucht wird, um zu einem Erkenntnisfortschritt zu gelangen.

Wann ist der Einsatz von Fallstudien angebracht?

Die Wahl der Forschungsmethode hängt wesentlich von den aufgestellten Forschungsfragen ab. Fallstudien können dann geeignet sein, wenn es darum geht, Forschungsfragen zu untersuchen, deren Intention es ist, etwas zu explorieren, etwas zu beschreiben oder das „Wie“ und „Warum“ eines Phänomens zu erklären. Dies betrifft beispielsweise ein Unternehmen, einen Entrepreneur oder eine Gruppe von Subjekten („wer“), deren Verhalten unter möglichst realen Bedingungen analysiert werden soll.

Hierbei können qualitative Methoden eingesetzt werden, um mögliche Annahmen bzw. Antworten zu formulieren (in Form von Hypothesen / Thesen) und quantitative Methoden, um diese zu verifizieren oder zu falsifizieren.

Welchen Beitrag zum Erkenntnisgewinn können Fallstudien liefern?

Entscheidungsträger benötigen ein Verständnis dafür, welche Auswirkungen ihre Entscheidung auf die entsprechenden Subjekte, die realen Gegebenheiten oder auf eine konkrete Situation hat. Sie brauchen Klarheit darüber, wie die Beziehung zwischen den abhängigen und unabhängigen Variablen und den dahinter liegenden Begründungen sind (wie und warum passiert etwas wo durch wen). Durch die offene und methodisch flexible Herangehensweise kann die Fallstudienforschung Erkenntnisse in Theorie und Praxis generieren.

Wie kann die Qualität der Fallstudienforschung eingeschätzt werden?

Fallstudienforschung muss einem striktem Procedere und den wissenschaftlich üblichen strengen Gütekriterien genügen. Eine qualitativ hochwertige Fallstudie hat – wie jede andere Untersuchungsmethode auch – daher strengen Anforderungen an Objektivität, Validität, Reliabilität und Utilitarität zu entsprechen.

Die Überprüfung dieser Kriterien sollte nicht erst im Nachhinein erfolgen, sondern bereits bei der Auswahl und dem Design der Fallstudie berücksichtigt werden. Während es bei der Validität um die Frage geht, ob tatsächlich diejenigen Merkmale ermittelt wurden, welche auch erfasst werden sollten, bezieht sich die Reliabilität auf die Exaktheit der Messungen und des definierten Vorgehens. Besonders wichtig ist die Konsistenzprüfung, welche darlegt, dass eine Replikation des Vorgehens zum gleichen Ergebnis führen würde.

Yin (2009) unterteilt die Validität zusätzlich in drei Unterkategorien: Konstruktvalidität, Interne Validität sowie Externe Validität.

Konstruktvalidität: darunter versteht man die richtige Auswahl der Untersuchungsinstrumente. Dies ist bei der Fallstudienforschung deshalb wichtig, da der Untersuchende dazu geneigt sein könnte, bei der Datensammlung allzu subjektiv vorzugehen, obwohl für die Fragestellung die Benutzung korrekter (objektiver) operativer Messungen immanent wichtig ist. Aus diesem Grund sollte man Daten und Informationen aus möglichst vielen unterschiedlichen Quellen recherchieren, um die Konstruktvalidität sicherzustellen.

Interne Validität: sie stellt das wichtigste Gütekriterium bei qualitativen und quantitativen Untersuchungen dar und bezieht sich auf die Gültigkeit der aufgestellten Kausalzusammenhänge, ihre intersubjektive Überprüfbarkeit und die Zuverlässigkeit. Damit wird gewährleistet, dass die Untersuchungsbedingungen auch zu den gewonnenen Ergebnissen führen. Deshalb sollten bei der Datenanalyse kausale Beziehungen zwischen den einzelnen Variablen hergestellt und zudem eine saubere Argumentationskette erarbeitet werden.

Externe Validität: je nachdem, ob die Ergebnisse auch außerhalb des Fallkontextes verallgemeinerbar oder übertragbar sind, kann von einer externen Validität gesprochen werden. Eine solche Generalisierbarkeit bezieht sich auf theoretische Ableitungen bzw. eine analytische Generalisierbarkeit. Gerade im Fall von multiplen Fallbeispielen kann dies umso besser überprüft werden, je mehr Personen, Fälle oder Situationen Gegenstand der Untersuchung sind (Replication Logic).

Reliabilität: darunter versteht man die Exaktheit des Vorgehens sowie der Messung im Rahmen einer Konsistenzprüfung, die optimalerweise den Nachweis erbringt, dass eine Wiederholung der Untersuchung zu denselben Ergebnissen führen würde. Ein wichtiges Instrument hierfür ist eine Dokumentation in Form eines Protokolls, welches einen Überblick über das Gesamtprojekt, den Untersuchungsablauf, die Forschungsfragen sowie über die Richtlinien des Fallreports liefert. Dazu gehört auch die erforderliche Archivierung von Primär- und Sekundärdaten in einer Datenbank.

Je stärker eine Fallstudie diesen wissenschaftlichen Gütekriterien entspricht, desto höher kann deren Qualität eingeordnet werden.

Fallstudien als „Empirie“ für die Bachelorarbeit oder Masterthesis?

Die Fallstudie gilt durchaus als empirische Methode, die im Rahmen einer Abschlussarbeit verwendet werden kann. Sie dient dazu, ein bestimmtes Problem, das in der Arbeit behandelt wird, aus verschiedenen Blickwinkel zu betrachten. Dabei wird ein Einzelfall analysiert,  mittels definierter Leitfragen im Hinblick auf das „Wie“ und „Warum“ bestimmter Ereignisse und Entwicklungen. Es muss  also klar sein, unter welchen fachlichen Aspekten die Case Study analysiert wird und woher die Daten für den Fall kommen. Die Daten können öffentlich zugänglich sein (z.B. Presse, Jahresberichte o.ä.) oder zumindest für den Studierenden, der ggfs. interne Daten anonymisieren könnte, falls gefordert.

Schlussfolgerung

Insgesamt betrachtet stellen Fallstudien eine verhältnismäßig aufwendige Forschungsmethode dar, insbesondere im Vergleich zu quantitativen Methoden. Sie ist zeit- und personalintensiv und stellt besondere und interdisziplinäre Anforderungen an den Forschenden. Zwar muss sich die Fallstudienforschung immer wieder den Vorwurf einer allzu großen Subjektivität vermeintlich objektiver Methoden gefallen lassen. Gegen diesen Vorwurf sind im übrigen aber auch quantitative Methoden nicht vollständig gefeit. Qualitative Forschungsmethoden wie die hier behandelte Fallstudienforschung können jedoch als das betrachtet werden, was sie tatsächlich ist: eine sinnvolle Ergänzung und Gegenstück zu (ökonomischen) Modellen und quantitativer Forschung. Fallstudien weisen Vorteile auf, denen es bei anderen Methoden mangelt. Sie sind daher nicht zwangsläufig Vorarbeiten oder vorangehende Pretests für quantitative Forschungsdesigns, vielmehr können quantitative Erhebungen umgekehrt Pretest für eine oder Bestandteil einer Fallstudie sein.

Fallstudien erlauben komplexe Zusammenhänge in ihrem Gesamtkontext wahrzunehmen. Sie können daher als Forschungsmethode ein transparentes, redliches und rigoroses Forschungsinstrument darstellen und wertvolle Forschungsbeiträge liefern.

Eher in Ausnahmefällen kommen sie in Abschlussarbeiten wie einer Bachelorarbeit oder Masterarbeit zum Einsatz, können dann aber umso aufschlussreichere Erkenntnisse liefern. Zwar werden in solchen Abschlussarbeiten einzelne Fallbeispiele gerne als Fallstudien bezeichnet, sind es im engeren Sinne aber nicht bzw. erfüllen nicht die o.a. Voraussetzungen und Merkmale.

Wenn Sie Fragen dazu haben, wenden Sie sich gerne an uns!

Göthlich, S. E. (2003): Fallstudien als Forschungsmethode: Plädoyer für einen Methodenpluralismus in der deutschen betriebswirtschaftlichen Forschung, Manuskripte aus den Instituten für Betriebswirtschaftslehre der Universität Kiel, No. 578, Universität Kiel, Institut für Betriebswirtschaftslehre

YIN, R. K. (2009): Case study Research. 5. Auflage. Sage Publications

• Fallstudie: Case Study als Forschungsmethode

Fallstudie – Begriffserklärung

Arten der fallstudien, fallstudie – anwendungsgebiete, fallstudie – die wichtigsten schritte + beispielgliederung, vorteile und nachteile der fallstudie, fazit + tipps.

Eine Fallstudie ist eine empirische Methode der Forschung , die einen konkreten Fall untersucht. Das Format der Case Study eignet sich in verschiedenen Studiengängen als Grundlage deiner Bachelorarbeit oder Masterarbeit und kann sehr gut auch bei größeren wissenschaftlichen Projekten genutzt werden.

• Wirtschaftswissenschaften
• Politikwissenschaften
• Kommunikation
• Psychologie
• Business Studies
• Forschungsfrage: Wie beeinflussen zielgruppenspezifische Sonderangebote das Konsumverhalten?
• Fachliteratur: Bereich Marketing/Business, Kommunikationswissenschaften recherchieren
• Fall: Werbe-Mails mit zielgruppenspezifischer Sprache und entsprechenden Sonderangeboten (Gratis Gaming-Zugänge) zu einem technischen Produkt (Spielekonsole) an eine Nutzer im Alter zwischen 15 und 30 Jahren. Als Kontrollgruppe, falls gewünscht, eignet sich undifferenzierte Gruppe von Empfängern ohne Berücksichtigung von Alter, Bildung, Einkommen oder Geschlecht.
• Analyse der Umsätze im Verhältnis zu den Empfängerzahlen.
• Bemühe dich, die Forschungsfrage und das Problem zu identifizieren und miteinander in Relation zu stellen.
• Arbeite strukturiert wie hier vorgestellt.
• Wähle eine Fallstudien-Methode, die möglichst gut geeignet ist für das Thema.
• Klopfe die Rahmenbedingungen deines Falls auf Relevanz und Vollständigkeit ab.
• Prüfe auch die Lösungsvorschläge hinsichtlich ihrer Vollständigkeit.
• Entwerfe Alternativen, falls du deine Fallstudie im Zug einer Abschlussprüfung verteidigen musst.

• Fallstudie in wissenschaftlicher Arbeit - Beispiel

Studium Alle Artikel

Was ist eine Fallstudie?

Für wen ist eine fallstudie geeignet, welche variationen gibt es, case-study-method: der problemfindungsfall, case-problem-method: der beurteilungsfall, case-incident-method: der informationsfall, stated-problem-method: der untersuchungsfall, wie führst du eine fallstudie in 5 schritten durch, formulierung der forschungsfrage, auswahl des falls, literaturverzeichnis erstellen, fallbeschreibung, fallanalyse, beispiel für eine fallstudie, vorteile einer fallstudie, plagiatsbericht schnell anfragen.

• Geh durchweg systematisch vor bei der Bearbeitung der Aufgabe.
• Frage dich, ob du dich Problemstellung bzw. die Forschungsfrage richtig erkannt hast.
• Hinterfrage die von dir gewählte Struktur und Methode auf ihre Anwendbarkeit. 
• Prüfe die Rahmenbedingungen deines Falls auf ihre Vollständigkeit.
• Untersuche die Lösungsansätze auf Vollständigkeit und mögliche Alternativen, um deine Fallstudie auch in der Disputation überzeugend vorstellen zu können, wenn nötig.

Preisrechner

Die Einleitung ist ein wichtiger Teil einer Masterarbeit. Sie soll auf den Inhalt der zu erarbeitender Arbeit hinleiten und Interesse wecken, da viele Prüfer es sich zu eigen machen, zuerst die Einleitung und sofort danach das Fazit zu lesen, bevor sie überhaupt an den Hauptteil herangehen. Das soll...

Das Thema für eine Bachelorarbeit will gut überlegt sein – schließlich wirst du dich ein ganzes Semester lang damit beschäftigen und dein Studium damit abschließen. Oft bestimmt die Wahl über das Thema zu deiner wissenschaftlichen Arbeit auch deine Chancen, in einem Unternehmen angestellt zu werden ...

Für viele Studenten stellt das Schreiben einer Bachelorarbeit eine große Herausforderung dar. Allzu leicht verliert man den Überblick und die Zeit rinnt einem durch die Finger. Das muss aber nicht so sein. Mit der Erstellung eines gut durchdachten Zeitplanes kannst du den Druck deutlich verringern u...

Methodik der Case Research

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• Esther M. Thahabi  

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Zusammenfassung

Das vierte Kapitel besteht aus sieben Unterkapiteln. Nach dem Kapitelüberblick werden unterschiedliche Ansätze der Case Research miteinander verglichen. Anschliessend werden die Case Research nach Eisenhardt, Yin und Gibbert in je einem Unterkapitel näher beleuchtet. Hiernach erfolgt eine Gegenüberstellung dieser drei Ansätze und es wird eine Synthese für die Case Research im vorliegenden Projekt vorgeschlagen. Abschliessend werden Kriterien zur Beurteilung der Qualität der Case Research vorgestellt.

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Thahabi, E. (2010). Methodik der Case Research. In: Die Bildung von strategischen Geschäften in mittleren, international tätigen Unternehmen. Gabler. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-8855-3_4

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• What Is a Case Study? | Definition, Examples & Methods

What Is a Case Study? | Definition, Examples & Methods

Published on May 8, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on November 20, 2023.

A case study is a detailed study of a specific subject, such as a person, group, place, event, organization, or phenomenon. Case studies are commonly used in social, educational, clinical, and business research.

A case study research design usually involves qualitative methods , but quantitative methods are sometimes also used. Case studies are good for describing , comparing, evaluating and understanding different aspects of a research problem .

Table of contents

When to do a case study, step 1: select a case, step 2: build a theoretical framework, step 3: collect your data, step 4: describe and analyze the case, other interesting articles.

A case study is an appropriate research design when you want to gain concrete, contextual, in-depth knowledge about a specific real-world subject. It allows you to explore the key characteristics, meanings, and implications of the case.

Case studies are often a good choice in a thesis or dissertation . They keep your project focused and manageable when you don’t have the time or resources to do large-scale research.

You might use just one complex case study where you explore a single subject in depth, or conduct multiple case studies to compare and illuminate different aspects of your research problem.

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Once you have developed your problem statement and research questions , you should be ready to choose the specific case that you want to focus on. A good case study should have the potential to:

• Provide new or unexpected insights into the subject
• Challenge or complicate existing assumptions and theories
• Propose practical courses of action to resolve a problem
• Open up new directions for future research

TipIf your research is more practical in nature and aims to simultaneously investigate an issue as you solve it, consider conducting action research instead.

Unlike quantitative or experimental research , a strong case study does not require a random or representative sample. In fact, case studies often deliberately focus on unusual, neglected, or outlying cases which may shed new light on the research problem.

Example of an outlying case studyIn the 1960s the town of Roseto, Pennsylvania was discovered to have extremely low rates of heart disease compared to the US average. It became an important case study for understanding previously neglected causes of heart disease.

However, you can also choose a more common or representative case to exemplify a particular category, experience or phenomenon.

Example of a representative case studyIn the 1920s, two sociologists used Muncie, Indiana as a case study of a typical American city that supposedly exemplified the changing culture of the US at the time.

While case studies focus more on concrete details than general theories, they should usually have some connection with theory in the field. This way the case study is not just an isolated description, but is integrated into existing knowledge about the topic. It might aim to:

• Exemplify a theory by showing how it explains the case under investigation
• Expand on a theory by uncovering new concepts and ideas that need to be incorporated
• Challenge a theory by exploring an outlier case that doesn’t fit with established assumptions

To ensure that your analysis of the case has a solid academic grounding, you should conduct a literature review of sources related to the topic and develop a theoretical framework . This means identifying key concepts and theories to guide your analysis and interpretation.

There are many different research methods you can use to collect data on your subject. Case studies tend to focus on qualitative data using methods such as interviews , observations , and analysis of primary and secondary sources (e.g., newspaper articles, photographs, official records). Sometimes a case study will also collect quantitative data.

Example of a mixed methods case studyFor a case study of a wind farm development in a rural area, you could collect quantitative data on employment rates and business revenue, collect qualitative data on local people’s perceptions and experiences, and analyze local and national media coverage of the development.

The aim is to gain as thorough an understanding as possible of the case and its context.

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In writing up the case study, you need to bring together all the relevant aspects to give as complete a picture as possible of the subject.

How you report your findings depends on the type of research you are doing. Some case studies are structured like a standard scientific paper or thesis , with separate sections or chapters for the methods , results and discussion .

Others are written in a more narrative style, aiming to explore the case from various angles and analyze its meanings and implications (for example, by using textual analysis or discourse analysis ).

In all cases, though, make sure to give contextual details about the case, connect it back to the literature and theory, and discuss how it fits into wider patterns or debates.

If you want to know more about statistics , methodology , or research bias , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Normal distribution
• Degrees of freedom
• Null hypothesis
• Discourse analysis
• Control groups
• Mixed methods research
• Non-probability sampling
• Quantitative research
• Ecological validity

Research bias

• Rosenthal effect
• Implicit bias
• Cognitive bias
• Selection bias
• Negativity bias
• Status quo bias

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Home » Case Study – Methods, Examples and Guide

Case Study – Methods, Examples and Guide

Table of Contents

A case study is a research method that involves an in-depth examination and analysis of a particular phenomenon or case, such as an individual, organization, community, event, or situation.

It is a qualitative research approach that aims to provide a detailed and comprehensive understanding of the case being studied. Case studies typically involve multiple sources of data, including interviews, observations, documents, and artifacts, which are analyzed using various techniques, such as content analysis, thematic analysis, and grounded theory. The findings of a case study are often used to develop theories, inform policy or practice, or generate new research questions.

Types of Case Study

Types and Methods of Case Study are as follows:

Single-Case Study

A single-case study is an in-depth analysis of a single case. This type of case study is useful when the researcher wants to understand a specific phenomenon in detail.

For Example , A researcher might conduct a single-case study on a particular individual to understand their experiences with a particular health condition or a specific organization to explore their management practices. The researcher collects data from multiple sources, such as interviews, observations, and documents, and uses various techniques to analyze the data, such as content analysis or thematic analysis. The findings of a single-case study are often used to generate new research questions, develop theories, or inform policy or practice.

Multiple-Case Study

A multiple-case study involves the analysis of several cases that are similar in nature. This type of case study is useful when the researcher wants to identify similarities and differences between the cases.

For Example, a researcher might conduct a multiple-case study on several companies to explore the factors that contribute to their success or failure. The researcher collects data from each case, compares and contrasts the findings, and uses various techniques to analyze the data, such as comparative analysis or pattern-matching. The findings of a multiple-case study can be used to develop theories, inform policy or practice, or generate new research questions.

Exploratory Case Study

An exploratory case study is used to explore a new or understudied phenomenon. This type of case study is useful when the researcher wants to generate hypotheses or theories about the phenomenon.

For Example, a researcher might conduct an exploratory case study on a new technology to understand its potential impact on society. The researcher collects data from multiple sources, such as interviews, observations, and documents, and uses various techniques to analyze the data, such as grounded theory or content analysis. The findings of an exploratory case study can be used to generate new research questions, develop theories, or inform policy or practice.

Descriptive Case Study

A descriptive case study is used to describe a particular phenomenon in detail. This type of case study is useful when the researcher wants to provide a comprehensive account of the phenomenon.

For Example, a researcher might conduct a descriptive case study on a particular community to understand its social and economic characteristics. The researcher collects data from multiple sources, such as interviews, observations, and documents, and uses various techniques to analyze the data, such as content analysis or thematic analysis. The findings of a descriptive case study can be used to inform policy or practice or generate new research questions.

Instrumental Case Study

An instrumental case study is used to understand a particular phenomenon that is instrumental in achieving a particular goal. This type of case study is useful when the researcher wants to understand the role of the phenomenon in achieving the goal.

For Example, a researcher might conduct an instrumental case study on a particular policy to understand its impact on achieving a particular goal, such as reducing poverty. The researcher collects data from multiple sources, such as interviews, observations, and documents, and uses various techniques to analyze the data, such as content analysis or thematic analysis. The findings of an instrumental case study can be used to inform policy or practice or generate new research questions.

Case Study Data Collection Methods

Here are some common data collection methods for case studies:

Interviews involve asking questions to individuals who have knowledge or experience relevant to the case study. Interviews can be structured (where the same questions are asked to all participants) or unstructured (where the interviewer follows up on the responses with further questions). Interviews can be conducted in person, over the phone, or through video conferencing.

Observations

Observations involve watching and recording the behavior and activities of individuals or groups relevant to the case study. Observations can be participant (where the researcher actively participates in the activities) or non-participant (where the researcher observes from a distance). Observations can be recorded using notes, audio or video recordings, or photographs.

Documents can be used as a source of information for case studies. Documents can include reports, memos, emails, letters, and other written materials related to the case study. Documents can be collected from the case study participants or from public sources.

Surveys involve asking a set of questions to a sample of individuals relevant to the case study. Surveys can be administered in person, over the phone, through mail or email, or online. Surveys can be used to gather information on attitudes, opinions, or behaviors related to the case study.

Artifacts are physical objects relevant to the case study. Artifacts can include tools, equipment, products, or other objects that provide insights into the case study phenomenon.

How to conduct Case Study Research

Conducting a case study research involves several steps that need to be followed to ensure the quality and rigor of the study. Here are the steps to conduct case study research:

• Define the research questions: The first step in conducting a case study research is to define the research questions. The research questions should be specific, measurable, and relevant to the case study phenomenon under investigation.
• Select the case: The next step is to select the case or cases to be studied. The case should be relevant to the research questions and should provide rich and diverse data that can be used to answer the research questions.
• Collect data: Data can be collected using various methods, such as interviews, observations, documents, surveys, and artifacts. The data collection method should be selected based on the research questions and the nature of the case study phenomenon.
• Analyze the data: The data collected from the case study should be analyzed using various techniques, such as content analysis, thematic analysis, or grounded theory. The analysis should be guided by the research questions and should aim to provide insights and conclusions relevant to the research questions.
• Draw conclusions: The conclusions drawn from the case study should be based on the data analysis and should be relevant to the research questions. The conclusions should be supported by evidence and should be clearly stated.
• Validate the findings: The findings of the case study should be validated by reviewing the data and the analysis with participants or other experts in the field. This helps to ensure the validity and reliability of the findings.
• Write the report: The final step is to write the report of the case study research. The report should provide a clear description of the case study phenomenon, the research questions, the data collection methods, the data analysis, the findings, and the conclusions. The report should be written in a clear and concise manner and should follow the guidelines for academic writing.

Examples of Case Study

Here are some examples of case study research:

• The Hawthorne Studies : Conducted between 1924 and 1932, the Hawthorne Studies were a series of case studies conducted by Elton Mayo and his colleagues to examine the impact of work environment on employee productivity. The studies were conducted at the Hawthorne Works plant of the Western Electric Company in Chicago and included interviews, observations, and experiments.
• The Stanford Prison Experiment: Conducted in 1971, the Stanford Prison Experiment was a case study conducted by Philip Zimbardo to examine the psychological effects of power and authority. The study involved simulating a prison environment and assigning participants to the role of guards or prisoners. The study was controversial due to the ethical issues it raised.
• The Challenger Disaster: The Challenger Disaster was a case study conducted to examine the causes of the Space Shuttle Challenger explosion in 1986. The study included interviews, observations, and analysis of data to identify the technical, organizational, and cultural factors that contributed to the disaster.
• The Enron Scandal: The Enron Scandal was a case study conducted to examine the causes of the Enron Corporation’s bankruptcy in 2001. The study included interviews, analysis of financial data, and review of documents to identify the accounting practices, corporate culture, and ethical issues that led to the company’s downfall.
• The Fukushima Nuclear Disaster : The Fukushima Nuclear Disaster was a case study conducted to examine the causes of the nuclear accident that occurred at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Japan in 2011. The study included interviews, analysis of data, and review of documents to identify the technical, organizational, and cultural factors that contributed to the disaster.

Application of Case Study

Case studies have a wide range of applications across various fields and industries. Here are some examples:

Business and Management

Case studies are widely used in business and management to examine real-life situations and develop problem-solving skills. Case studies can help students and professionals to develop a deep understanding of business concepts, theories, and best practices.

Case studies are used in healthcare to examine patient care, treatment options, and outcomes. Case studies can help healthcare professionals to develop critical thinking skills, diagnose complex medical conditions, and develop effective treatment plans.

Case studies are used in education to examine teaching and learning practices. Case studies can help educators to develop effective teaching strategies, evaluate student progress, and identify areas for improvement.

Social Sciences

Case studies are widely used in social sciences to examine human behavior, social phenomena, and cultural practices. Case studies can help researchers to develop theories, test hypotheses, and gain insights into complex social issues.

Law and Ethics

Case studies are used in law and ethics to examine legal and ethical dilemmas. Case studies can help lawyers, policymakers, and ethical professionals to develop critical thinking skills, analyze complex cases, and make informed decisions.

Purpose of Case Study

The purpose of a case study is to provide a detailed analysis of a specific phenomenon, issue, or problem in its real-life context. A case study is a qualitative research method that involves the in-depth exploration and analysis of a particular case, which can be an individual, group, organization, event, or community.

The primary purpose of a case study is to generate a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the case, including its history, context, and dynamics. Case studies can help researchers to identify and examine the underlying factors, processes, and mechanisms that contribute to the case and its outcomes. This can help to develop a more accurate and detailed understanding of the case, which can inform future research, practice, or policy.

Case studies can also serve other purposes, including:

• Illustrating a theory or concept: Case studies can be used to illustrate and explain theoretical concepts and frameworks, providing concrete examples of how they can be applied in real-life situations.
• Developing hypotheses: Case studies can help to generate hypotheses about the causal relationships between different factors and outcomes, which can be tested through further research.
• Providing insight into complex issues: Case studies can provide insights into complex and multifaceted issues, which may be difficult to understand through other research methods.
• Informing practice or policy: Case studies can be used to inform practice or policy by identifying best practices, lessons learned, or areas for improvement.

Advantages of Case Study Research

There are several advantages of case study research, including:

• In-depth exploration: Case study research allows for a detailed exploration and analysis of a specific phenomenon, issue, or problem in its real-life context. This can provide a comprehensive understanding of the case and its dynamics, which may not be possible through other research methods.
• Rich data: Case study research can generate rich and detailed data, including qualitative data such as interviews, observations, and documents. This can provide a nuanced understanding of the case and its complexity.
• Holistic perspective: Case study research allows for a holistic perspective of the case, taking into account the various factors, processes, and mechanisms that contribute to the case and its outcomes. This can help to develop a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of the case.
• Theory development: Case study research can help to develop and refine theories and concepts by providing empirical evidence and concrete examples of how they can be applied in real-life situations.
• Practical application: Case study research can inform practice or policy by identifying best practices, lessons learned, or areas for improvement.
• Contextualization: Case study research takes into account the specific context in which the case is situated, which can help to understand how the case is influenced by the social, cultural, and historical factors of its environment.

Limitations of Case Study Research

There are several limitations of case study research, including:

• Limited generalizability : Case studies are typically focused on a single case or a small number of cases, which limits the generalizability of the findings. The unique characteristics of the case may not be applicable to other contexts or populations, which may limit the external validity of the research.
• Biased sampling: Case studies may rely on purposive or convenience sampling, which can introduce bias into the sample selection process. This may limit the representativeness of the sample and the generalizability of the findings.
• Subjectivity: Case studies rely on the interpretation of the researcher, which can introduce subjectivity into the analysis. The researcher’s own biases, assumptions, and perspectives may influence the findings, which may limit the objectivity of the research.
• Limited control: Case studies are typically conducted in naturalistic settings, which limits the control that the researcher has over the environment and the variables being studied. This may limit the ability to establish causal relationships between variables.
• Time-consuming: Case studies can be time-consuming to conduct, as they typically involve a detailed exploration and analysis of a specific case. This may limit the feasibility of conducting multiple case studies or conducting case studies in a timely manner.
• Resource-intensive: Case studies may require significant resources, including time, funding, and expertise. This may limit the ability of researchers to conduct case studies in resource-constrained settings.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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How to Write a Case Study in 5 Steps: A Guide

What is a case study and how do you write one? We explain everything there is to know about case studies and provide you with a checklist that will make you succeed on your first try.

First things first:

• A case study examines organizations, people, places or events in order to gain (new) insights into familiar problems or to identify new problems.
• There are four types of case studies: Case-Study-Method, Case-Problem-Method, Case-Incident-Method, and Stated-Problem-Method
• There are five steps in conducting a case study: a research objective, a case, suitable literature, a precise description of your case and a link between your case and existing theories.

What is a case study?

A case study is a research method that is typically used in qualitative research and is often applied in academic papers such as bachelor’s or master’s theses. Having originated from the social sciences , the case study is now used in many other fields such as economics, political science and media studies.

The case study examines a specific example of an event or phenomenon in the real world. All relevant details of the case are thoroughly analyzed, always taking into account the surrounding context and existing theoretical frameworks. If several cases are compared with each other, this is referred to as a comparative case study or a multiple case study .

Objectives and methods of case studies

The main objective of a case study is to gain comprehensive insights into a specific phenomenon and to develop new solutions or perspectives. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are useful for collecting and analyzing relevant data for the case study. Organizations, people, places or events that offer important insights are examined.

Case studies allow you to analyze complex problems in detail , making them an indispensable tool in scientific research.

Case studies: different types and approaches

Depending on your research question, there are different types of case studies you can consider. Each type of case study has its own special features, and the transitions are sometimes fluid. The following paragraphs introduce four common types of case studies to give you an idea of the different approaches:

• Case Study Method : This classic type of case study is often used when you are familiar with a specific case but have not yet identified the hidden problems within it. During your investigation, you will recognize both the challenges and possible solutions. This method helps you to dive deep into the details of the case and gain unexpected insights.
• Case-Problem Method : This type of case study focuses on evaluating different approaches to a solution. You analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each method, evaluate its effectiveness and look for alternatives if necessary. This approach is ideal for case studies that aim to optimize processes or improve strategies.
• Case-Incident Method : This form of case study is often the most challenging as it works with incomplete or missing data. Your task is to create a sound case study despite these limitations. This requires creative methods of data collection and analysis to get a clear picture of the situation.
• Stated-Problem Method : This is the exact opposite of the first methos. You start with a known problem and look for the causes and possible solutions through your case study. This method is particularly useful if you want to explore the deeper roots of a problem.

By choosing the right type of case study, you can ensure that your research is both thorough and focused. Each of these approaches offers different perspectives and methods to arrive at valuable insights that can be explored in detail in the case studies.

How is a case study conducted?

Companies are often looking for a case study that offers a solution to a complex problem. You don’t have to reinvent the wheel. You should simply collect and structure all the relevant information for your case study. At GRIN, you will find numerous case studies that give you a good insight into the structure of this type of text. These practical examples, which are often based on data from real companies, will help you understand how to successfully complete a case study.

The 5 steps of conducting a case study

Define your research objective

Start your case study by first defining a clear research objective and formulating a precise research question. Decide whether your aim is exploratory (discovering), descriptive (describing) or explanatory (explaining/justifying), or a combination of these , to determine your research direction. Since case studies are qualitative research, how or why questions are particularly suitable.

Choose your case

For your case study, you should of course choose an example that is relevant to your research objective . If you are writing about a specific company, you already have the case automatically, but events, people, places or phenomena are also suitable. To choose a suitable example, you can use the following criteria as a guide:

• Take an unusual or atypical example that firstly makes you curious yourself and secondly provides new insights into a known problem.
• The example should critically question existing assumptions or theories.
• Ideally, your case should open up new approaches for future research.

Link your case study to existing theories and literature

Once you have defined your research objective and case for your case study, the next step is to link it to existing literature and the current state of research . Conduct a comprehensive literature review to compare your findings with relevant thematic texts.

To create a solid theoretical framework, draw on an appropriate theory that allows you to understand and explain the case in depth. When analyzing your results, you can then discuss how they behave in the context of this theory and what they say about the topic.

Describe your case study

Once you have finished researching existing theories and literature, start describing your case in detail. If it is an event, a timeline can be helpful, showing all the important events along with their causes and effects. The aim is to clearly differentiate your case study from other studies and research questions.

An important part of the case study is the description of the initial situation , the framework conditions and the problems to be solved . It is essential that your (possibly fictitious) customer recognizes themselves in the description. Be authentic and use the technical vocabulary of the respective industry . This increases the relevance of your case study.

Analyze the case

The final step in your case study is to comprehensively analyze the collected data. Evaluating and explaining this information will allow you to answer your research question . You can embed your findings in a broader theoretical context by drawing connections to existing literature and theories that you identified during your literature review.

In this section of your case study, you also explain how you analyzed the situation, what kind of strategy you developed and how you implemented it operationally. It is also important to mention any problems and obstacles you encountered.

Analysis tools for solving a case study

When working on business case studies in particular, there are a number of models, so-called frameworks , that can be of great help. Which framework is suitable for which problem depends on the type of case study. These can basically be divided into three categories:

External problem

This example focuses on external factors: e.g. the market environment of the company under investigation. The five forces model and the PESTEL analysis are suitable for identifying and analyzing such research areas.

Internal problem definition

Internal company issues are considered here, e.g. low employee satisfaction. The value chain analysis or the BCG matrix are suitable for such internal analyses.

Internal and external problems

Most case studies examine external and internal problems in equal measure, as mixed cases are often considered, e.g. a decline in a company’s sales. These cases can be analyzed using the profit equation , the four-C concept , the SWOT analysis , or the Ansoff matrix.

Checklist: Case study for companies

Case studies for companies always follow the same structure. You can therefore use this checklist as a guide:

• Title of the case study: What is it about in a nutshell?
• Introduction of the company: Who is the case study aimed at?
• Problem/research question: What is it about (specifically), what are the current challenges and what should be changed?
• Facts : What does the company offer? What is the market and market environment like? Which target group should be addressed?
• Results: What follows from the facts analyzed?
• Graphics: Graphical representations are always good for case studies. Present the facts in table form, create diagrams and add them to your continuous text. This will enhance your study.
• Solution: What specific recommendations for action do you give to the company you have analyzed?

Key Takeaways

A case study is a research method that allows you to analyze specific cases such as organizations, people, or events from different perspectives and relate them to existing theories. This method is particularly valuable for bachelor’s and master’s theses, as it provides in-depth insights into the research topic.

The goal of a case study is to understand and explain a specific case by analyzing it in detail and linking it to existing theories identified during the literature review. This method helps to answer open questions and develop solutions to existing problems.

You will conduct a case study in five steps: you define your research goal, select a case, find suitable literature and theory, describe the case, and analyze it by examining it comprehensively and linking it to existing theories.

Choosing a case study has a few advantages: You can investigate a real case that interests you, which makes your study more relevant. Case studies also require less organizational effort than interviews or surveys, and can uncover previously unknown problems or questions that are of interest for further research. And another advantage: Case studies are used in many companies in the application process to test applicants. If you have already gained experience with it during your studies, this can be an advantage for you later on.

A good case study must definitely be relevant to your study. In addition, it should provide new insights into a known problem, critically question existing assumptions and open up new approaches for future research.

Examples for case studies in the GRIN shop:

Corporate Social Responsibility and its Impact on Consumer Buying Behaviour. A Case Study on H&M

Supply Chain Management. Case Study on Amazon

A Microsoft Case Study. Managing a Culturally Diverse Workforce

The Facebook acquisition of Instagram. A Case Study

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Continuing to enhance the quality of case study methodology in health services research

Shannon l. sibbald.

1 Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.

2 Department of Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.

3 The Schulich Interfaculty Program in Public Health, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.

Stefan Paciocco

Meghan fournie, rachelle van asseldonk, tiffany scurr.

Case study methodology has grown in popularity within Health Services Research (HSR). However, its use and merit as a methodology are frequently criticized due to its flexible approach and inconsistent application. Nevertheless, case study methodology is well suited to HSR because it can track and examine complex relationships, contexts, and systems as they evolve. Applied appropriately, it can help generate information on how multiple forms of knowledge come together to inform decision-making within healthcare contexts. In this article, we aim to demystify case study methodology by outlining its philosophical underpinnings and three foundational approaches. We provide literature-based guidance to decision-makers, policy-makers, and health leaders on how to engage in and critically appraise case study design. We advocate that researchers work in collaboration with health leaders to detail their research process with an aim of strengthening the validity and integrity of case study for its continued and advanced use in HSR.

Introduction

The popularity of case study research methodology in Health Services Research (HSR) has grown over the past 40 years. 1 This may be attributed to a shift towards the use of implementation research and a newfound appreciation of contextual factors affecting the uptake of evidence-based interventions within diverse settings. 2 Incorporating context-specific information on the delivery and implementation of programs can increase the likelihood of success. 3 , 4 Case study methodology is particularly well suited for implementation research in health services because it can provide insight into the nuances of diverse contexts. 5 , 6 In 1999, Yin 7 published a paper on how to enhance the quality of case study in HSR, which was foundational for the emergence of case study in this field. Yin 7 maintains case study is an appropriate methodology in HSR because health systems are constantly evolving, and the multiple affiliations and diverse motivations are difficult to track and understand with traditional linear methodologies.

Despite its increased popularity, there is debate whether a case study is a methodology (ie, a principle or process that guides research) or a method (ie, a tool to answer research questions). Some criticize case study for its high level of flexibility, perceiving it as less rigorous, and maintain that it generates inadequate results. 8 Others have noted issues with quality and consistency in how case studies are conducted and reported. 9 Reporting is often varied and inconsistent, using a mix of approaches such as case reports, case findings, and/or case study. Authors sometimes use incongruent methods of data collection and analysis or use the case study as a default when other methodologies do not fit. 9 , 10 Despite these criticisms, case study methodology is becoming more common as a viable approach for HSR. 11 An abundance of articles and textbooks are available to guide researchers through case study research, including field-specific resources for business, 12 , 13 nursing, 14 and family medicine. 15 However, there remains confusion and a lack of clarity on the key tenets of case study methodology.

Several common philosophical underpinnings have contributed to the development of case study research 1 which has led to different approaches to planning, data collection, and analysis. This presents challenges in assessing quality and rigour for researchers conducting case studies and stakeholders reading results.

This article discusses the various approaches and philosophical underpinnings to case study methodology. Our goal is to explain it in a way that provides guidance for decision-makers, policy-makers, and health leaders on how to understand, critically appraise, and engage in case study research and design, as such guidance is largely absent in the literature. This article is by no means exhaustive or authoritative. Instead, we aim to provide guidance and encourage dialogue around case study methodology, facilitating critical thinking around the variety of approaches and ways quality and rigour can be bolstered for its use within HSR.

Purpose of case study methodology

Case study methodology is often used to develop an in-depth, holistic understanding of a specific phenomenon within a specified context. 11 It focuses on studying one or multiple cases over time and uses an in-depth analysis of multiple information sources. 16 , 17 It is ideal for situations including, but not limited to, exploring under-researched and real-life phenomena, 18 especially when the contexts are complex and the researcher has little control over the phenomena. 19 , 20 Case studies can be useful when researchers want to understand how interventions are implemented in different contexts, and how context shapes the phenomenon of interest.

In addition to demonstrating coherency with the type of questions case study is suited to answer, there are four key tenets to case study methodologies: (1) be transparent in the paradigmatic and theoretical perspectives influencing study design; (2) clearly define the case and phenomenon of interest; (3) clearly define and justify the type of case study design; and (4) use multiple data collection sources and analysis methods to present the findings in ways that are consistent with the methodology and the study’s paradigmatic base. 9 , 16 The goal is to appropriately match the methods to empirical questions and issues and not to universally advocate any single approach for all problems. 21

Approaches to case study methodology

Three authors propose distinct foundational approaches to case study methodology positioned within different paradigms: Yin, 19 , 22 Stake, 5 , 23 and Merriam 24 , 25 ( Table 1 ). Yin is strongly post-positivist whereas Stake and Merriam are grounded in a constructivist paradigm. Researchers should locate their research within a paradigm that explains the philosophies guiding their research 26 and adhere to the underlying paradigmatic assumptions and key tenets of the appropriate author’s methodology. This will enhance the consistency and coherency of the methods and findings. However, researchers often do not report their paradigmatic position, nor do they adhere to one approach. 9 Although deliberately blending methodologies may be defensible and methodologically appropriate, more often it is done in an ad hoc and haphazard way, without consideration for limitations.

Cross-analysis of three case study approaches, adapted from Yazan 2015

The post-positive paradigm postulates there is one reality that can be objectively described and understood by “bracketing” oneself from the research to remove prejudice or bias. 27 Yin focuses on general explanation and prediction, emphasizing the formulation of propositions, akin to hypothesis testing. This approach is best suited for structured and objective data collection 9 , 11 and is often used for mixed-method studies.

Constructivism assumes that the phenomenon of interest is constructed and influenced by local contexts, including the interaction between researchers, individuals, and their environment. 27 It acknowledges multiple interpretations of reality 24 constructed within the context by the researcher and participants which are unlikely to be replicated, should either change. 5 , 20 Stake and Merriam’s constructivist approaches emphasize a story-like rendering of a problem and an iterative process of constructing the case study. 7 This stance values researcher reflexivity and transparency, 28 acknowledging how researchers’ experiences and disciplinary lenses influence their assumptions and beliefs about the nature of the phenomenon and development of the findings.

Defining a case

A key tenet of case study methodology often underemphasized in literature is the importance of defining the case and phenomenon. Researches should clearly describe the case with sufficient detail to allow readers to fully understand the setting and context and determine applicability. Trying to answer a question that is too broad often leads to an unclear definition of the case and phenomenon. 20 Cases should therefore be bound by time and place to ensure rigor and feasibility. 6

Yin 22 defines a case as “a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context,” (p13) which may contain a single unit of analysis, including individuals, programs, corporations, or clinics 29 (holistic), or be broken into sub-units of analysis, such as projects, meetings, roles, or locations within the case (embedded). 30 Merriam 24 and Stake 5 similarly define a case as a single unit studied within a bounded system. Stake 5 , 23 suggests bounding cases by contexts and experiences where the phenomenon of interest can be a program, process, or experience. However, the line between the case and phenomenon can become muddy. For guidance, Stake 5 , 23 describes the case as the noun or entity and the phenomenon of interest as the verb, functioning, or activity of the case.

Designing the case study approach

Yin’s approach to a case study is rooted in a formal proposition or theory which guides the case and is used to test the outcome. 1 Stake 5 advocates for a flexible design and explicitly states that data collection and analysis may commence at any point. Merriam’s 24 approach blends both Yin and Stake’s, allowing the necessary flexibility in data collection and analysis to meet the needs.

Yin 30 proposed three types of case study approaches—descriptive, explanatory, and exploratory. Each can be designed around single or multiple cases, creating six basic case study methodologies. Descriptive studies provide a rich description of the phenomenon within its context, which can be helpful in developing theories. To test a theory or determine cause and effect relationships, researchers can use an explanatory design. An exploratory model is typically used in the pilot-test phase to develop propositions (eg, Sibbald et al. 31 used this approach to explore interprofessional network complexity). Despite having distinct characteristics, the boundaries between case study types are flexible with significant overlap. 30 Each has five key components: (1) research question; (2) proposition; (3) unit of analysis; (4) logical linking that connects the theory with proposition; and (5) criteria for analyzing findings.

Contrary to Yin, Stake 5 believes the research process cannot be planned in its entirety because research evolves as it is performed. Consequently, researchers can adjust the design of their methods even after data collection has begun. Stake 5 classifies case studies into three categories: intrinsic, instrumental, and collective/multiple. Intrinsic case studies focus on gaining a better understanding of the case. These are often undertaken when the researcher has an interest in a specific case. Instrumental case study is used when the case itself is not of the utmost importance, and the issue or phenomenon (ie, the research question) being explored becomes the focus instead (eg, Paciocco 32 used an instrumental case study to evaluate the implementation of a chronic disease management program). 5 Collective designs are rooted in an instrumental case study and include multiple cases to gain an in-depth understanding of the complexity and particularity of a phenomenon across diverse contexts. 5 , 23 In collective designs, studying similarities and differences between the cases allows the phenomenon to be understood more intimately (for examples of this in the field, see van Zelm et al. 33 and Burrows et al. 34 In addition, Sibbald et al. 35 present an example where a cross-case analysis method is used to compare instrumental cases).

Merriam’s approach is flexible (similar to Stake) as well as stepwise and linear (similar to Yin). She advocates for conducting a literature review before designing the study to better understand the theoretical underpinnings. 24 , 25 Unlike Stake or Yin, Merriam proposes a step-by-step guide for researchers to design a case study. These steps include performing a literature review, creating a theoretical framework, identifying the problem, creating and refining the research question(s), and selecting a study sample that fits the question(s). 24 , 25 , 36

Data collection and analysis

Using multiple data collection methods is a key characteristic of all case study methodology; it enhances the credibility of the findings by allowing different facets and views of the phenomenon to be explored. 23 Common methods include interviews, focus groups, observation, and document analysis. 5 , 37 By seeking patterns within and across data sources, a thick description of the case can be generated to support a greater understanding and interpretation of the whole phenomenon. 5 , 17 , 20 , 23 This technique is called triangulation and is used to explore cases with greater accuracy. 5 Although Stake 5 maintains case study is most often used in qualitative research, Yin 17 supports a mix of both quantitative and qualitative methods to triangulate data. This deliberate convergence of data sources (or mixed methods) allows researchers to find greater depth in their analysis and develop converging lines of inquiry. For example, case studies evaluating interventions commonly use qualitative interviews to describe the implementation process, barriers, and facilitators paired with a quantitative survey of comparative outcomes and effectiveness. 33 , 38 , 39

Yin 30 describes analysis as dependent on the chosen approach, whether it be (1) deductive and rely on theoretical propositions; (2) inductive and analyze data from the “ground up”; (3) organized to create a case description; or (4) used to examine plausible rival explanations. According to Yin’s 40 approach to descriptive case studies, carefully considering theory development is an important part of study design. “Theory” refers to field-relevant propositions, commonly agreed upon assumptions, or fully developed theories. 40 Stake 5 advocates for using the researcher’s intuition and impression to guide analysis through a categorical aggregation and direct interpretation. Merriam 24 uses six different methods to guide the “process of making meaning” (p178) : (1) ethnographic analysis; (2) narrative analysis; (3) phenomenological analysis; (4) constant comparative method; (5) content analysis; and (6) analytic induction.

Drawing upon a theoretical or conceptual framework to inform analysis improves the quality of case study and avoids the risk of description without meaning. 18 Using Stake’s 5 approach, researchers rely on protocols and previous knowledge to help make sense of new ideas; theory can guide the research and assist researchers in understanding how new information fits into existing knowledge.

Practical applications of case study research

Columbia University has recently demonstrated how case studies can help train future health leaders. 41 Case studies encompass components of systems thinking—considering connections and interactions between components of a system, alongside the implications and consequences of those relationships—to equip health leaders with tools to tackle global health issues. 41 Greenwood 42 evaluated Indigenous peoples’ relationship with the healthcare system in British Columbia and used a case study to challenge and educate health leaders across the country to enhance culturally sensitive health service environments.

An important but often omitted step in case study research is an assessment of quality and rigour. We recommend using a framework or set of criteria to assess the rigour of the qualitative research. Suitable resources include Caelli et al., 43 Houghten et al., 44 Ravenek and Rudman, 45 and Tracy. 46

New directions in case study

Although “pragmatic” case studies (ie, utilizing practical and applicable methods) have existed within psychotherapy for some time, 47 , 48 only recently has the applicability of pragmatism as an underlying paradigmatic perspective been considered in HSR. 49 This is marked by uptake of pragmatism in Randomized Control Trials, recognizing that “gold standard” testing conditions do not reflect the reality of clinical settings 50 , 51 nor do a handful of epistemologically guided methodologies suit every research inquiry.

Pragmatism positions the research question as the basis for methodological choices, rather than a theory or epistemology, allowing researchers to pursue the most practical approach to understanding a problem or discovering an actionable solution. 52 Mixed methods are commonly used to create a deeper understanding of the case through converging qualitative and quantitative data. 52 Pragmatic case study is suited to HSR because its flexibility throughout the research process accommodates complexity, ever-changing systems, and disruptions to research plans. 49 , 50 Much like case study, pragmatism has been criticized for its flexibility and use when other approaches are seemingly ill-fit. 53 , 54 Similarly, authors argue that this results from a lack of investigation and proper application rather than a reflection of validity, legitimizing the need for more exploration and conversation among researchers and practitioners. 55

Although occasionally misunderstood as a less rigourous research methodology, 8 case study research is highly flexible and allows for contextual nuances. 5 , 6 Its use is valuable when the researcher desires a thorough understanding of a phenomenon or case bound by context. 11 If needed, multiple similar cases can be studied simultaneously, or one case within another. 16 , 17 There are currently three main approaches to case study, 5 , 17 , 24 each with their own definitions of a case, ontological and epistemological paradigms, methodologies, and data collection and analysis procedures. 37

Individuals’ experiences within health systems are influenced heavily by contextual factors, participant experience, and intricate relationships between different organizations and actors. 55 Case study research is well suited for HSR because it can track and examine these complex relationships and systems as they evolve over time. 6 , 7 It is important that researchers and health leaders using this methodology understand its key tenets and how to conduct a proper case study. Although there are many examples of case study in action, they are often under-reported and, when reported, not rigorously conducted. 9 Thus, decision-makers and health leaders should use these examples with caution. The proper reporting of case studies is necessary to bolster their credibility in HSR literature and provide readers sufficient information to critically assess the methodology. We also call on health leaders who frequently use case studies 56 – 58 to report them in the primary research literature.

The purpose of this article is to advocate for the continued and advanced use of case study in HSR and to provide literature-based guidance for decision-makers, policy-makers, and health leaders on how to engage in, read, and interpret findings from case study research. As health systems progress and evolve, the application of case study research will continue to increase as researchers and health leaders aim to capture the inherent complexities, nuances, and contextual factors. 7

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Qualitative Case Study Methodology: Study Design and Implementation for Novice Researchers

• January 2010
• The Qualitative Report 13(4)

• McMaster University

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Case Study Research: Foundations and Methodological Orientations

• Helena Harrison James Cook Univeristy
• Melanie Birks James Cook University
• Richard Franklin James Cook University
• Jane Mills Massey University

Over the last forty years, case study research has undergone substantial methodological development. This evolution has resulted in a pragmatic, flexible research approach, capable of providing comprehensive in-depth understanding of a diverse range of issues across a number of disciplines. Change and progress have stemmed from parallel influences of historical transformations in approaches to research and individual researcher's preferences, perspectives, and interpretations of this design. Researchers who have contributed to the development of case study research come from diverse disciplines with different philosophical perspectives, resulting in a variety of definitions and approaches. For the researcher new to using case study, such variety can create a confusing platform for its application. In this article, we explore the evolution of case study research, discuss methodological variations, and summarize key elements with the aim of providing guidance on the available options for researchers wanting to use case study in their work.

URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1701195

Author Biographies

Helena harrison, james cook univeristy.

Helena HARRISON , MN(Ed) is a PhD candidate in the College of Healthcare Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Australia. Her research interests include undergraduate and postgraduate nurse education with her current study focusing on the practice readiness of new graduate registered nurses in Australia.

Melanie Birks, James Cook University

Melanie Birks , PhD is professor and Head of Nursing, Midwifery and Nutrition at James Cook University, Australia. Her research interests are in the areas of accessibility, innovation, relevance and quality in nursing education.

Richard Franklin, James Cook University

Richard Franklin , Ph.D. is an associate professor at the College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences at James Cook University. Richard's public health projects have explored injury prevention and safety promotion and focused areas of farm safety, rural safety, occupational health and safety, falls, disasters, health promotion, and alcohol and aquatic safety. Richard's research interests include translating evidence into practice, epidemiological, program and product evaluation, surveillance and using mixed methods research for solving real world problems.

Jane Mills, Massey University

Jane Mills , PhD is professor and Pro Vice Chancellor of the College of Health at Massey University in New Zealand. Her research interests are primary health care, public health and health systems strengthening.

How to Cite

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Copyright (c) 2017 Helena Harrison, Melanie Birks, Richard Franklin, Jane Mills

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License .

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10 Case Study Advantages and Disadvantages

Chris Drew (PhD)

Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. [Image Descriptor: Photo of Chris]

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A case study in academic research is a detailed and in-depth examination of a specific instance or event, generally conducted through a qualitative approach to data.

The most common case study definition that I come across is is Robert K. Yin’s (2003, p. 13) quote provided below:

“An empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context, especially when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident.”

Researchers conduct case studies for a number of reasons, such as to explore complex phenomena within their real-life context, to look at a particularly interesting instance of a situation, or to dig deeper into something of interest identified in a wider-scale project.

While case studies render extremely interesting data, they have many limitations and are not suitable for all studies. One key limitation is that a case study’s findings are not usually generalizable to broader populations because one instance cannot be used to infer trends across populations.

Case Study Advantages and Disadvantages

1. in-depth analysis of complex phenomena.

Case study design allows researchers to delve deeply into intricate issues and situations.

By focusing on a specific instance or event, researchers can uncover nuanced details and layers of understanding that might be missed with other research methods, especially large-scale survey studies.

As Lee and Saunders (2017) argue,

“It allows that particular event to be studies in detail so that its unique qualities may be identified.”

This depth of analysis can provide rich insights into the underlying factors and dynamics of the studied phenomenon.

2. Holistic Understanding

Building on the above point, case studies can help us to understand a topic holistically and from multiple angles.

This means the researcher isn’t restricted to just examining a topic by using a pre-determined set of questions, as with questionnaires. Instead, researchers can use qualitative methods to delve into the many different angles, perspectives, and contextual factors related to the case study.

We can turn to Lee and Saunders (2017) again, who notes that case study researchers “develop a deep, holistic understanding of a particular phenomenon” with the intent of deeply understanding the phenomenon.

3. Examination of rare and Unusual Phenomena

We need to use case study methods when we stumble upon “rare and unusual” (Lee & Saunders, 2017) phenomena that would tend to be seen as mere outliers in population studies.

Take, for example, a child genius. A population study of all children of that child’s age would merely see this child as an outlier in the dataset, and this child may even be removed in order to predict overall trends.

So, to truly come to an understanding of this child and get insights into the environmental conditions that led to this child’s remarkable cognitive development, we need to do an in-depth study of this child specifically – so, we’d use a case study.

4. Helps Reveal the Experiences of Marginalzied Groups

Just as rare and unsual cases can be overlooked in population studies, so too can the experiences, beliefs, and perspectives of marginalized groups.

As Lee and Saunders (2017) argue, “case studies are also extremely useful in helping the expression of the voices of people whose interests are often ignored.”

Take, for example, the experiences of minority populations as they navigate healthcare systems. This was for many years a “hidden” phenomenon, not examined by researchers. It took case study designs to truly reveal this phenomenon, which helped to raise practitioners’ awareness of the importance of cultural sensitivity in medicine.

5. Ideal in Situations where Researchers cannot Control the Variables

Experimental designs – where a study takes place in a lab or controlled environment – are excellent for determining cause and effect . But not all studies can take place in controlled environments (Tetnowski, 2015).

When we’re out in the field doing observational studies or similar fieldwork, we don’t have the freedom to isolate dependent and independent variables. We need to use alternate methods.

Case studies are ideal in such situations.

A case study design will allow researchers to deeply immerse themselves in a setting (potentially combining it with methods such as ethnography or researcher observation) in order to see how phenomena take place in real-life settings.

6. Supports the generation of new theories or hypotheses

While large-scale quantitative studies such as cross-sectional designs and population surveys are excellent at testing theories and hypotheses on a large scale, they need a hypothesis to start off with!

This is where case studies – in the form of grounded research – come in. Often, a case study doesn’t start with a hypothesis. Instead, it ends with a hypothesis based upon the findings within a singular setting.

The deep analysis allows for hypotheses to emerge, which can then be taken to larger-scale studies in order to conduct further, more generalizable, testing of the hypothesis or theory.

7. Reveals the Unexpected

When a largescale quantitative research project has a clear hypothesis that it will test, it often becomes very rigid and has tunnel-vision on just exploring the hypothesis.

Of course, a structured scientific examination of the effects of specific interventions targeted at specific variables is extermely valuable.

But narrowly-focused studies often fail to shine a spotlight on unexpected and emergent data. Here, case studies come in very useful. Oftentimes, researchers set their eyes on a phenomenon and, when examining it closely with case studies, identify data and come to conclusions that are unprecedented, unforeseen, and outright surprising.

As Lars Meier (2009, p. 975) marvels, “where else can we become a part of foreign social worlds and have the chance to become aware of the unexpected?”

Disadvantages

1. not usually generalizable.

Case studies are not generalizable because they tend not to look at a broad enough corpus of data to be able to infer that there is a trend across a population.

As Yang (2022) argues, “by definition, case studies can make no claims to be typical.”

Case studies focus on one specific instance of a phenomenon. They explore the context, nuances, and situational factors that have come to bear on the case study. This is really useful for bringing to light important, new, and surprising information, as I’ve already covered.

But , it’s not often useful for generating data that has validity beyond the specific case study being examined.

2. Subjectivity in interpretation

Case studies usually (but not always) use qualitative data which helps to get deep into a topic and explain it in human terms, finding insights unattainable by quantitative data.

But qualitative data in case studies relies heavily on researcher interpretation. While researchers can be trained and work hard to focus on minimizing subjectivity (through methods like triangulation), it often emerges – some might argue it’s innevitable in qualitative studies.

So, a criticism of case studies could be that they’re more prone to subjectivity – and researchers need to take strides to address this in their studies.

3. Difficulty in replicating results

Case study research is often non-replicable because the study takes place in complex real-world settings where variables are not controlled.

So, when returning to a setting to re-do or attempt to replicate a study, we often find that the variables have changed to such an extent that replication is difficult. Furthermore, new researchers (with new subjective eyes) may catch things that the other readers overlooked.

Replication is even harder when researchers attempt to replicate a case study design in a new setting or with different participants.

Comprehension Quiz for Students

Question 1: What benefit do case studies offer when exploring the experiences of marginalized groups?

a) They provide generalizable data. b) They help express the voices of often-ignored individuals. c) They control all variables for the study. d) They always start with a clear hypothesis.

Question 2: Why might case studies be considered ideal for situations where researchers cannot control all variables?

a) They provide a structured scientific examination. b) They allow for generalizability across populations. c) They focus on one specific instance of a phenomenon. d) They allow for deep immersion in real-life settings.

Question 3: What is a primary disadvantage of case studies in terms of data applicability?

a) They always focus on the unexpected. b) They are not usually generalizable. c) They support the generation of new theories. d) They provide a holistic understanding.

Question 4: Why might case studies be considered more prone to subjectivity?

a) They always use quantitative data. b) They heavily rely on researcher interpretation, especially with qualitative data. c) They are always replicable. d) They look at a broad corpus of data.

Question 5: In what situations are experimental designs, such as those conducted in labs, most valuable?

a) When there’s a need to study rare and unusual phenomena. b) When a holistic understanding is required. c) When determining cause-and-effect relationships. d) When the study focuses on marginalized groups.

Question 6: Why is replication challenging in case study research?

a) Because they always use qualitative data. b) Because they tend to focus on a broad corpus of data. c) Due to the changing variables in complex real-world settings. d) Because they always start with a hypothesis.

Lee, B., & Saunders, M. N. K. (2017). Conducting Case Study Research for Business and Management Students. SAGE Publications.

Meir, L. (2009). Feasting on the Benefits of Case Study Research. In Mills, A. J., Wiebe, E., & Durepos, G. (Eds.). Encyclopedia of Case Study Research (Vol. 2). London: SAGE Publications.

Tetnowski, J. (2015). Qualitative case study research design.  Perspectives on fluency and fluency disorders ,  25 (1), 39-45. ( Source )

Yang, S. L. (2022). The War on Corruption in China: Local Reform and Innovation . Taylor & Francis.

Yin, R. (2003). Case Study research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

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What is the Case Study Method?

Simply put, the case method is a discussion of real-life situations that business executives have faced.

On average, you'll attend three to four different classes a day, for a total of about six hours of class time (schedules vary). To prepare, you'll work through problems with your peers.

How the Case Method Creates Value

Often, executives are surprised to discover that the objective of the case study is not to reach consensus, but to understand how different people use the same information to arrive at diverse conclusions. When you begin to understand the context, you can appreciate the reasons why those decisions were made. You can prepare for case discussions in several ways.

Case Discussion Preparation Details

In self-reflection.

The time you spend here is deeply introspective. You're not only working with case materials and assignments, but also taking on the role of the case protagonist—the person who's supposed to make those tough decisions. How would you react in those situations? We put people in a variety of contexts, and they start by addressing that specific problem.

In a small group setting

The discussion group is a critical component of the HBS experience. You're working in close quarters with a group of seven or eight very accomplished peers in diverse functions, industries, and geographies. Because they bring unique experience to play you begin to see that there are many different ways to wrestle with a problem—and that’s very enriching.

In the classroom

The faculty guides you in examining and resolving the issues—but the beauty here is that they don't provide you with the answers. You're interacting in the classroom with other executives—debating the issue, presenting new viewpoints, countering positions, and building on one another's ideas. And that leads to the next stage of learning.

Beyond the classroom

Once you leave the classroom, the learning continues and amplifies as you get to know people in different settings—over meals, at social gatherings, in the fitness center, or as you are walking to class. You begin to distill the takeaways that you want to bring back and apply in your organization to ensure that the decisions you make will create more value for your firm.

How Cases Unfold In the Classroom

Pioneered by HBS faculty, the case method puts you in the role of the chief decision maker as you explore the challenges facing leading companies across the globe. Learning to think fast on your feet with limited information sharpens your analytical skills and empowers you to make critical decisions in real time.

To get the most out of each case, it's important to read and reflect, and then meet with your discussion group to share your insights. You and your peers will explore the underlying issues, compare alternatives, and suggest various ways of resolving the problem.

How to Prepare for Case Discussions

There's more than one way to prepare for a case discussion, but these general guidelines can help you develop a method that works for you.

Preparation Guidelines

Read the professor's assignment or discussion questions.

The assignment and discussion questions help you focus on the key aspects of the case. Ask yourself: What are the most important issues being raised?

Read the first few paragraphs and then skim the case

Each case begins with a text description followed by exhibits. Ask yourself: What is the case generally about, and what information do I need to analyze?

Reread the case, underline text, and make margin notes

Put yourself in the shoes of the case protagonist, and own that person's problems. Ask yourself: What basic problem is this executive trying to resolve?

Note the key problems on a pad of paper and go through the case again

Sort out relevant considerations and do the quantitative or qualitative analysis. Ask yourself: What recommendations should I make based on my case data analysis?

Case Study Best Practices

The key to being an active listener and participant in case discussions—and to getting the most out of the learning experience—is thorough individual preparation.

We've set aside formal time for you to discuss the case with your group. These sessions will help you to become more confident about sharing your views in the classroom discussion.

Participate

Actively express your views and challenge others. Don't be afraid to share related "war stories" that will heighten the relevance and enrich the discussion.

If the content doesn't seem to relate to your business, don't tune out. You can learn a lot about marketing insurance from a case on marketing razor blades!

Actively apply what you're learning to your own specific management situations, both past and future. This will magnify the relevance to your business.

People with diverse backgrounds, experiences, skills, and styles will take away different things. Be sure to note what resonates with you, not your peers.

Being exposed to so many different approaches to a given situation will put you in a better position to enhance your management style.

Frequently Asked Questions

What can i expect on the first day, what happens in class if nobody talks, does everyone take part in "role-playing".